IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF TANZANIA

AT MTWARA

(CORAM: MJASIRI. 3.A., MMILLA. 3.A.. And MWAMBEGELE. J.A.^

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 212 OF 2016

ISMAIL A L L Y ......................................................................................... APPELLANT

VERSUS

THE REPUBLIC................................................................................... RESPONDENT

(Appeal from the decision of the High Court of Tanzania at Mtwara)

(Twaib. J.t

dated 22nd day of February, 2016

in
Criminal Appeal No. 19 of 2013

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

2nd & 8th May, 2018

MMILLA, 3.A.:

On 25.12.2011, PW3 (the complainant), then 12 years of age, was at

her grandmother's home one Samoe Bakari (PW1), at Magomeni Chipuputa

area within the Municipality and Region of Mtwara. Also present at that

home was PW2 Pili Mohamed, the daughter of PW1 and mother of PW3.

On that day the complainant, who was known to be epileptic, was seized

with that syndrome. On that account, PW1 and PW2 resolved to send her

to the appellant, a resident of Chipuputa Mbae Mashariki who was a

renowned traditional healer.

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 The trio luckily found the appellant at his home. After the callers had

explained to him the purpose of their visit, the appellant assured them of a

befitting treatment. He however, asked them to pay him T.shs 140,000/=.

PW1 and PW2 agreed to pay that amount of money, after which the former

began the preparations. After assembling the tools of trade, he asked PW1

and PW2 to leave the house so that he and the complainant were left alone

therein. PW1 and PW2 obliged; they left the house but hanged around in

the compound of that house.

A little while later, PW2 and her mother heard the complainant crying

from inside the house and curiously peeped through the window. To her

dismay, she saw the appellant raping her daughter. She quickly alerted

PW1, after which they courageously stormed into the house. They found

the appellant naked and on top of the complainant who was also naked,

raping her. They hurriedly rescued the complainant from the lustful

clutches of the former, and asked him what he was doing. Astonished, the

appellant remained speechless, not even attempting to look them in their

eyes. Wisely so, PW1 and PW2 took the complainant and headed to a

nearby police station at which they reported the incident. They were given

a PF3 and headed to Ligula Government Hospital for treatment. Meanwhile,

the police traced and arrested the appellant. They eventually charged him

with the offence of rape contrary to section 130 (2) (e) and 131 (1) of the

Penal Code Cap. 16 of the Revised Edition, 2002.

The appellant's defence constituted of a general denial that he did

not commit the charged offence. He had testified that the complainant was

possessed by demons, and was trying to run to the ocean. He had to read

verses in the Holly Quran in an endeavour to ward off the said demons, in

the course of which she began crying loudly. He denied the allegations that

he raped the complainant.

At the end of the trial however, he was found guilty, convicted and

sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment term. He unsuccessfully appealed to

the High Court of Tanzania at Mtwara, hence this second appeal to the

Court.

The appellant, who before us appeared in person and fended for

himself, filed an eight (8) point memorandum of appeal focusing on the

following areas; one that, exhibit PI (the PF3) was wrongly received and

relied upon because there was no evidence that it was registered at the

hospital at which the complainant was medically examined; two that, the

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evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3 was loaded with contradictions which

were not at all resolved; three that, his conviction was wrongly based on

the evidence of witnesses who were relatives of the complainant; four

that, the prosecution did not prove the case against him beyond

reasonable doubt; five that, both lower courts wrongly failed to take into

account the statements which the witnesses made at the police vis a vis

the oral evidence they gave in court; six that, his defence was not

considered; seven that, the evidence of PW3 was wrongly received

without first subjecting it to a voire dire test; and eight that, the

complainant's age was not established.

The respondent/Republic enjoyed the services of Mr. Ladislaus

Komanya, assisted by Ms Mwahija Ahmed, learned Senior State Attorneys.

Mr. Komanya stated at the outset that they were opposing the appeal.

Upon the appellant's adoption of the memorandum of appeal and his

election for the Republic to submit first, we called upon Mr. Komanya to

begin.

On taking the floor, Mr. Komanya informed the Court that they were

opposing the appeal on the ground that the evidence on which conviction
--- ---<---

was based was strong, credible and believable. - -

 As regards the first ground, Mr. Komanya submitted that registering

a document in the nature of the PF3 constituted in exhibit PI is not a legal

requirement. He contended that since the said document was tendered by

PW4, Bernadeta Mwambe, the clinical officer who medically examined the

victim, the tendering of that document was in compliance with section 240

(3) of the Criminal Procedure Act, Cap. 20 of the Revised Edition, 2002 (the

CPA), and that the appellant was given a chance to cross examine that

witness. He submitted therefore that the complaint was baseless and

urged the Court to dismiss this ground.

Regarding grounds 2, 3 and 4 which he conversed together because

of their relatedness; Mr. Komanya contended that these grounds too were

devoid of merit. Relying on the case of Hassan Bakari @ Mamajicho v.

Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 103 of 2012, CAT (unreported), Mr.

Komanya submitted in the first place that the law does not prohibit

relatives of a complainant from testifying in a case, and that what matters

is whether or not they are credible and reliable witnesses. Mr. Komanya

contended similarly that the allegation of there being contradictions in the

evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3 was baseless because the trio testified in

common that the red cloth was tied on the complainant's face. He likewise

5
said that the evidence of those three eye witnesses was properly found by

both lower courts to have not only been direct evidence, but also that it

was free of any contradictions, credible and believable.

As regards ground No. 5, Mr. Komanya stated that it raises the

question of impeachment of the evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3 in terms

of section 164 (1) of the Tanzania Evidence Act, Cap. 6 of the Revised

Edition, 2002 (the TEA). He argued that if the appellant intended to shake

the credibility of the evidence of those witnesses, he ought to have moved

each of those witnesses to tender in court the respective statements they

made at police station and cross examine them on the areas he thinks they

contradicted themselves. Since the appellant did not do so, he added, he

cannot be heard now to assert that their evidence was not weighed as

against the said statements they made at police station. He requested the

Court to likewise find no merit on this ground.

In the 6th ground, the appellant's complaint is basically that the trial

court did not consider his defence, therefore that the first appellate court

erred in upholding his conviction. Mr. Komanya submitted in this regard

that the appellant's defence was considered, but the trial court found it to

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be implausible. Like the other grounds already covered, he requested the

Court to dismiss it too.

Mr. Komanya argued the 7th and 8th grounds of appeal together.

While the 7th ground alleges that the evidence of PW3 was wrongly

received without first subjecting it to a voire dire test; the 8th ground is a

complaint that no evidence was led to prove the complainant's age.

While admitting that the complainant's voire dire was unsatisfactory

in as much as it did not say anything concerning whether or not she knew

the nature of the oath, Mr. Komanya hastily added however that the trial

court pursued the aspect whether the complainant understood the duty of

telling the truth, and was satisfied that she did. In the circumstances, he

contended that both lower courts correctly relied on her evidence.

On the 8th ground, Mr. Komanya began by admitting that the

complainant's age was not established by evidence. He stated however,

that it was mentioned in the charge sheet; also that it was mentioned by

the complainant on the day she testified in court a year later. Then she

was 13 years of age. Mr. Komanya queried however, that the complainant's

age was not raised during trial, and that raising it at the level of appeal is

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an afterthought. He urged the Court to similarly dismiss the 7th and 8th

grounds of appeal.

On the basis of the reasons advanced, Mr. Komanya requested the

Court to find the appeal devoid of merit and accordingly dismiss it in its

entirety.

On his part, the appellant stated in response to Mr. Komanya's

submission on the first ground of appeal that because there was no

evidence to establish that the PF3 (exhibit PI) was registered at the

hospital at which it was presented; the trial court ought to have regarded it

as bad evidence. He emphasized that it was necessary to do so because it

is the only way through which forgery may be vouched.

On his second ground of appeal, the appellant was firm that the

evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3 was loaded with contradictions in that

while PW1 and PW2 said on entering in the house they found a piece of

red cloth inserted into the complainant's mouth, the evidence of PW3 was

that her face was covered with a red cloth. He complained that PW1 and

PW2 were not truthful witnesses.

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 Concerning the question of credibility of PW1, PW2 and PW3, the

appellant stressed that their oral testimonies ought to have been pegged

against the contents of their respective statements they made at police

station. He argued that since that was not done; the lower courts ought to

have regarded that evidence as uncorroborated, thus unreliable.

The appellant submitted in support of the third ground of appeal that

it was not proper for the trial court to find his conviction on the evidence of

relatives of the complainant who had their own interests to serve.

Concerning the 7th and 8th grounds of appeal, the appellant

submitted that the prosecution was duty bound to lead evidence that could

have established the complainant's age; similarly that it was wrong for the

lower courts to have relied on the evidence of that witness which was

received after an improperly conducted voire dire. He pressed the Court to

allow the appeal and set him free.

We have carefully gone through the competing arguments of both

sides. We crave to begin with the first ground of appeal which queries the

failure by the hospital at which the complainant was medically examined to

register exhibit PI (the PF3) so as to vindicate its genuineness.

 As correctly submitted by Mr. Komanya, this complaint by the

appellant is not a legal requirement. Besides, that document was tendered

by PW4, Bernadeta Mwambe, the clinical officer who medically examined

the victim as envisaged by the provisions of section 240 (3) of the CPA. As

the record will bear evidence, the appellant was given chance to cross

examine PW4, therefore that had he doubts that the said document was

forged; he was expected to have put forth questions to that effect.

Unfortunately, none were asked. In the circumstances, this ground lacks

merit and it fails.

Unlike Mr. Komanya who discussed the 2nd, 3rd and 4th grounds

together, we think it is convenient to separate the 4th ground so that it may

be discussed together with the 6th ground. It means therefore, that only

the 2nd and 3rd grounds will be dealt with together. While the 2nd ground

touches on the aspects of contradictions, the 3rd one alleges that it was

wrong for the triai court to base his (appellant's) conviction on the

evidence given by the complainant's relatives.

The complaint on contradictions focuses on what each of the three

eye witnesses, PW1, PW2 and PW3 said in respect of the red cloth which

10
was used by the appellant "in the process of treating the complainant." The

appellant asserts that PW1 and PW2 said the piece of doth was put in the

complainant's mouth whereas PW3 said it was tied on her face, hence

that they contradicted themselves on the point.

We have considered complaint; we appreciate that PW1 and PW2

stated in common that on entering in the house, they realized that the

complainant's mouth was tied with a red cloth - See page 10, first

paragraph and page 12, fourth paragraph respectively, of the Record of

Appeal. On the other hand however, PW3 said in that regard that after

PW1 and PW2 left her and the appellant tied her with a red cloth on her

face.

A close examination of these statements has induced us find that the

contradiction is so negligible that it cannot be said it occasioned any failure

of justice - See the case of Dickson Elia Nsamba Shapwata and

Another v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 92 of 2007 (unreported) in

which, among other things, the Court stated that minor contradictions,

inconsistencies, or discrepancies do not affect the case of the prosecution

because they do not corrode the credibility of a party's case as does

li
material contradictions and discrepancies. For this reason, we find and hold

that this complaint is not well founded. We accordingly dismiss it.

The next is the ground on which the appellant complains that his

conviction was anchored on evidence obtained from the complainant's

relatives.

As often stated, it is common knowledge that in any trial, evidence is

forthcoming from witnesses who directly or circumstantially witnessed the

incident taking place, provided that they may be found to be credible - See

the cases of Hassan Bakari @ Mamajicho v. Republic (supra),

Hamisi Makarai v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 518 of 2015, CAT,

Esio Nyomoielo & 2 Others v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. '49 of

1995, CAT and P. Taray v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 216 of 1994,

CAT (all unreported). In P. Taray's case, the Court said that:-

"We wish to say at the outset that it is o f course, not the

law that whenever relatives testify to any event they

should not be believed unless there is also evidence o f a

non-reiative corroborating their story. While the possibility

that relatives may choose to team up and untruthfully

promote a certain version o f events, it must be born in

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 mind (that), the evidence o f each o f them must be

considered on merit\ as should aiso the totality o f the story

told by them. The veracity o f their story must be

considered and gauged judiciously ju st like the evidence o f

no-relatives. It may be necessary, in given circumstances,

for a trial judge or magistrate to indicate his awareness o f

the possibility o f relatives having a common interest to

promote and serve, but that is not to say a conviction

based on such evidence cannot hold unless there is

supporting evidence by a non-relative."

On the basis of the above, it is dear that the law does not preclude

relatives of a particular complainant from testifying in a case to which they

directly or circumstantially witnessed the incident taking place, what is

important in the witness's testimony is the credibility and reliability of

his/her evidence.

Back to the present case, since both courts below found PW1, PW2

and PW3 to be credible and reliable witnesses, we find and hold that this

complaint too is devoid of merit. It accordingly fails.

. 13
 The 5th ground alleges that the both lower courts wrongly failed to

take into account the statements which the witnesses made at the police

vis a vis the oral evidence they gave in court.

We entertain no doubt that the appellant's insistence that the trial

court had duty to consider the credibility of the evidence of PW1, PW2 and

PW3 vis a vis their respective statements made at police station, gravitates

on the axis of the question of impeachment procedure of the evidence of

any particular witness. Undeniably, on the basis of the appellant's

complaint in this case, that is the domain of section 164 (1) (c) of the

TEA. That section provides that:-

"(1) The credit o f a witness may be impeached in the

following ways by the adverse party or■ with the consent

o f the court, by the part,y who calls him -

(a) NA

(b) NA

(c) by proof o f former statements inconsistent with any

part o f his evidence which is liable to be contradicted;

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 (d) NA."

As correctly submitted by Mr. Komanya, in order for this to be

accomplished, the appellant ought to have demanded each of those

witnesses to tender as exhibits in court their respective statements and

cross examine them in respect of the areas thought to illustrate or

demonstrate contradictions he conceived. Deplorably however, that was

not done. In the circumstances, there is no way how the trial court could

have endeavoured to do what the appellant is complaining of here. So, this

ground as well lacks merit and we dismiss it.

Next is the 6th ground which, as already intimated, will be discussed

together with the 4th ground because of their relatedness. While the 4th

ground alleges that the prosecution did not prove the case against the

appellant beyond reasonable doubt; the 6th ground asserts that his

defence was not considered. Unfortunately however, in both cases the

appellant did not venture to elaborate.

We wish to preamble the discussion in this regard by restating the

cardinal principle of our criminal law that the burden of proof always rests

oh the prosecution side. The prosecution is required to prove its case

15
beyond reasonable doubt, except in circumstances where the situation

demands otherwise, such as where the accused raises the defence of

insanity in which case he must prove it on a balance of probabilities. No

duty is cast on the accused to prove his innocence - See the cases of

Joseph John Makime v. Republic [1986] T.L.R. 44, Samwel Siiinga v.

Republic [1993] T.L.R. 149 and Mohamed Said Mutulia v. Republic

[1995] T.L.R. 3.

In response to the appellant's complaint that the prosecution did not

prove the case against him beyond reasonable doubt, Mr. Komanya was

emphatic that the case was proved against him beyond reasonable doubt.

His focus was on the evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3. He also submitted

that the appellant's defence was dutifully considered, but was rejected on

the basis of the strength of that of the prosecution side.

We have carefully gone through the proceedings on record, the

judgments of both iower courts, and the oral submissions of both Mr.

Komanya and the appellant before us. We agree with Mr. Komanya that

PW1, PW2 and PW3 were the crucial witnesses in this case. While PW1 and

PW2 testified in common that upon PW2 realizing after peeping through

the window that the appellant was sexually molesting the complainant, she-

16 •
and PW1 rushed into the house and found the naked culprit in that awful

action. On being asked what he was doing, the appellant is said to have

turned mum.

On the other hand, the victim child's evidence was equally strong

and elaborate. She testified that after a short discussion and negotiation of

the cost of treatment, the appellant ordered her mother and grandmother

to get outside the house, thereby leaving only the two of them therein. As

to what transpired thereafter, we think it is proper to let her speak herself,

the focus being on her testimony appearing at page 14, last paragraph

over to page 15, first paragraph, of the Record of Appeal. She was

recorded to have said that:-

" . . as we were there ustadhi (appellant) ordered me to pull off my

clothes and then he ordered me to sit down, he then took a red doth

and tied me on my face, he then ordered me to lay down on a carpet

and then he laid on top o f my stomach the accused person had no

clothes by then; the accused took his uboo (penis) and then inserted

on my vagina. I felt painful I started crying, the accused person told

me not to cry because he was removing poison, I heard voice o f my

m other. . . ustadhi took a bed sheet and covered him self with i t .. .

17
 ustadhi wanted my mother to settle the matter so as not to attract

people, my mother denied to do s o . . ."

Surely, this appalling and dreadful evidence was elaborate, strong

and believable. On the basis of this, both lower courts held it to be

credible, and we fully agree.

Also important for consideration is the evidence of PW4 Bernadeta

Mwambe. As pointed out before, she was the clinical officer at Ligula

Hospital who medically examined the complainant. On touching the

complainant's female organ, she could see that the latter was closing her

eyes, which signified that she was experiencing pain. She also found that

she had bruises thereat. Besides, upon inserting her finger into the

complainant's female organ, the finger came out smeared with sperms, an

indication that indeed, the complainant was sexually assaulted.

In sum, though it is the principle that the best evidence in cases of

rape come from the victim (Selemani Makumba v. Republic [2006]

T.L.R. 379), the complainant's evidence in the present case was

corroborated in material particulars with that of PW1, PW2 and PW4.

18
 On the other hand, we traversed the trial court's judgment. We

satisfied ourselves that that court dutifully considered the appellant's

defence as reflected at page 38, first paragraph, of the Record of Appeal.

At that page, the trial Court stated that the appellant's defence was

outweighed by the cogent and robust evidence of the three prosecution

eye witnesses which established beyond doubt that the appellant took

advantage of being left alone in his house with the unsuspecting and

defenceless complainant, and as already pointed out, sexually molested

her. It is on the basis of that revelation that the first appellate court upheld

the decision of the trial court. For these reasons, we find no merit in the 4th

and 6th grounds as well; we accordingly dismiss them.

To follow is the complaint that the evidence of PW3 was wrongly

received without first subjecting it to a voire dire test. In this regard, the

appellant argued that for that reason the evidence of that witness ought to

have been ignored.

As correctly submitted by Mr. Komanya, in the process of conducting

the voire dire test, the trial court magistrate ought to have embraced both

key requirements under section 127 (2) of the TEA. That section provides

that:-

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 "(2) Where in any crim inal cause or matter a chiid o f

tender age called as a witness does not\ in the opinion o f

the court, understand the nature o f an oath, his evidence

may be received though not given upon oath or

affirmation, if in the opinion o f the court, which opinion

shall be recorded in the proceedings, he is possessed o f

sufficient intelligence to ju stify the reception o f his

evidence, and understands the duty o f speaking the truth."

As it turned out however, the trial magistrate did not adequately lead the

witness by asking her questions meant to discover if she knew the meaning

of oath. Nevertheless, he did well on the second aspect of establishing

whether or not the witness understood the duty to tell the truth, and

accordingly made a clear finding that she understood the duty of telling the

truth. On the basis of that finding, we agree with Mr. Komanya that the

evidence of PW3 was not worthless, but good and reliable evidence. In the

circumstances, this ground too is not well founded and it fails.

Finally is the 8th ground which is basically a complaint that the

complainant's age was not proven.

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 In this regard we go along with Mr. Komanya that although it was

indicated in the charge sheet that the complainant was 12 years old, also

that she stated on the day she testified in court that she was 13 years of

age, the position remains that her age was not established by evidence.

However, as Mr. Komanya submitted, the complainant's age was not raised

during trial. It is also glaringly clear that the appellant did not cross

examine PW1, PW2 and PW3 on that point. Therefore, raising it at the level

of appeal is an afterthought - See the cases of Edward Joseph v.

Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 272 of 2009, Damian Ruhele v.

Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 501 of 2007, Nyerere Nyegue v.

Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 67 of 2010, and George Maili Kemboge

v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 327 of 2013, CAT (all unreported). In the

latter case of Nyerere Nyegue, the Court stated that:-

"As a matter o f principle, a party who fails to cross

examine a witness on a certain matter is deemed to have

accepted that matter and w iii be estopped from asking the

trial court to disbelieve what the witness said . "

As afore pointed out, because the appellant in the present case did

not cross examine PW1, PW2 and PW3 on the aspect of age it having been

21
an important matter, that ordinarily implied acceptance of the fact that the

complainant was 12 years of age as was covered in the charge sheet.

Consequently, this ground too fails and we dismiss it.

For reasons we have assigned, we find that the appeal lacks merit
and we dismiss it in its entirety.

DATED at MTWARA this 7th day of May, 2018.

S. MJASIRI
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

B. M. MMILLA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

1 C. M. MWAMBEGELE
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

I certify that this is true copy of the original.

DEPUTY REGISTRAR
COURTR OF APPEAL