PROGRAMMING IN C NOTES Prepared By Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, ge yrecu 9880437187 UNIT -I Introduction to C Programming: Overview of C; History and Features of C; Structure of a C Program with Examples; Creating and Executing a C Program; Compilation process in C.C Programming Basic Concepts: C Character Set; C tokens - keywords, identifiers, constants, and variables; Data types; Declaration & initialization of variables; Symbolic constants. Input and output with C: Formatted 1/0 functions - printf and scanf, control stings and escape sequences, output specifications with printf functions; Unformatted 1/0 functions to read and display single character and a string - getchar, putchar, gets and puts functions. Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 1Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , Overview of C C Is a general-purpose, high-level language, procedure-oriented programming language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R standard. ‘The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX application programs have been written in C, C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons ~ Reasons to use C Language + Easy to learn + Structured language + It produces efficient programs « Itcan handle low-level activities + Itcan be compiled on a variety of computer platforms Uses/Applications of C Language: + Development of video games + Applications using graphical user interfaces + Databases and computer operating systems + Browsers on the internet + Computational and graphical methods + Banking + Cloud computing and distributed systems + Compilers ‘+ Embedded systems are systems that are integrated into a larger system. + Integrated software libraries for enterprises «Server applications on alarge scale + Compilers of code + To develop system software's like 0S, Unix OS, Kernel + To develop utility software's, + To develop driver software's ya unr par rvur eevee >see eseeneseeersseeeeeeeenerseenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 2Programming in C Features of C Language Portable | Mid-level Struetur C Language H Rich library Extensible ) (me Cis the widely used language. It provides many features that are given below. Simple Machine Independent or Portable Mid-level programming language structured programming language Rich Library Memory Management Fast Speed Pointers yeu ene eee Recursion 10, Extensible 1, Simple:¢ is a simple language in the sense that it provides a structured approach (to break the problem into parts), the rich set of library functions, data types, etc, 2, Machine Independent or Portable: Unlike assembly language, c programs can be executed on different machines with some machine specific changes. Therefore, C is a machine independent language. ya unr par rvur eevee osepeyseresr-eneeeneseeersseeeneeeeneneeeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 3Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , 3. Mid-level programming language: Although, C isintended to do low-level programming, It is used to develop system applications such as kernel, driver, ete. That is why it is known as mid-level language. 4, Structured programming language: is a structured programming language in the sense that we can break the program into parts using functions. Functions also provide code reusability. 5. Rich Library: provides a lot of inbuilt functions that make the development fast. 6. Memory Management: It supports the feature of dynamic memory allocation. In C language, we can free the allocated memory at any time by calling the free() function. 7. Speed: The compilation and execution time of C language is fast since there are lesser inbuilt functions and hence the lesser overhead. 8. Pointer: C provides the feature of pointers, We can directly interact with the memory by using the pointers, We can use pointers for memory, structures, functions, array, ete, 9, Recursion: In C, we can call the function within the function, It provides code reusability for every function, Recursion enables us to use the approach of backtracking, 10. Extensible: language Is extensible because it can easily adopt new features, Programming Languages and its classifications Programming Langtiage: Languages which are used to develop software having a well- defined grammar, comprises set of instructions to produce outputs. - Every programming language have well defined grammar, set of symbols that are required to solve a given problem with computer. Classification: Programming languages are classified into two broad categories. 1. High Level Programming Languages. 2. Low Level Programming Languages. 3, Assembly Level Programming Languages. 1. High Level Programming Languages: Programming languages which are understood by human those languages are said to be High Level Programming Languages. Features: ya unr par yur eevee osepeyseresrseneseseersseseeeneeeerenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 4Programming in C These are human understandable languages. * Easy to Learn and Understand. + User Friendly languages. © Bx: 2, Low Level Programming Languages: , C++, Java, Python, Pascal, HTML etc anguages which are understood by machines those languages are called low level programming languages. Features: + Also called machine level languages, Binary Languages, ‘* Every statement is represented in terms of 0 & 1 only. Ex: nary Language. Cor ists of O Sel. Differences between High Level &Low-Level Programming Languages High Level Programming Languages Low Level Programming Languages Human understandable ‘Machine Understandable Easy to Learn Complex to Learn Requires Grammar of the language Requires knowledge of computer architecture Easy to debug Complex to debu; Machine Independent Machine Dependent Requires Translators No Need of Translators Slower Execution Faster Execution Portable Not Portable ‘More memory efficient ‘Less memory efficient Requires more time for translation No translation required Ex: C, C+#, Java, Python, Pascal Ex: Binary Language ie 010101010101 Translators, Compiler, Interpreter, Loader, Linker In order to make computer understand all high-level programming language code are need to be translated to low level code, Hence there is a need of translators. Translators: Translator is a software /set of programs which translates a program written in one language to another language. ‘Types of Translators: Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler, Compiler: Compiler is a software/set of programs that converts a program/source written in high level language to a machine code/low level code and It display errors in the program. Generally, compiler converts code written in high level programming language to an Intermediate code/object code, thus object code is executable, Compilation: A process of conversion of source code written using high level programming language into machine code by the compile s called compilation, Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, precy (9880437187) BCA-ISem 5Programming in C Job of Compiler: Converts program written in high executable, Compilation Process: level language into machine code that is Lists errors present in the source code while in conversion, Program/Source Machine Code/Object Code/File Compiler) code/it Exerutable (High Level Language) (Low Level) program1.c program 1.0 Compilation: A process of conversion of: programming language into machine cod Job of Compile Converts program written in bigh executable, Compiler converts a program which is wr into an Object code/machine code /Intermediate code which is executable. process it is shown that a sample progran source code written using high level le by the compiler is called compilation. level language into machine code that is Lists errors present in the source code while in conversion, ritten using high level programming language othe m program Lc is converted into program Lo file. Interpreter: Interpreter is a program/software which converts& executes one statement of source code at atime. It will not generate intermediate object code, Instead, it will execute line by line at a time, Differences between Compiler & Interpreter Compiler Interpreter 1. Converts entire source code into an intermediate /machine code, then it is executable Executes one statement ata time, it stops execution when it encounters an error. 2, Generates intermediate code It won't generate Intermediate code 3. Complete source code analysis No source code analysis 4. More memory required as it generates object code Less memory required, as it won't generate object code 5, More time to analyze source code Less time 6, After successful compilation of the entire code then only we can execute. Tt will execute till it encounters an error 7. G+, Java uses compiler Python, Ruby uses interpreter Loader: Loader is a part of operating syst tem which loads source code/program from Secondary storage into memory (RAM) for successful execution of the program. It $$ Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, precy (9880437187) BCA-ISem 6Programming in C Unit ee" allocates memory for program execution on RAM, Generally, it takes object code as input. Linker: Linker is a program which links all the modules which are required for successful execution of the program. It links object modules of the program into single object file and that is executable. Below diagram depicts working of loader, linker, compiler. [coumcen | _. es ee a _I Software, Program, and Instruction Software: Software is set of Programs that performs a Specific task. Software is developed using high level programming languages. Collection of related programs constitutes software, «Every software has some specific use and purpose. * Software's run /execute on computers/mobiles/device. * Software is intangible in nature it means we cannot touch and feel software. Examples: Software Use Calculator - For mathematical, scientific calculations Code Blocks ~To Fait, Compile, Execute, Develop ¢ programs. MS-Word - For creating documents such as letters, brochures, learning Facebook + for social networking Adobe Reader __- To open/read pdffiles TurboC - To Edit, Compile, Execute, Develop C programs. Program: is a collection of good instructions that can be executed by a computer to rm a specific task. It isa building unit of software. + Programs are developed using high level programming languages like C, C++, Java ete. Instruction; Instruction is a command in program, which does small task; instructions are also called as statements/lines of code, yar unr unr rvur ensue >seneysesr-eneeeneseeersseeeeeeeereneel Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 7Programming in C Unit-1 C Program Structure [a linea Documentation secon #headectdn> - I Preprocessor Directives Heinen i))} —_——_=a $< Defirtion secon vida); intl, | ————— Gobel dederation section itm) ———— main() Function section / Entry Pont { otal; —_»_ ee Variable dedlaration it Hel iy al | Body of Main function ] vial " seta ———, Faneton Definition } Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 8Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , 1, Document Section: - A C program is to be documented when itis to transfer to other programmers or to amodule. We can use single line comments or multiline comments to describe ac program. 2. Pre-Processor Directives: using preprocessor directives we can include header files such as #include. #include. 3. Macro Definitions: - Macros are symbolic constants which are used in many programs to avoid constants to remember. 4, Global Variables Declarations & Function Prototypes: - Variables which are required for many functions in a program are declared in this section. Functions declarations are placed here 5. main () Function:-main() Is system function, itis an entry point to ac program. if we want to execute ac program, program must contain a main() function, 6. Functions Body: - These are subprograms in programs which are defined outside main() body. Creating & Executing a C Program Steps: 1. Create a C Source Code/Program using any editors like Codeblocks, Turbo, vi, VS. 2, Save the program with .c Extension. 3. Compile the source code which generates 0 file (Object file) 4, Execute The program which gives results at output screen /console screen, Compilation Process Program/Source Machine Code/Object Code/File Code/IL Executable (High Level Language) (Low Level) program1. program1.o Compiler converts a program which is written using high level programming language into an Object code/machine code /Intermediate code which is executable. In the process it is shown that a sample program program .c is converted into program.o file, Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 9Programming in C Ce , C Programming Basic Concepts Overview of C Character Set C Supports following character set for creating any C program. 1. Alphabets: Uppercase(A-Z) & Lowercase(a-2) 2. Digits: 0-9 3. Special symbols/operators: Comma (,), Period/dot(.) Ampersand (&) Arithmetic operators: Relational operators: <,>, Termination symbols: :,;, Special: $,_,%, ~, #, 1, () () ete. 4, Escape characters/Escape Sequences: \n-Newline, \t-Tab \v- Vertical tab \r ~carviage return etc. C Tokens Tokens are smallest unit/building block of ac program statements. Tokens are the smallest elements of a program, which are meaningful to the compiler. ‘The following are the types/Classification of tokens: Keywords, Identifiers, Constant, Strings, Operators, etc. Identifiers and Keywords: - Words: Group of characters represents some meaning. Examples: Home, Go, Examination, prepare, ete. Keywords: - “These are reserved words in C, represents some meaning & functionality”. Keywords are building blocks/units of c programming languages. Every G program contains a well combination of keywords and identifiers. Feature: ¥ Meaning is fixed, User cannot change their meaning. ¥ Alsocalled as Predefined words, Reserved words, b System defined words Helpful in creating programs All keywords are small case There are 32 keywords present in C Cannot use as identifiers ya unr par rvur eee vunenneny>sepepsererer-eseseersseseeeennneeseeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 10Programming in C Ce , List of keywords in C languages void char int float double long signed unsigned register volatile ‘const short else for while do return goto break continue default static switch sizeof{) union struct typedef, auto case enum extern Identifiers: “A Name in C Program is called an identifier, it can be a variable name, a function name, a structure name, label etc., these are user defined words”. Uses: - To give a name to entities like variable, function, labels, structures in C program etc. Identifiers are used for identification purpose. Rules for Defining an Identifier. 1. Allowed Characters are: - a, Alphabets: - Uppercase(A-Z) & Lowercase (a-z) b. Digits: - (0-9) ¢. Special Symbols: _(Underscore), $ (Dollar) 2. Identifier should not start with digits, 3. Identifier should not be a keyword. 4. Identifiers are case sensitive. 5. Identifier name must be unique ina program 6. There is no space between an identifier word. Test the following related to identifiers, Abed Valid Identifier abc@# Invalid Identifier 123abe Invalid Identifier Abc_abe Valid Identifier _ab-ab Valid Identifier Xyzabel23 Valid Identifier $abe Valid Identifier ya unr par rvur eee veneer osepepserer eres Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. uProgramming in C Unit-1 Ce , Constants/Symbolic Constant: Constant: A constant is a value or variable that cannot be changed in the program, for example: 10,20, 'a’, 3.4, "c programming’ ete, These are fixed value in C. These are also called as literals. Any value which is directly referred in a program is a constant. EX: 5, 44.55, KLE, Constants are classified as: Constants Numeric Character Constants Constants: Single Integer string Real Constants character Constants, cence Constents, eg, “Hello”, 157432445 eu. o.o0s3, eg 128,123.0 List of Constants in C Constant Example Decimal Constant 10,20, 450 ete eal or Floating-point Constant 103,202, 4508 ete. Octal Constant (21,033, 046 ete Hexadecimal Constant (0122, Ox7b, uaa ete Character Constant a,b, ¥ ete String Con 1, "c program’, “cin jacatpoint etc ya unr par rvur eee veneer ssepepseresereeseseersseseeeeneneeeeenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 12Programming in C Ce , Ways to define constant in C: There are two ways to define constant in C programming, 1. const keyword 2, #define preprocessor 1. Using const keyword: Syntax: const datatype variablename = value; const float PI = 3.142; Example Program: #inchude int main() { const float Pl=3,142; printf("The value of PI is: %f",P1); return 0; } - inthis program we cant change the value of PI, we cant perform reassignment on PI variable, as it is a const variable. 2. Using #define preprocessor: ‘The #tdefine preprocessor is also used to define constant. Exi: #includexstdio.h> define PI 3.142 int main() { printf("The value of P1 is: %f",P! return 0; ya unr par rvur eee veneer >see ereneseersseseeesnneeeeenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 13Programming in C Unit-1 Variables “Variable is a name given to memory location; it is used to store data/values of different types’. Features = Values of the variables may be changed during program execution. - Variable name must be a valid identifier - Variables are containers to hold values. = Atatime one variable can hold maximum one value. Variable Declarations/Creation “Reserving/Allacating a memory for storing data, it specifies variable name, which type of data it stores and size of the vartable”. + Before using/accessing a variable it must be defined /declared. + After declaration every variable in C is initialized to Garbage value. Syntax: | datatype variablename; ©) withthe neIpsyntax we can create avariable in C program. datatype -> datatype means we need to specify one valid data type from C, here we have to write keywords related to data types like int, float, double, char etc. variablename -> it must be a valid identifier. And it is the name of the memory location. Ex: int num; - datatype->int - variablename -> num - When this line executes 4 bytes of memory will reserve for a variable num, num is the name of the memory location.it stores any integral value within the range of int. float area; char ch; double salary; Variable Declaration and Initialization - Variable declaration is nothing but reserving/allocating a memory, specifying variable hame and type of value it stores. syntax datatype variablename; Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 4Programming in C Ce , Ex: int x; float y: double dj char eh; Variable Initialization: variable initialization means storing some initial value to the variable., using assignment operator (=) we can store data to variables, variable value may be changed thought the program-based need. Syntax: Example1: int num; hum = 100; - In this example variable num is of type int, it can store any integral value within the range of int data type. 100 is value of int type itis stored inside allocated variable num. Example1: char ch; che‘a - chs variable of type of char, means it can store only single character at a time, Format Specifiers in C ‘The format specifier is used during input and output. Itis a way to tell the compiler what type of data Is in a variable during taking Input using scanf() or printing using printf(). Some examples are %c, %d, %f, ete. %d Integer format specifier %f and %e or %E Floating point specifier %e Character format specifier %s String format specifier %o Octal number for Integer x Hexadecimal number for Integer %p Address pointed by a pointer ya unr par rvur eee veneer >see ereerneseeersseeeeennneeneerenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 15Programming in C U Ce , Data Types:,ata: Data is a collection of raw facts, statistics such as numbers, words, measurements, observations or just descriptions of things. Data is anything that we get around us it can be raw facts, figures, statistics, files, maps, charts, etc. Ex: 122, 33.55, 'a’,"Ravi” Data Type: Data type refers to the type or form of the data, data is classified in different formats. Different forms of data are available hence to place our data in which type we have to follow data types. Every data type specifies size, range and type of data it stores. Ex: 11 Is of integral type-int 33.33 is of floating-point type-float, double a’ is of character type-char “hello” is of string type- char array Data Types: In c language data type are classified into 3 main types. 1. Primitive data types-int, char, float, double 2. Derived data types-array, pointers, strings. 3. User defined data types-structure, union, enum, typedef. Data types pes li npes pes types pes Numeric data Non-numet types data types J Group of Integral data eee Character date | | characters(strin types - int ioe eubie type-ichar 9)- char avr[25] Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 16Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , 1. Primitive data types: These are basic/built-in data types in C, these are readymade and predefined data types available when we install any C compiler. We cannot break down these data types into more simpler data types. These are classified as 1.1 Numeric data type 1.2 Non numeric data type 1.1 Numeric data type: These data types talk about numerals like integral and floating- point data, Classified into two categories. 1.1.1 Integral data types 1.1.2 Floating point/real number data types EX: 22, 55, 66.66, 88.9009 1.1.1 Integral data types: These data types refer numbers data which is in the form of integers, data type is also specifies size, range of value and type of value, Keyword: int. Size: 4 Bytes (based on compiler & OS architecture) Ranges 2, 147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 ‘Type: Only it accepts integral data (33, 4545454, etc.) ‘Type Modifiers/qualifiers: signed, unsigned, long, short Format specifier: %d 1.1.2 Floating data types/Real: These data types refer numbers data which is in the form of fractions. Any numerical data which is having a precision or decimal point, data type specifies its own size and range of value and type of value, Keywords: - float, double float: Size: 4 Bytes (based on compiler & OS architecture) Range: -3.46+48 to +3.4E+38 Types it accepts both integral and floating-point data (33.00, 4545454.666, etc.) Format specifier: %f double: Size: 8 Bytes (based on compiler & OS architecture) Range: -1.7E+308 to +1,7E+308 Typezit accepts both integral and floating-point data (33.00, 54.666, 45.66 etc) Format specifier: %If %Lf 1.2 non-Numeric data type/Character data types: These data types talk about Non numbers, it means these data types are nothing data which is in the form single character/group of characters. Represents any symbol/letter/digits as characters. ya unr par rvur eevee >sepepsrererenmeneseersseseeeeeeneseeenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 7Programming in C Ce , Classified into two categories 1.2.1 Single character data types 1.2.2 Group of characters /string data types Ex: 'X', ‘71, "#01, “hello”, "',"" 1.2.1 Single character data types: Using char keyword, we can represent character data type in G. single quoted value/literal letter /digit/symbol/Space is a character in C. Maximum only one is allowed in a single quote. Space Is also a character in C. Bx: 71/18, A' "a," Keyword: char Size: 1Byte Range: 0 to 256 ‘al-> 97 ASCII Value ‘Type: single quoted any literal Format Specifier: %c 1.2.2 String data types: Group of characters are said to be string in C. If any combinations of letters and/or symbols and/or digits enclosed in a double quote are strings in C, Ex: “Rahul”, “Hello123","B_ ys", "56566","" Keyword: using char array concept Size: Depends on number of characters Range: No limit Type: double quoted any literals Format Specifier: %c, %s, Input and Output with C Input, it means to feed some data into a program. An input can be given in the form ofa file or from the command line, C programming provides a set of built-in functions to read the given input and feed it to the program as per requirement. Output, it means to display some data on screen, printer, or in any file, C programming provides a set of built-in functions to output the data on the computer screen as well as, to save it in text or binary files. Functions in C “Function is a re-usable block of code that performs a specific task”. > Itis ike a subprogram in C. > [tis a modularization technique. Instead of writing all the code inside in single main( ) function, we can decompose the code into modular(functions). Where each function és assigned a part of the work. ————_—_—_—_—————————— Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 18Programming in C Ce , Advantages of Functions: 1. Code re-uses 2, Write Once Gall Many Times. 3. Code length decreases, 4, Code maintenance becomes easy. 5. Code becomes more modular. Regarding Functions, > Generally, every function takes some inputs and processes it and returns some outputs to the caller, > Inputs are supplied to the function in the form of function arguments(parameters) (Variable Declarations). > Every function returns maximum one value to the caller, > Every function has its own unique name (identifier), optional parameters, and a return type (valid data type). Every function has 3 main things 1, Function Declaration/prototype~ First Line of the function to indicate compiler, 2, Function Definition/Body/Implementation — Actual work of the function is defined inside Curly Braces {}. 3. Function Call/Invoke (Optional) - To execute the function body, we need to call the function. 1. Function Declaration/prototype - This is the First Line ofthe function to indicate compiler the signature of the function. syntax: returntype functionname(optional parameters); 1, returntype - it must be a valid data type related keywords, it tells what type ofa value is going to return by the function when it completes its execution. Ex: void, int, float, char, double, Student, Employee etc. 2. Functionname - It is the name of the function provided by the programmer; it must be a valid identifier. 3. Optional parameters - These are inputs to the function; list of variables declarations is written here. It must be written, generally outside all functions body and after preprocessor directives, It must be global. 2, Function Definition/Body /Implementation - The actual task of the function is defined inside {} syntax: ya unr par rvar ene veneer >see eseneseersseseeeenneeeesseenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 19Programming in C Uni Ce , | returntype functionname (optional parameters) { //Actual task of the function /{Statements representing function implementation // return statement } k xl: include id display(),;, ————————+ Function declaration /Prototype int main( ) t printf¢"\n main Fa Starts"); display(); Function Call/Invoke printf("\n main Fn Ends"); return 0; i void display() t rintf("\n display Fn starts”), ———Funetion Definition/Body rintf("\n display Fn ends"); return; a Functions are classified into two types. 1, User Defined Functions, 2. Library Functions. 1. User Defined functions: Functions which are created by the programmer as per his/her software development requirement, There are four types(variations) of user defined functions can be created. 1. Without rettype and without parameters. 2. Without rettype and with parameters. 3. With retype and without parameters. 4, With rettype and with parameters. ya unr par rver eee veneer ssepeyserereeeneseeersseeeeeennereenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 20Programmin; Ce , 1.Without rettype and without parameters, - The function which is not going to return any value to the caller and not going to take any parameters. Ex: #include void disp); //Function declaration void disp() //Called Function ‘ printf("\nHello KLE BCA"); return; } int main() //Calling Function ‘ dispQ; //Function Call return 0; } 2, Without rettype and with parameters. ex: #include void disp(int x); //FN declaration void disp(int x) //Called Fa { printt( return: J int main()_//Calling Function { int y; y = 100; print{("\n main(). y= %d"y); disp(y);//Fn Call retur } 3. With rettype and without parameters. ex: itinclude IntgetNum(); //FN declaration intgetNum() //Called Fn { return 100; 3 int main() //Calling Function { int ys ya unr par rvar er vunenneny>senepsyererps-neneseersseeeeeeneeseeeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 21etNum(); printi("\n main) y = %d"y); return 0; Z 4, With rettype and with parameters. EX: #include int square(int x); Int main() { printf("\n main Fn Starts”); Int x = square(4); printf("\n Square = %d"x); printf("\n main Fn Ends"); return 0; J int square(int num) { int a; a= num*num; return a; J 2. Library Functions/Built-in Functions/Predefined Functions: “Library functions in C language are inbuilt functions which are grouped together and placed in a common place called library (Header Files). Each library function in C performs specific operation”. We can make use of these library functions to get the pre-defined logic instead of writing our own code to get those outputs. Ex : printi();, seanf{ ), geteh( ), putch( ), exit(), strlen( ), streat(), ete Input Functions: -Data/Value can be read from standard input Device(Keyboard), Functions which are used for reading data from keyboard. Ex: scanf(), getch( ), gete( ), gets( J, getchar() etc. Output Functions: -Functions which are used for printing/displaying results on the standard output that is output screen. Ex: printf{ ), putch(), putchar( ), puts( ), pute() ete. 1/0 Library functions are classified into 2 types. 1. Formatted 1/0 Functions 2. Unformatted 1/0 Functions Cae ae aeer er ane Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 22Programming in C U Ce , 1. Formatted 1/0 Functions: > Gallows read/write data in a formatted way, > C language provides 2 formatted 1/0 functions for formatting the data. printf() : Formatted Output Function scanf( ) : Formatted Input Function 1.1 Formatted Output Function: printf() is Formatted Output function used to print any string with format specifiers like %d, %s, %c, %6f corresponds list of variables on the standard output Screen. Syntax: int printf(“Formatted String+Format Specifiers”, List of variables); OR int printf(“ String , Format Specifiers”, var1, var2, var3, Ex: printi("x = %d \ty = %d".xy); 1.2 Formatted Input Function: scanf(); > scanf{ is a predefined formatted input function. it is used to read/scan character data from standard input device(keyboard) at run time. > The output screen will wait for user input, unless& until user doesn’t provide input at run time; the rest of the program won't be executed. 3 Whatever the input read from user will be stored in an address of a variable. Ex1: printf("\nEnter x & y Values :"); scanf("%d %d", &x, By); printf("\nx = %d\ty=%d"xy); Output Enter x & y Values : 12 24 x=12 y=24 ya unr pny rvar ee vuneenneyosepepsrer rr eeseseerseeeeeecel Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 23Programming in C U Ce , 2. Unformatted 1/0 Functions “Functions which are used to read/write data without user format, user cant modify the format” Ex: Unformatted Input Functions :getch( ), gete( ).gets(). getchar( ) Unformatted Output Functions: putch( ), putc( ),puts( }, putchar() 2.1 Unformatted Input Functions: 1. getchar() : syntax: char getchar(); The getchar() function reads character type data form the input. The getchar() function reads one character at a time till the user presses the enter key. Ex: char ¢; print{("\nEnter a Characte c= getcharQ); print{("\nEntered Character : %c",c); 2. getch(): Syntax: The getch() function reads the alphanumeric character input from the user. But, that the entered character will not be displayed. Present in conio.h header file. Ex: char ch =A’; printf("\nCharacter : %¢" ch); getch(); gets(): char * gets(char *str); Syntax: OR char * gets(char[] str); Se Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 24Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , gets() standard library string input function is used to read string data at runtime from standard input device.it reads even white space character also. Ex: char str[25]; printf("\nEnter a String :"); gets(str); printf("\nString : %s" str); 2.2 Unformatted Output Functions: 1, putcharQ): syntax : int putchar(int char); - [tis used to write a specified character to standard output device(console), must be passed a character as argument. - Ex: char ch; eh='ai putehar(ch); 2. putchQ) : Syntax: putch{ ) function prints a specified character at standard output device(console). - Ex: char ch; ch= ‘ai putehar(ch); 3. puts() : itis string library function it writes a string character on output screen.[f successfull, non-negative value Is returned, On error, the function returns EOF. ya unr par rvur eevee osepepsererereeneseerersseseeeeseeneeeeenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 28Programming in C Ce , Syntax: int puts(const char *str) oR int puts(char{] str); char name [25]; printf("\nEnter a String : gets(name); puts(name); return 0; It is used to read/write all types ofdata _It is used to read/write only character types of data Requires Format Specifiers to read and Requires No Format Specifiers to read and write write Exs: printf(), scanf() Exs: getchar(), getch(), gets(), putchar(), puteh(), puts() aya unr par rvur ene veneer >see er-eeseseersseseeeennereecenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 26Programming in C Ce , UNIT-WISE QUESTION ANK ANSWERS UNIT-I 1. What is C Programming? Who developed C? Cis a general-purpose, high-level, Robust, procedure-oriented programming Ianguage that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie. 2. List out the uses of C language. * To develop system software's like OS, Unix OS, Kernel To develop utility software's. To develop driver software's. Development of video games Applications using graphical user interfaces Databases and computer operating systems * Browsers on the internet 3. List & explain features of C language. «Simple: C is a simple language in the sense that it provides a structured approach (to break the problem into parts), the rich set of library functions, data types, etc. * Machine Independent or Portable: Unlike assembly language, c programs can be executed on different machines with some machine specific changes. Therefore, Cis a machine independent language. + Mid-level programming language: Although, C is intended to do low-level programming. [tis used to develop system applications such as kernel, driver, ete. That is why it is known as mid-level language. «Structured programming language: is a structured programming language in the sense that we can break the program into parts using functions. Functions also provide code reusability. + Rich Library: provides a lot of inbuilt functions that make the development fast, * Memory Management: It supports the feature of dynamic memory allocation. In C language, we can free the allocated memory at any time by calling the free() function. Explain the basic structure of aC Program. Any c program contains following parts, © Document Section: - AC program is to be documented when it is to transfer to other programmers or to a module. We can use single line comments or multiline comments to describe ac program. + Pre-Processor Directives: using pre-processor directives we can include header files such as #include, #include. * Macro Definitions: - Macros are symbolic constants which are used in many programs to avoid constants to remember, ya unr par rvur eee vunenneny >see er-eeseseeersseseeeenneereeeenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 27Programmin; * Global Variables Declarations & Function Prototypes: - Variables which are required for many functions in a program are declared in this section, Functions declarations are placed here, main () Function:-nain() is system function, itis an entry point to ac program. if we want to execute ac program, program must contain a main() function. © Functions Body: - These are subprograms in programs which are defined outside main() body. Data 5 th 2 uo ——$—+ Documentation section includedtdiol» -_— ‘eiteany, | Preprocessor Directives ‘ele max) —————+ Definition section veld; } Global declaration section intx=10 ‘ntmain) ———— main) Function section / Entry Point {inte=l0;] np Variable declaration ream “\— Body of Main function } iit " lien ———, Function Definition ] 5.What is translator? Give examples. ‘Translator is a software/set of programs which translates a program written in one language to another language. ‘Types of Translators: Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler. 6. What is compiler, Interpreter and Assembler? Compiler is a software/set of programs that converts a program/source written in high level language to a machine code/low level code and it display errors in the program, ya unr par ryur ee vunenneny>sepepsreereeseseeersseseeeeneneeeeeeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 28Programming in C Unit-1 Interpreter is a program/software which converts& executes one statement of source code at a time. It will not generate intermediate object code. Instead, it will execute line by line at atime. An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written In assembly language Into machine language. 7. What is compilation process? Explain with diagram, Compilation Process: Program/Source Machine Code/Object Code/File Compiler} code/It Executable (High Level Language) (Low Level) program1.c program1.0 Compilation: A process of conversion of source code written using high level programming language into machine code by the compiler Is called compilation. Job of Compiler: © Converts program written in high level language into machine code that is executable, * Lists errors present in the source code while in conversion, Compiler converts a program which is written using high level programming language into an Object code/machine code /Intermediate code which is executable. In the process it is shown that a sample program program 1.c is converted into program1.o file. 8. Give differences between compiler and interpreter. ‘Compiler Interpreter 1. Converts entire source code into an intermediate /machine code, then it is executable Executes one statement at a time, it stops execution when It encounters an error. 2, Generates intermediate code It won't generate Intermediate code 3, Complete source code analysis No source code analysis 4. More memory required as it generates object code Less memory required, as it won't generate object code 5, More time to analyze source code Less time 6. After successful compilation of the entire code then only we can execute. It will execute till it encounters an error. 7.G G++, Java uses compiler Python, Ruby uses interpreter Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, prec, (9880437187) BCA-ISem 29Programmin; Ce , 9. What is C Programming? State its features. Cis ageneral-purpose, high-level language, procedure-oriented programming Tanguage that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system, Features: 1. Simple 2. Machine Independent or Portable 3. Mid-level programming language 4, structured programming language 5. Rich Library 6. Memory Management 7. Fast Speed 8. Pointers 9. Recursion 10.£xtensible 10. What are C-Character set in C? 1. Alphabets: Uppercase(A-Z) & Lowercase(a-z) 2. Digits: 0-9 3. Special symbols /operators: Comma (,), Period /dot(.) Ampersand (&) Arithmetic operators: +, -,*, /,% Relational operators: <, >, <=, >=, Termination symbols: :, Special: $,_,%,~, #1 () {yete. 4. Escape characters/Escape Sequences: \n-Newline, \t-Tab \v—Vertical tab \r~ carriage return ete. 11. What are tokens in C? Give examples. Tokens are smallest unit/building block of ac program statements. Tokens are the smallest elements of a program, which are meaningful to the compiler. The following are the types/Classification of tokens: Keywords, Identifiers, Constant, Strings, Operators, etc. 12. What are reserved /keywords in C? list examples. These are reserved words in C, represents some meaning & functionality”. Keywords are building blocks /units of ¢ programming languages. Also called as predefined words. Examples: int, float, char, double, long, enum, struct, union, if, else, do, while, for etc. 13, What are identifiers? List the rules for defining an identifier? A Name in C Program is called an identifier, it can be a variable name, a function name, a structure name, label etc,, these are user defined words, Rules for Defining an Identifier. 1, Allowed Characters are: - ya unr par rvur eevee >sepepsreser-eneeneseeersseseeeennneneeseenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 30Programming in C Ce , a, Alphabets: - Uppercase(A-Z) & Lowercase (a-z) b. Digits: - (0-9) c. Special Symbols: _(Underscore), $ (Dollar) 2. Identifier name should not start with digits. 3. Identifier should not be a keyword, 4, Identifiers are case sensitive. 5. Identifier name must be unique in a program. 6. There is no space between an identifier word. 14, What is data? Classify data types in C. Data is a collection of raw facts, statistics such as numbers, words, measurements, observations or just descriptions of things. Data is anything that we get around us it can be raw facts, figures, statistics, files, maps, charts, etc. 1. Primitive/Basic data types-int, char, float, double 2. Derived data types-array, pointers, strings, 3. User defined data types-structure, union, enum, typedef, i ectatees raimve dat || Derived data | [User deine dot] pes Pr L 15. What is symbolic constant? Classify constants in C. A constant is a value or variable that cannot be changed in the program, for example: 10, 20, 'a', 3.4, "e programming" etc, ‘These are fixed value in C. Character Constants ‘Numeric Constants Single Integer string Constants Bool copes cae Constants eg. "Helios wtbeaeaes. 8.123-2230 FI oostSoes Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 31Programming in C Ce , List of Constants in C Constant Example Decimal Constant 10,20, 450 ete Real or Floating-point Constant 103,202, 4506 ete Octal Constant 021,033, 046 ete Hexadecimal Constant 0220, Ox7b, rae ete Character Constant a,b, ¥ ete Sting Constant 1," program’, ‘cin javatpoint ete 16. What is variable? How to declare a variable in C? Variable is a name given to memory location; it is used to store data/values of different types. Variable Declarations /Creation:- “Reserving/Allocating a memory for storing data, it specifies variable name, which type of data it stores and size of the variable”. Syntax: datatype variablename; datatype -> datatype means we need to specify one valid data type from C, here we have to write keywords related to data types like int, float, double, char etc. variablename -> it must be a valid identifier. And it is the name of the memory location. Examples: int num; float area; char ch; double salary; 17. How to declare a variable? Give an example. Varlable Declarations/Creation: - “Reserving/Allocating a memory for storing data, it specifies variable name, which type of data it stores and size of the variable”. Syntax: datatype variablename; datatype -> datatype means we need to specify one valid data type from C, here we have to write keywords related to data types like int, float, double, char etc. varlablename -> it must be a valid identifier. And it is the name of the memory location. Examples: int num; float area; char ch; double salary; yar unr unr rvar eevee sep es-eneeneseeersseseeeereeeeeeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 32Programmin; Ce , 18. What are formatted and unformatted 1/0 functions in C? 1, Formatted 1/0 functions are built in functions which are used to read data from standard input device and write the data onto the output screen using format specifiers like %d, %c, %s etc with user format. Ex: Formatted Output function : printf() Formatted Input function : scanf() printf); printf{) is Formatted Output function used to print any string with format specifiers like %d, %s, %c, %6f corresponds list of variables on the standard output Screen. Syntax: int printf("Formatted String+Format Specifiers’, List of variables); Ex1: printf{(“ Hello World"); Ex2: int x=10,y=20; printf("x= %d \ty = %d"x.y); scanf() : scanf() is a predefined formatted input function. it is used to read/scan character data from standard input device(keyboard) at run time. Syntax: Int scanf(“FormatSpecifiers”, &var1, &var2, printf(\nEnter x & y Values :"); scanf(“%d %d", &x, &y); 2. Unformatted 1/0 functions are built in functions which are used to read data from standard input device and write the data onto the output screen without using format specifiers and these doesn’t support user formats like %d, %s, 96f ete, Ex: Unformatted Output function: putchar(), putch(), puts() Unformatted Input function: getchar(}, getch(), gets() Unformatted Output Functions _ | Syntax Use putchar() int putchar(char ch); | Itis used to write a specified character to standard output device(console), must be passed a character as argument, putch(); int puteh(int ch); putch() function prints a specified character at standard output device(console). ya unr par rvur ensue >see er-eneseeersseeeeennneeeecenenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 33Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , puts() int puts(char{] str); itis string library function it writes a string character on output screen. If successful, no negative value Is returned. On error, the function returns EOF. Unformatted Input ‘Syntax Use Functions getchar() char getehar(); The getchar() function reads a character type data form the input. The getchar() function reads one character ata time till the user presses the enter key, geteh(); int geteh(); The getch() function reads the alphanumeric character input from the user. But, that the entered character will not be displayed. gets() char * gets(char *str); gets() standard library string input function is used to read string data at runtime from standard input device.it reads even white space character also. 19. What are escape characters in C? Escape characters are characters having a special meaning to the compiler. And it starts with \. \n-Newline \t-Tab \a- beep \v- Vertical tab \r- carriage return ete. KK Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, yee, (9880437187) BCA-ISem 34Programming in C U Ce , 20. List format serra in %d Integer format specifier %f and %e or %E Floating point specifier %C | Character format specifier %s String format specifier %o | Octal number for Integer x Hexadecimal number for Integer “op | Address pointed by a pointer 21 Give the syntax of printf() and scanf() printf() : Syntax int printf(“Formatted String+Format Specifiers’, List of variables); OR int printf(" String , Format Specifiers”, var, var2, var3, scanf() : Syntax int scanf("FormatSpecifiers”, &var1, &var2, ..)5 22, Give the syntax of getchar() and putchar( ). getchar(): Syntax => char getchar(); putchar() : Syntax => int putchar(int char); 23. Give the syntax of gets() and puts(). gets() : Syntax => char * gets(char str{)); puts(): Syntax => int puts(char{] str); 24, Explain different types of constants in C. 25, What is Constant? Classify and explain constants in C. Constant: A constant is a value or variable that cannot be changed in the program, for example: 10, 20, ‘irae Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 35Programming in C Ce , List of Constants in © 26, What are keywords and tokens? Mention them. Keywords: These are reserved words in G, represents some meaning & functionality”. Keywords are building blocks /units of c programming languages. Keywords in C : int, float, double, char, long, if, else, do, while, for, break, switch, enum, struct, union, void, signed, goto, const, etc, Tokens: Tokens are smallest unit/building block of a c program statements, Tokens are the smallest elements of a program, which are meaningful to the compiler. Types/Classification of tokens in C. Keywords, Identifiers, Constant, Strings, Operators, etc. 27. What is Computer Program? is a collection of good instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform a specific task, It is a building unit of software. 28, What are the advantages of C Programming? + Development of video games + Applications using graphical user interfaces + Databases and computer operating systems + Browsers on the internet + Computationaland graphical methods + Banking + Cloud computing and distributed systems 29, Explain print{Q and scanf() with syntax and example. printf): printf() is Formatted Output function used to print any string with format specifiers like %d, %s, %c, %f corresponds list of variables on the standard output Screen. syntax: int print{(“Formatted String+Format Specifiers”, List of variables) Exampl Ex: printf(" Hello World "); int pr 10, y=20; nti("x = %d \ty = Yd" xy); ya unr par rvur eevee >see ereeneseeersseseeeeenereeeeecennl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 36Programming in C Unit-1 Ce , scanf() : scanf{ ) is a predefined formatted input function. it is used to read/scan character data from standard input device(keyboard) at run time.The output screen will wait for user input, unless& until user doesn’t provide input at run time; the rest of the program won't be executed. Syntax: int scanf("FormatSpecifiers”, &var1, &var: Exampl printf("\nEnter x & y Values :"); scanf("%d %d", &x, &y); printf("\nx = %d\ty=%d"x,y); Output Enter x & y Values : 12 24 x=i2 yeaa 30. What is symbolic constant? How to declare it? Constant: A constant is a value or variable that cannot be changed in the program, for example; 10, 20,'a', 3-4, "e programming" ete, Ways to define constant in C: ‘There are two ways to define constant in C programming. 1. const keyword 2, #define preprocessor 1, Using const keyword: syntax: const datatype variablename = value; Ex. const float Pi = 3.14: 2. Using #define preprocessor: The #define preprocessor is also used to define constant, Ex: #include define PI 3.142 int main() { print(("The value of PI is: %f",PI); return 0; yar unr par rvur eevee osenepsrerer-enmeseseeersseseeeeeneeeeeeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 37Programming in C Ce , Note: Practice all Lab programs, 4 to 5 programs will be asked for main theory exams also. Kindly refer text book and previous year question papers for exams, Use Below link to find Previous Year Question Papers: CP Question Papers: https://drive.google.com /drive/folders/1ugmW OwmGYI76vuEn2vWXigaDvEt ul aO?usp=sharing AL BCA Question Papers: hittps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1FOCEAtoFmil9Gx9snSGZYqEKsw4VkiS w ya unr par rvar eee vunenneny>sepepsereser-eeseseeersseseeesenenereeeeeeenl Prof. Prabhu Kichadi, wree,(9880437187) — BCA-ISem. 38