Discuss the combustion characteristics of a bio gas.. Employ water recycling systems…..5. Incorporate gardens……6.

Improve
The combustion mechanism of biogas mixture is unclear, which leads to the lack insulation…..7. Use eco-friendly materials…8. Regulate temperature.
of basis for the control of operating parameters. Combustion characteristics and
reaction path of typical low calorific value biogas with variation of preheating 6. What are alternate sources for green buildings? Explain them.
temperature and air equivalence ratio (Φ) are discussed in this paper. Preheating Construction or Green Architecture refers to creating architecture that is
can not only improve the flame propagation speed and flame temperature, but ecologically responsible with optimum use of resources. It means to use every
also increase the proportion of NO in the product at the end of combustion possible method to minimize the environmental footprint of the structure. The
flame. To some extent, improving combustion efficiency and NOx control are goal is to make a building efficient throughout its life cycle. From the preparation
contradictory operating parameters. The amount of NO increases with the of materials to transportation, construction, operation, maintenance, and in the
increase in flame distance. The maximum value of NO appears when Φ is 1.1. NO end, demolition.One such way for the adaptation of green construction is using
formation rate is improved by preheating the biogas. The paths of N2 → N2O alternative building materials. They are profitable both ecologically and
→NO, N2 → NNH →NO, and N2 →NO are all enhanced. When the equivalence economically. Alternative materials are local, renewable, and have a low impact
ratio changes from 1.0 to 0.8, NO formation rates decrease. on the environment. The energy used in the preparation of such materials is
significantly less. Using locally available materials can lower transportation costs
1. Explain in detail various methods of extracting geothermal energy. and carbon emissions. The alternative materials can be easily recycled and
A schematic diagram of a geothermal energy extraction system is shown in Fig. reused in different ways, and at the end of their life-cycle, they easily
2.8. Essentially, cold water is injected deep (typically 2–4.5 km) into the accommodate themselves back in nature.
geothermal reservoir where it gets heated by the surrounding hot granite rock.
Generally, a large crack is introduced by hydraulic fracturing from a bore hole in 7. Explain Zero Waste Manufacturing in detail.
the geothermal reservoir (Bazant and Ohtsubo, 1978). The upper part of the For those interested in reducing their carbon footprint and the amount of waste
crack is intercepted by a second borehole with one of the boreholes passing the they create at home, a zero-waste lifestyle provides a practical approach to
cold stream and the other the hot stream. Torrance (1979), Torrance and Chan sustainability. However, zero waste means more than simply refusing plastic bags
(1980), and Bau and Torrance (1981) studied NCSs to extract geothermal energy. or composting food waste on an individual level.
The ultimate goal of zero waste is to develop and promote a more circular
2. Write a short note on zero waste manufacturing. economy through the redesign of products to reduce their environmental
Zero waste manufacturing (ZWM) is a concept to support countries transition to impact, as well as improve end-of-life management through extended producer
a circular economy by developing manufacturing technologies and systems that responsibility (EPR). In short, the concept of zero waste must also extend to the
eliminate waste across entire waste value chains to the fullest extent possible manufacturing sector, with increased responsibility on producers to design waste
through reuse and recycling.The ultimate goal of zero waste is to develop and out of the loop before consumers have to deal with it….Achieving zero waste in
promote a more circular economy through the redesign of products to reduce manufacturing is a challenging prospect. Today, linear production methods that
their environmental impact, as well as improve end-of-life management through prize profit over sustainable production are everywhere—from the ubiquity of
extended producer responsibility (EPR). In short, the concept of zero waste must single-use plastics in
also extend to the manufacturing sector, with increased responsibility on 8. Write short notes on lime pozzolana cement.
producers to design waste out of the loop before consumers have to deal with it. Pozzolana, hydraulic cement perfected by the Romans and still used in some
countries, traditionally made by grinding a material of volcanic origin (the
3. Explain the working principle of solar ponds and solar cookers. pozzolan) with powdered hydrated lime. Roman engineers used two parts by
Solar radiation collected in the solar pond is converted into thermal energy that weight of pozzolan mixed with one part of lime to give strength to mortar and
is stored in the brine and raises its temperature. Utilization of the heat is possible concrete in bridges and other masonry and brickwork. During the 3rd century BCE
by extracting the heat from the hot brine of the storage zone, for direct use of the Romans used pozzolana instead of sand in concrete and mortared
the heat or further converting it into electrical energy. Solar ponds work based rubblework, giving extraordinary strength. Used with an aggregate of broken tuff,
on a fundamental principle. When the sun’s rays heat the water in an ordinary travertine, brick, or marble, the material contributed to the evolution of new
pond, the heated water becomes lighter and rises upward, losing its heat in the architectural forms in such monumental constructions as the Pantheon and the
atmosphere. This means that the pond water remains at its atmospheric Baths of Caracalla at Rome.
temperature.. 9. Discuss the measures to reduce industrial waste pollution.
4. Write a short note on sustainable green production systems. Pollution prevention utilizes various tools, techniques and procedures to reduce
Green manufacturing is the renewal of production processes and the hazardous waste accumulation from agriculture to technology to health science
establishment of environmentally-friendly operations within the manufacturing industries. Organizations can implement the following seven strategies for an
field. Essentially, it is the “greening” of manufacturing, in which workers use industrial waste management system that surpasses federal compliance
fewer natural resources, reduce pollution and waste, recycle and reuse materials, standards for pollution prevention.
and moderate emissions in their processes…….Green manufacturers research, Human error, promote workplace safety and prove more cost-effective for
develop, or utilize technologies and practices to lessen their impact on the facilities.Audit Waste Streams----Waste characterization essentially audits the
environment. As detailed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, workers at green waste stream into categories to determine an organization’s waste type and
companies must have specific manufacturing training in green technologies and accumulation rate. Performing a waste characterization helps managers plan for
practices such as:…..Energy from renewable sources. Workers may generate pollution reduction and recycling initiatives.2…… Review and Update Current
electricity, heat, or fuel from renewable sources for use within their Waste Management Procedures-----Facility managers should review their current
establishment. These sources may include wind, biomass, geothermal, solar, waste management strategy to update or design an adequate action plan.
ocean, hydropower, landfill gas and municipal solid Rethinking current management practices is essential to uncover where
………Pollution reduction and removal, greenhouse gas reduction, and recycling. improvements are needed most…
Workers will use green technologies and practices to:
Reduce or remove the creation or release of pollutants in their operations… 10. Explain the working principle of pyranometer.
A type of actinometer used to measure irradiance of solar energy within the
5. What are the measures for energy saving in a green building? preferred location as well as flux density of solar radiation. The range of solar
Climate change, global warming, and their adverse effects are no far-off reality. radiation extends between 300 & 2800 nm.The sun generates radiation over the
The rapidly increasing number of buildings built has been one of the main range of wavelengths from 0.15 to 4.0 µm which is known as the solar spectrum.
contributors to this situation. Therefore, it’s only fitting that these structures’ The amount of this radiation is called as global solar radiation or sometimes
energy consumption is optimized for everyone’s benefit………..Here are eight known as short-wave radiation. The global solar radiation can occur when both
ways that green buildings save energy………1. Generate their own electricity……2. the solar radiations like direct & diffuse receives from the hemisphere on the
Optimize building design and features…..3. Maximize and improve lighting…..4. plane of the pyranometer. It is hard to find out an environmental development
on the earth which is driven directly otherwise indirectly through the energy of
 the sun. The measurements of global solar radiation are used in various the environment. Ferrites are photocatalyst materials that effectively use visible
applications for various purposes. Solar energy determines the efficiency of the light for oxidation processes.
panel because these panels will change the energy from the sun’s energy to
electrical. 16. Discuss about the use of zeolites as green chemicals.
The use of zeolites for catalytic conversion of biomass-derived molecules was
11. Explain the components and working of wind energy conversion system. pioneered in the late ’90 by Avelino Corma, who elucidated the role of acidity
WECS is a system that converts wind energy into another form of energy, such as (type and distribution) and the topology of such materials. His landmarking work
electricity, that can be used to power homes and businesses……. There are two expanded the role of zeolites in biomass conversion catalysis and led to industrial
main types of WECS: those that use wind turbines to generate electricity and processes for sustainable chemical production. This contribution will briefly recall
those that use windmills to pump water……….Wind energy conversion systems his results in the area, later analysing the challenge of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
are classified according to the type of rotational axis about which the turbine (HMF) catalytic valorisation using zeolites. Derived from sugar, HMF is one of the
rotor blades rotate. The four main classifications of WECS are rotational axis, most promising molecules to produce a wide variety of sustainable molecules to
turbine, power control, and rotational speed control. …..Rotational Axis be used in many production sectors, from bio-fuel or fuel additives to monomers
There are two types of rotational axis: horizontal and vertical….1…..A horizontal and surfactants.
axis wind turbine (HAWT) is the most commonly used type. The rotor blades are
mounted on a horizontal shaft perpendicular to the ground. 17. Explain process intensification. How is it useful?
A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has its rotor blades mounted on a vertical Process Intensification (PI) is defined as improvements of a process at unit
shaft parallel to the ground. VAWT is less common than HAWT because it is more operational, functional and/or phenomena levels that can be obtained by
expensive and complicated to build and is not as efficient in converting wind integration of unit operations, integration of functions and phenomena’s or
energy into electricity. targeted enhancement of the phenomena for a set of target operations….In the
European Roadmap of process intensification (PI), PI is defined as a set of
12. Explain the construction and principle of operation of a sunshine recorder.. innovative principles applied in process and equipment design, which can bring
Abstract significant benefits in terms of process and chain efficiency, lower capital and
As solar power becomes more important, sunshine duration has become a critical operating expenses, higher quality of products, less wastes and improved process
variate for meteorological observations and research. In this review, the safety. There are several books, reviews and research papers that address topics
evolution of the operation principle and construction of sunshine recorders was related to PI in the chemical industry (Stankiewicz, 2003; van Gerven and
summarized. Sunshine recorders were classified according to their measurement Stankiewicz, 2009; Sanders et al., 2012; Boodhoo and Harvey, 2013; Reay et al.,
methods, and their historical and technological development were reviewed. 2013).
Characters, such as thresholds, uncertainties, maintenance, and operational cost
of different sunshine recorders, are compared. Then, the advantages and 18. Write ashort note on PEG.
disadvantages of each measurement method and the sensors applied to the Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a biocompatible, synthetic, hydrophilic polyether
sunshine recorders were also discussed. compound that has many applications, mostly in the medical industry, but also in
the chemical and industrial sectors. The structure of the compound is known as
13. Explain the process of reducing heat gain using paints. H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.The synthesis of PEG is done by polymerizing ethylene
Improving energy efficiency in your strata buildings through products such as oxide, the main ingredient in antifreeze, using a ring-opening technique, which
heat reflective paint is not only great for the environment, it also makes good allows for PEGs of a range of molecular weights and molecular weight
financial sense. A growing interest in sustainable building practices amongst distributions to be constructed. This range in weights is what makes it suitable
residents and businesses, as well as rising electricity costs, mean that energy- for several uses…
efficient products and services have become the preferred choice for many
consumers. Given this trend, many strata owners are greening their property to 19. Write a short note on solar photo-voltaic (PV) panels.
benefit from cost savings, happier residents and an improved When light shines on a photovoltaic (PV) cell – also called a solar cell – that light
reputation……There are many ways that you can improve the environmental may be reflected, absorbed, or pass right through the cell. The PV cell is
footprint of your building, including decreasing water consumption to recycling composed of semiconductor material; the “semi” means that it can conduct
programs. In this article, we’ll specifically be looking at how heat reflective paint electricity better than an insulator but not as well as a good conductor like a
can improve energy efficiency. metal. There are several different semiconductor materials used in PV
cells…..When the semiconductor is exposed to light, it absorbs the light’s energy
14. Discuss about the development of wind energy in India. and transfers it to negatively charged particles in the material called electrons.
Wind Energy in India has been the fastest-growing renewable energy source in This extra energy allows the electrons to flow through the material as an
the country. As the country has a vast coastline, Wind Power Plant in India is electrical current. This current is extracted through conductive metal contacts –
onshore and offshore. As of 30 September 2022, wind energy in India has an the grid-like lines on a solar cells – and can then be used to power your home
overall installed power capacity of 41.666 GW. Wind energy in India has a huge and the rest of the electric grid.
potential to fulfill the country’s power needs and boost the economy……..The
largest Wind Farm in India is the Muppandal Wind Farm in Tamil Nadu. Below 20. Discuss about microwave methods of development of green chemicals.
mentioned are all the details of state-wise wind power plants in India. The article Green Chemistry with its twelve principles would like to see changes in the
elaborates on complete details of the wind energy in India and the largest wind conventional chemical synthesis and the use of less toxic starting materials.
mills. Green Chemistry would like to increases the efficiency of synthetic methods, to
use less toxic solvents, reduce the stages of the synthetic routes and minimize
15. What are photo catalysts ? How are they useful to us? waste as far as practically possible. In this way, chemical synthesis will be part of
A photocatalyst is defined as a material that is capable of absorbing light, the effort for sustainable development. Microwave assisted synthesis has
producing electron–hole pairs that enable chemical transformations of the revolutionized chemical synthesis. Small molecules can be built in a fraction of
contaminants repeatedly coming into its contact into greener products and the time required by conventional methods. In conventional heating methods oil
regenerating its chemical composition after each cycle of such bath or hot plate are used as a source of heat to a chemical reaction Microwave
interactions......Photocatalysts are outstanding materials that can easily alter irradiation is widely used as a source of heating in chemical synthesis. The basic
solar energy for use in oxidation and reduction activities. Photocatalysts are used mechanisms observed in microwave assisted synthesis are dipolar polarization
in several areas, such as eliminating pollutants from air and water, water splitting and conduction. Microwave-assisted synthesis provides clean synthesis with the
to generate H2, odor control, cancer cell inactivation, and bacterial inactivation. advantage of enhanced reaction rates, higher yields, greater selectivity, and
Over the last decade, photocatalyst materials have attracted great interest economic for the synthesis of a large number of organic molecules, have provided
because of their potential for eliminating toxic and dangerous compounds from the momentum for many chemists to switch from conventional heating method
to microwave assisted chemistry. Microwave-assisted synthesis is rapidly
 becoming the method of choice in modern chemical synthesis and drug 26. Give a detailed account of bio-conversion of renewables.
discovery. Biomass biochemical conversion technologies refer to the conversion of biomass
21. Elaborate about India’s national action plan on climate change. into corresponding products through certain physical, chemical, and biological
Climate change is one of the most critical global challenges of our times. Recent pretreatments. Pretreatments in the biochemical conversion technologies of
events have emphatically demonstrated our growing vulnerability to climate biomass aim to help reach ideal conversion effects, not to produce final products,
change. Climate change impacts will range from affecting agriculture – further which is the essential difference between the aforementioned physical and
endangering food security – to sea-level rise and the accelerated erosion of chemical conversion of biomass. In addition, biochemical conversion
coastal zones, increasing intensity of natural disasters, species extinction, and the technologies of biomass are more moderate than the other two.
spread of vector-borne diseases. India released its much-awaited National Action Biomass can be turned into different products, such as hydrogen, biogas, ethanol,
Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) to mitigate and adapt to climate change on June acetone, butanol, organic acids (pyruvate, lactate, oxalic acid, levulinic acid, citric
30, 2008, almost a year after it was announced. The NAPCC runs through 2017 acid), 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, isobutanol, xylitol, mannitol, and xanthan
and directs ministries to submit detailed implementation plans to the Prime gum by selecting different microorganisms in the process of biochemical
Minister’s Council on Climate Change by December 2008. This article briefly conversion (Chen, 2010). On the one hand, such products can synthetize
reviews the plan and opinion about it from different experts and organizations. replacements of petroleum-based products. On the other hand, the products can
22. Discuss about principle of mass economy. replace products derived from grains, such as ethanol.
Mass production is the manufacturing of the same standardized product lines for Compared with other conversion technologies, biomass biochemical conversion
a prolonged period of time. It uses automation or assembly lines to facilitate the technologies are moderate, pure, clean, and efficient. Moreover, biomass can be
high volume production of similar products…..Mass production is synonymous turned into various intermediates by screening different enzymes or
with continuous flow production or series reduction. The concept is identified microorganisms through biochemical conversion technologies, thus providing
with the rise in modern capitalism that succeeded in the Industrial Revolution. many platform substances for the conversion of renewable materials, fuels, and
Mass production commonly uses mechanization to achieve labor division, high chemicals. As a result, people pay much attention to biochemical conversion
volume, monitoring and quality control, and material flow. technologies of biomass.
23. Discuss about a reactor. 27. What are super critical fluids? Write in detail about their classification and
A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained nuclear chain application.
reactions. Reactors are used for generating electricity, moving aircraft carriers A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above
and submarines, producing medical isotopes for imaging and cancer treatment, its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist, but below the
and for conducting research….Fuel, made up of heavy atoms that split when they pressure required to compress it into a solid.[1] It can effuse through porous
absorb neutrons, is placed into the reactor vessel (basically a large tank) along solids like a gas, overcoming the mass transfer limitations that slow liquid
with a small neutron source. The neutrons start a chain reaction where each transport through such materials. SCF are much superior to gases in their ability
atom that splits releases more neutrons that cause other atoms to split. Each to dissolve materials like liquids or solids. Also, near the critical point, small
time an atom splits, it releases large amounts of energy in the form of heat. The changes in pressure or temperature result in large changes in density, allowing
heat is carried out of the reactor by coolant, which is most commonly just plain many properties of a supercritical fluid to be “fine-tuned”…Supercritical fluids
water. The coolant heats up and goes off to a turbine to spin a generator or drive occur in the atmospheres of the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, the terrestrial
shaft. Nuclear reactors are just exotic heat sources. planet Venus, and probably in those of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune.
24. What is a separator? How is it different from a reactor? What is its use? Supercritical water is found on Earth, such as the water issuing from black
Separators are used to separate steam and liquid water at core exit of BWRs or smokers, a type of hydrothermal vent.[2] SCF’s are used as a substitute for
at the top of PWR SGs. A two-phase mixture enters the separator barrel, passing organic solvents in a range of industrial and laboratory processes. Carbon dioxide
through a set of stationary swirl vanes. These vanes produce a high rotational and water are the most commonly used supercritical fluids; they are often used
velocity component in the fluid flowing through the separator barrel…The for decaffeination and power generation, respectively. Some substances are
separator, or disc centrifuge, is a vertically arranged centrifuge. It is used for soluble in the supercritical state of a solvent (e.g. carbon dioxide) but insoluble
separating and clarifying liquids. In a disk stack separator, solid-liquid mixtures or in the gaseous or liquid state—or vice versa. This can be used to extract a
liquid-liquid mixtures are separated by centrifugal force…. substance and transport it elsewhere in solution before depositing it in the
25. Discuss about ther principles of green technology and engineering… desired place by simply allowing or inducing a phase transition in the
Green Engineering is the development and commercialization of industrial solvent……The advantages of supercritical fluid extraction (compared with liquid
processes that are economically feasible and reduce the risk to human health and extraction) are that it is relatively rapid because of the low viscosities and high
the environment….12 Principles of Green Engineering… diffusivities associated with supercritical fluids. Alternative solvents to
.1….Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial-----Designers need to strive to ensure supercritical fluids may be poisonous, flammable or an environmental hazard to
that all materials and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently nonhazardous a much larger extent than water or carbon dioxide are.
as possible….2….Prevention Instead of Treatment----It is better to prevent waste
than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed…..3….Design for Separation--- 1. Define green technology.
Separation and purification operations should be designed to minimize energy Green tech–or green technology–is an umbrella term that describes
consumption and materials use…..4….Maximize Efficiency--Products, processes, the use of technology and science to reduce human impacts on the
and systems should be designed to maximize mass, energy, space, and time natural environment. Green technology encompasses a wide area of
efficiency…..5….Output-Pulled Versus Input-Pushed---Products, processes, and scientific research, including energy, atmospheric science, agriculture,
systems should be “output pulled” rather than “input pushed” through the use material science, and hydrology.
of energy and materials…..6….Conserve Complexity-------Embedded entropy and
complexity must be viewed as an investment when making design choices on 2. What do you mean by E- factor?
recycle, reuse, or beneficial disposition…….7….Durability Rather Than E factor=Total mass of waste from processTotal mass of product. The
Immortality-------Targeted durability, not immortality, should be a design E factor takes into account waste byproducts, leftover reactants,
goal……8…..Meet Need, Minimize Excess------Design for unnecessary capacity or solvent losses, spent catalysts and catalyst supports, and anything
capability (e.g., “one size fits all”) solutions should be considered a design else that can be regarded as a waste. Its calculation depends upon
flaw….,.9….Minimize Material Diversity------Material diversity in multicomponent what is defined as waste.
products should be minimized to promote disassembly and value
retention…..10…..Integrate Material and Energy Flows-------Design of products, 3. What is green engineering?
processes, and systems must include integration and interconnectivity with Green engineering is the design, commercialization, and use of
available energy and materials flows…..11….Design for Commercial “Afterlife”---- processes and products in a way that reduces pollution, promotes
--Products, processes, and systems should be designed for performance in a sustainability, and minimizes risk to human health and the
commercial “afterlife.”….12…. Renewable Rather Than Depleting------Material environment without sacrificing economic viability and efficiency.
and energy inputs should be renewable rather than depleting.
4. What are renewable energy sources? Give two examples. energy as it is absorbed at a given point. Solar constants are used in
Renewable energy is energy that comes from a source that won’t run various atmospheric and geological sciences.
out. They are natural and self-replenishing, and usually have a low- or
zero-carbon footprint. Examples of renewable energy sources include
wind power, solar power, bioenergy (organic matter burned as a fuel)
and hydroelectric, including tidal energy.

5. What are green catalysts?

Natural soil-based catalysts are another type of green catalysts that
have been used extensively. Elements such as Si, Al, Fe, Ca, and Ti are
abundant in soil and are effective catalysts for biodiesel production.

6. Sustainable development can be achieved by using green Technology.

Explain.
It is meant as an alternative source of technology that reduces fossil
fuels and demonstrates less damage to the human, animal, and plant
health, as well as damage to the world [20]. The use of green
technology is supposed to reduce the amount of waste and pollution
that are created during production and consumption.
7. Name two commonly used non aqueous solvents.
If solute is dissolved in solvent like benzene, alcohol, ether, carbon
disulphide, acetone etc. forms a non-aqueous solution
.
8. Give two uses of zeolites.
Zeolites are basically used to remove the hardness of the water. They
can also be used in cleaning agents, detergents, and purifiers for
water and air. Zeolites can be used in treating and curing cancer,
diarrhoea, autism, herpes, etc.

9. What is achieved if we design green and safe chemicals?

The synthetic method should be designed wherever possible to use
and generate substances having little or no toxicity to human health
and the environment. 2) The starting material selected should be least
toxic. 3) The reactions in which intermediates or reagents or products
are toxic should not be followed.

10. Give two major carbon emission sources of concern.

There are both natural and human sources of carbon dioxide
emissions. Natural sources include decomposition, ocean release and
respiration. Human sources come from activities like cement
production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels like
coal, oil and natural gas.

11. Mention the difference between biomass and biogas.

Biomass is burnt in the presence of oxygen while biogas is produced
in the absence of oxygen.

12. What is the basic principle of wind energy conversion?

Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using
electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to
make electricity. Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine
around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates
electricity.
13. Enumerate the advantages of solar collectors.
The advantages of parabolic-trough solar thermal collector are that
they can generate high temperature heat, have high concentration
ratio, have high thermal efficiency, and are cost effective to maintain.

14. What is meant by zero waste manufacturing? Explain.

At first glance, zero waste (ZW) means complete and total elimination
or absence of waste. However, much more than that, ZW entails
waste prevention and where all materials are reused. It is a philosophy
that forbids sending any unused material to landfills, dumpsites, or
incinerators.
15. State the significance of solar constant in power generation.
The solar constant is used to quantify the rate at which energy is
received upon a unit surface such as a solar panel. In this context, the
solar constant provides a total measurement of the sun’s radiant