I.
Introduction
A. Definition of Computing
o Explanation of what computing entails
o Importance of computing in modern society
B. Purpose of the Outline
o Overview of the evolution of computing
o Relevance of understanding this evolution in current technology trends
II. Early Mechanical Computing Devices
A. Abacus (c. 2500 BCE)
o Description and historical significance
B. Antikythera Mechanism (c. 100 BCE)
o Early analog computing device for astronomical calculations
C. Slide Rule (17th Century)
o Its role in mathematical calculations before digital computers
D. Mechanical Calculators (17th-19th Century)
o Blaise Pascal's Pascaline (1642)
o Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner (1673)
III. The Advent of Modern Computing
A. Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine (1837)
o Concept of the first general-purpose computer
o Ada Lovelace’s contribution as the first computer programmer
B. Herman Hollerith and the Tabulating Machine (1889)
o Use in the 1890 U.S. Census
o Foundation of IBM
IV. Early Electronic Computers
A. World War II and Computing
o Colossus (1943) and its role in codebreaking
o ENIAC (1945) - First general-purpose electronic digital computer
B. Stored-Program Concept
o John von Neumann’s architecture (1945)
o Development of EDVAC (1949)
C. Transition from Vacuum Tubes to Transistors (1950s)
o Impact on size, cost, and power consumption of computers
V. The Mainframe Era (1950s-1970s)
A. Introduction to Mainframes
o IBM 701 (1952) and UNIVAC I (1951)
o Dominance of IBM
B. Programming Languages
o Development of Assembly language
o Introduction of high-level languages like FORTRAN (1957) and COBOL (1959)
C. Time-Sharing Systems
o Concept of time-sharing
o Introduction of UNIX (1969)
VI. The Microcomputer Revolution (1970s-1980s)
A. Development of Microprocessors
o Intel 4004 (1971) - First microprocessor
o Moore’s Law and its implications
B. Rise of Personal Computers
o Apple I (1976), Apple II (1977)
o IBM PC (1981)
C. Software Innovations
o Development of Operating Systems (MS-DOS, Windows)
o Growth of software applications and games
VII. The Internet and Networking Revolution (1990s)
A. Development of the Internet
o ARPANET and the birth of the Internet
o World Wide Web (1991) by Tim Berners-Lee
B. Expansion of Computing Power
o Distributed computing and cloud computing
o Development of powerful servers and databases
C. The Dot-com Boom
o Rise of e-commerce and tech companies
o Impact on global economy and society
VIII. The Mobile Computing Era (2000s-Present)
A. Smartphones and Tablets
o Introduction of the iPhone (2007) and Android devices
o Impact on communication, media consumption, and computing
B. The Rise of Apps
o Development of mobile apps ecosystem
o Influence on various industries (social media, banking, etc.)
C. Wearable and Ubiquitous Computing
o Smartwatches, fitness trackers, and IoT devices
o The concept of ambient computing
IX. Artificial Intelligence and Future Trends
A. Growth of AI and Machine Learning
o Development of AI, deep learning, and neural networks
o Applications in various fields (healthcare, finance, etc.)
B. Quantum Computing
o Introduction to quantum computers
o Potential impact on future computing
C. Ethical and Social Implications
o Privacy, security, and ethical challenges in modern computing
o Future trends and predictions for the next evolution
X. Conclusion
A. Summary of Key Milestones in Computing Evolution
B. Reflection on the Impact of Computing on Society
C. Future Outlook for Computing Technologies
