Catena 104 (2013) 251–256

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Catena
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena

Soil genesis and classification

Alfred E. Hartemink ⁎, J.G. Bockheim
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Soil Science, FD Hole Soils Lab, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The formation and classification of soils have been a key area of research in the soil science discipline. Major
Received 19 June 2012 breakthroughs have been brought about since the mid 1800s and it has evolved from conceptual frameworks,
Received in revised form 16 October 2012 to descriptive studies to more quantitative approaches. Some 50 years ago the American soil scientists Stan Buol
Accepted 4 December 2012
and Francis Hole hatched idea for the book Soil Genesis and Classification. Now six editions of the book have been
published and it has become a standard text book in teaching soil science and pedology in the USA. Over 50,000
Keywords:
Pedology
copies have been sold and this paper reviews how the book evolved over time, and relates the text to trends and
Soil genesis developments in soil formation and soil classification.
Soil history Published by Elsevier B.V.
Soil taxonomy
Soil science in the USA

1. Introduction theory of soil distribution. Sibirtsev (1900) considered climate as

the key soil forming factor although he also paid attention to soil ecol-
The formation and classification of soils have been a key area of re- ogy. Glinka (1914) defined the fundamental law of pedology as the
search since the soil science discipline emerged in the 19th century. law of the adaptability of soil types of the globe to definite natural
Most things beneath the feet of scientists in that time were largely (primarily climatic) conditions. In the USA it took a while before the
unknown and there were wild speculations on the origin of many Russian ideas on soil genesis were digested (Helms et al., 2002) and
soil features. For example, there were theories that stones developed the zonal theory had supporters (Joffe, 1936) as well as critics
in soils by chemical precipitation and that peat was formed by algae. (Marbut, 1936).
Initial soil studies in the 19th century focused on geology and parent Hand in hand with the theories on soil formation developed the
material on one hand, and agricultural chemistry on the other hand. subdiscipline of soil classification. Initially that was largely based for tax
The chemical school of thought had several followers (Baxter, 1832; purposes (e.g. Fallou, 1862) and was more a form of dissection than tax-
Lawes et al., 1883; Ruffin, 1832) but was led by J. von Liebig who onomic classification (Krasilnikov et al., 2009). Most classifications are
was one of the most influential scientists of his time (Blume, 2002; based on the ideas of discreteness of entities, and in soil science there
Brock, 1997). An early example that viewed soils from a geological has been fairly rapid developments in classification following increased
point of view was by J. Morton (1843). Morton discusses alluvial understanding of properties and processes. In the past 100 years the
and diluvial soils — a distinction made between fine sediments depos- focus and backbone of soil classification went from properties to process-
ited by water (alluvium), and coarse sediments deposited by floods es and back to properties (Bockheim and Gennadiyev, 2000). Currently,
(diluvium). That geological distinction had a religious origin, and for both Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base for Soil resources rely
Morton soils and geology were one. Also Fallou (1862) distinguished largely for their diagnostics on soil properties.
between soils formed in-situ and “washed-in” or alluvial soils and as As the body of knowledge on soil formation and soil classification
he was trained as a mineralogist he attributed variations in soils pri- evolved so did the textbooks that aimed to summarize and synthesize
marily to differences in soil forming rocks. Senft (1857) and Fallou the newly acquired information and insights. Early examples are for
(1862) prepared the way for V.V. Dokuchaev (Blume, 2002) who example Hilgard (1906), Merrill (1906) and Joffe (1936), and these
brought the study of soils out of the chaos and confusion of the geo- were widely used in the USA prior to Hans Jenny's book (Jenny,
logic, chemical, and agronomic points of view and established it as in- 1941). There were other less pedology and more edaphology text
dependent science (Marbut, 1936). books used in the USA like, for example, Lyon and Buckman (1948)
Whereas soil science in the beginning was driven by the idea that and Weir (1949). In Europe and Russia text books that had a strong
geology and parent material are the main forming factors, the Russian focus on soil formation were by Robinson (1932) in the UK, by
school emphasized the effects of climate and introduced the zonal Duchaufour (1977) in France , by Ramann (1911) in Germany, by
van Baren (1920) in the Netherlands by Rode (1962) and Vilenskii
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 608 263 4947. (1963) in Russia and earlier works by Glinka (1914), and Sibirtsev
E-mail address: [email protected] (A.E. Hartemink). (1900) — just to name a few.

0341-8162/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier B.V.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.12.001
252 A.E. Hartemink, J.G. Bockheim / Catena 104 (2013) 251–256

Plate 1. The founding authors of Soil Genesis and Classification, L to R: Stan Buol, Francis Hole, and Ralph McCracken.

In 1973 the text Soil Genesis and Classification was published (Buol Buol met again with his major professor Francis Hole in Madison,
et al., 1973) with the intention to summarize the body of knowledge USA. Both used Hans Jenny's book (1941) but several new develop-
called pedology, to encourage students to learn directly from the soil ments urged for a new textbook. These included the ideas laid out
in its natural setting, and to “serve as stepping stones across the in “Outline of a Generalized Theory of Soil Genesis” (Simonson,
seeming morass of terminology and information.” Recently, the 1959), several papers translated from Russian relating in the several
sixth edition of this standard text was published. Here we review fields of soil science, the adoption of the 7th Approximation (Soil
how that book has changed and how that changes reflect develop- Survey Staff, 1960), and the fact that soil survey had greatly increased
ments in the subdiscipline of soil formation and soil classification. the interpretation for land use and productivity studies, especially for
The book is widely used and represents the synthesis of a substantial nonfarm land use problems. An emphasis was put on classifying soils
period of almost 40 years. This sort of analysis has been done for on the basis of soil properties that could be measured within the soil
other soil science books like Russell's Soil Condition and Plant Growth body. Existing concepts of soil genesis and classification related to ex-
(Greenland, 1997), general soil science books (McDonald, 1994a) and ternal factors of soil formation were replaced by discussions of specif-
the seven soil encyclopedia and reference books that have been pub- ic soil properties, such as mollic epipedons, argillic horizons, or aquic
lished in the past between 2000 and 2012 (Hartemink, 2012). conditions. Terms related to climatic conditions such as warm, cold,
Although there are several other excellent soil science text books arid, and humid conditions were replaced by more quantitative
(e.g. Fanning and Fanning, 1989; Singer and Munns, 1987; Wilding terms of soil temperature and moisture regimes. According to Buol
et al., 1983) none of these textbooks have 6 editions that cover almost (2010), it was becoming apparent that the system of soil classification
40 years and could be used to investigate trends in the subdiscipline presented in the 7th Approximation was to become the official soil
of soil formation and classification. The aim of this paper is to contrib- classification system in the United States and that there was a need
ute to the limited number of historical and interpretative studies of to teach the system to soil science students. Both Hole and Buol la-
the soil science discipline. mented that teaching the 7th Approximation was cumbersome
when the complete text was used, and there was no available text
2. The beginning that presented the processes of soil formation. Buol, Hole and
McCracken got together in the summer of 1972 at the University of
The ideas and start of the text book Soil Genesis and Classification Wisconsin and prepared the first draft. Both Hole and McCracken
were summarized by Stan Buol of NC State University in the USA came from Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, USA, whereas
(2010). It began one summer afternoon in 1963 or 1964 when Stan Buol was a graduate student of Hole (Brevik, 2010).

Table 1
Summary of six editions of Soil Genesis and Classification.

1st edition 2nd edition 3rd edition 4th edition 5th edition 6th edition

Year 1973 1980 1989 1997 2003 2011

Authors S.W. Buol S.W. Buol S.W. Buol S.W. Buol S.W. Buol S.W. Buol
F.D. Hole F.D. Hole F.D. Hole F.D. Hole R.J. Southard R.J. Southard
R.J. McCracken R.J. McCracken R.J. McCracken R.J. McCraken R.C. Graham R.C. Graham
R.J. Southard P.A. McDaniel P.A. McDaniel
No. of pages 360 406 446 528 494 543
No. of chapters 26 26 24 23 21 21
Table 2
Chapters in six editions of Soil Genesis and Classification.

First edition Second edition Third edition Fourth edition Fifth edition Sixth edition

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction

Morphology of Soils Morphology of Soils Morphology of Soils Morphology and Composition of Soils Morphology and Composition of Soils Morphology and Composition
of Soils
Soil Micromorphology Soil Micromorphology Soil Composition and Characterization Biogeochemical Processes in Biogeochemical Processes in Soil-forming Factors: Soil as a
Soil Formation Soil Formation Component of Ecosystems
Soil Composition and Characterization Soil Composition and Characterization Weathering and Soil Formation Soil as a Component of the Ecosystem Soil as a Component of the Soil Materials and Weathering
Ecosystem
Weathering and Soil Formation Weathering and Soil Formation Pedogenic Processes: Internal, Time as a Factor of Soil Formation Space and Time in Soil Formation Soil-forming Processes
Soil-Building Processes
Pedogenic Processes: Internal, Pedogenic Processes: Internal, Soil as a Component of the Ecosystem Modern Soil Classification Systems Modern Soil Classification Systems Modern Soil Classification Systems
Soil-Building Processes Soil-Building Processes

Soil Environment: External Factors Soil Environment: External Factors of Site Factors: State Factors, Initial U.S. Soil Taxonomy U.S. Soil Taxonomy U.S. Soil Taxonomy
of Soil Formation Soil Formation Material, and Relief

Parent Material: Initial Material of the Parent Material: Initial Material of the Flux Factors: State Factors, Climate, Alfisols: High Base Status Soils with Alfisols: High Base Status Forest Alfisols: High Base Status Forest
Solum Solum and Organisms Argillic Horizons Soils with Finer-Textured Subsoil Soils with Finer-textured Subsoil

A.E. Hartemink, J.G. Bockheim / Catena 104 (2013) 251–256

Horizons Horizons
Relief and Landscape Factors of the Soil Relief and Landscape Factors of the Soil Time as a Factor of Soil Formation Andisols: Soils with Andic Soil Andisols: Soils with Andic Soil Andisols: Soils with Andic Soil
and its Environment and its Environment Properties Properties Properties

Contributions of Climate to the Total Contributions of Climate to the Total Soil Soil Systems Aridisols: Soils of Dry Regions Aridisols: Soils of Dry Regions Aridisols: Soils of Dry Regions
Soil Environment Environment

Organisms: Biological Portion of the Soil Organisms: Biological Portion of the Soil Modern Soil Classification Systems Entisols: Recently Formed Soils Entisols: Recently Formed Soils Entisols: Recently Formed Soils
and its Environment and its Environment

Time as a Factor of Soil Formation Time as a Factor of Soil Formation Histosols: Organic Soils Gelisols: Very Cold Soils Gelisols: Very Cold Soils Gelisols: Very Cold Soils

Principles and Historical Development Principles and Historical Development Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil Histosols: Organic Soils Histosols: Organic Soils Histosols: Organic Soils
of Soil Classification of Soil Classification Accumulations of Humus and
Sesquioxides
Modern Soil Classfication Systems Modern Soil Classfication Systems Oxisols: Sesquioxide-Rich, Highly Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils with Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils with
Weathered Soils of the Intertropical Few Diagnostic Features with Few Diagnostic Features Few Diagnostic Features
Regions
Entisols: Recently Formed Soils Entisols: Recently Formed Soils Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling Mollisols: Grassland Soils of Steppes Mollisols: Grassland Soils of Mollisols: Grassland Soils of
Dark Clay Soils and Prairies Steppes and Prairies Steppes and Prairies
Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling Dark Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling Dark Aridisols: Soils of Dry Regions Oxisols: Low-Activity Soils Oxisols: Low-Activity Soils Oxisols: Low-Activity Soils
Clay Soils Clay Soils

Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils with Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils with Few Ultisols: Low Base Status Forest Soils Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil
Few Diagnostic Features Diagnostic Features Accumulations of Humus and Accumulations of Humus and Accumulations of Humus and
Sesquioxides Sesquioxides Sesquioxides
Aridisols: Soils of Arid Regions Aridisols: Soils of Arid Regions Mollisols: Grassland Soils of Steppes Ultisols: Low Base Status Soils Ultisols: Low Base Status Forest Ultisols: Low Base Status Forest
and Prairies Soils with Finer-Textured Subsoil Soils with Finer-Textured Subsoil
Horizons Horizons
Mollisols: Grassland Soils of Steppes Mollisols: Grassland Soils of Steppes and Alfisols: High Base Status Forest Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling Vertisols: Shrinking and Swelling
and Prairies Prairies Soils with Argillic Horizons Dark Clay Soils Dark Clay Soils Dark Clay Soils

Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil Spodosols: Soils with Subsoil Accumulations Andisols Soil Families and Soil Series Spatial Arrangement of Soils: Spatial Arrangement of Soils:
Accumulations of Sesquioxide and Humus of Sesquioxide and Humus Soilscapes and Map Units Soilscapes and Map Units

Alfisols: High Base Status Forest Soils Alfisols: High Base Status Forest Soils Inceptisols: Embryonic Soils with Nature of Soil Cover: Polypedons, Interpretations of Soil Surveys Interpretations of Soil Surveys
Few Diagnostic Features Soilscapes, and Mapping Units and Technical Soil Classification and Technical Soil Classification
Ultisols: Low Base Status Forest Soils Ultisols: Low Base Status Forest Soils Entisols: Recently Formed Soils Interpretations of Soil Surveys: Soil Bibliography Bibliography
Classifications and Soil Maps

(continued on next page)

253
254 A.E. Hartemink, J.G. Bockheim / Catena 104 (2013) 251–256

3. Trends in soil genesis and classification

The book Soil Genesis and Classification has run through six edi-
tions. The first three were authored by the founding authors
(Plate 1) and the last three editions have been authored by four
authors — all from the USA. The first edition was reprinted seven
Sixth edition

times and translated into Russian, Japanese, and Spanish.

The book increased in size from 360 to 543 pages between 1973
Index

and 2011 whereas the number of chapters slightly decreased

(Table 1). The second edition underwent four printings and a transla-
tion into Chinese (Buol, 2010). After three printings of the third edi-
tion the fourth edition was published in 1997. At that time both
Francis Hole and Ralph McCracken were retired and Randall Southard
was recruited. For the fifth edition Robert Graham and Paul McDaniel
joined as authors.
In the first three editions the five soil forming factors each had a
Fifth edition

separate chapter but from the fourth edition these chapters were
merged (Table 2). In the first two editions there were chapters enti-
Index

tled "Contributions of climate to the total soil environment", whereas

some years later the first books appeared on the soil contributions to
the climate (Bouwman, 1990; Scharpenseel et al., 1990). Soil micro-
morphology was treated separately in the first two editions and
then merged with the morphology chapter. Except from adding two
extra soil orders and some relabeling, the book chapters and its
main focus changed little over time.
Fig. 1 shows how the number of pages per topic changed over the
Pedotechnology

six editions. Although the size of the book changed a bit over the
Fourth edition

Bibliography

years so these figures the graph shows that the number of pages de-
voted to the Soil Taxonomy soil orders almost doubled between 1973
Index

and 2011. This obviously reflects the additions of the two extra orders
(Andisols, Gelisols) and an increased amount of new information on
all soil orders. As the number of pages also increased (Table 1) the rel-
ative portion that deals with the soil orders only increased from 25%
Nature of Soil Cover: Polypedons,

Interpretations of Soil Surveys:

to 30%. The number of pages dealing with soil formation dropped

Soil Classifications and Soil Maps
Soilscapes, and Mapping Units

over time and so did the section on soil survey interpretations.

About 40 to 50 pages dealt with soil classification in each edition of
which about half was devoted to the US Soil Taxonomy. The last edi-
tion has 94 pages bibliography (17% of the book) and 13-page index.
Third edition

Bibliography

Some reference statistics was performed for the first and sixth edi-
tions. The first edition had 772 references and the sixth edition in-
Index

cluded 1581 references. About 80% of the references in the first

edition were from the previous two decades (e.g. 1950s and 1960s)
whereas only 27% of the references in the sixth edition were from
Weathered Soils of the Intertropical Regions

the 1990s and 2000s (Fig. 2). The sixth edition kept about 35% of
Polypedons, Soilscapes, and Soil Mapping

the references listed in the first edition and appears to have a refer-
Oxisols: Sesquioxide-Rich, Highly

Interpretaions of Soil Surveys: Soil

ence distribution pattern with peak references from the 1960s and
from the 1980s. The number of references to Soil Science Society of
America Proceedings/Journals was 140 (19% of all references) in
Histosols: Organic Soils

Classifications and Maps

1973 and 272 (17% of all references) in 2011.

Second edition

Bibliography

4. Discussion
Index
Units

The literature of soil science is rich and diverse. It consists of half a

million articles published in peer reviewed journals, and thousands of
books, monographs, and reports (Hartemink, 2012). Initially, most of
the exchange of findings took place through letters followed by books
Interpretaions of Soil Classifications

and reports. In the beginning of the twentieth century the journals

Natural Soil Bodies and Soilscapes
Weathered Soils of the Intertropical
Oxisols: Sesquioxide-Rich, Highly

that solely devoted to soil research were started (Hartemink, 2009).

Various books in the nineteenth century focused on the origin and
Histosols: Organic Soils

formation of soils. With increasing knowledge and over time soil sci-
ence books were published that digested and synthesized large
Table 2 (continued)

amounts of information. These books served as reference works but

Subject Index
Author Index
First edition

also had an important role in teaching and education.

and Maps

Here we have analyzed how the text book Soil Genesis and Classi-
Regions

fication evolved over time. Although the amount of statistics is limited

from these types of analyses, the book covers almost 40 years and
 A.E. Hartemink, J.G. Bockheim / Catena 104 (2013) 251–256 255

Fig. 1. Changes in subject treatment in six editions of Soil Genesis and Classification (1973–2011).

reveals some of the trends and developments in soil science. pedometrics, digital soil mapping, hydropedology or ethnopedology
According to Stan Buol (pers. communic., May 2012) about 50,000 (to name a few) have not made it in these books despite being thriving
copies of the books have been sold. Thus, several generations of most- subdisciplines of pedology. Also quantitative aspects of pedogenesis
ly American soil science students have been educated and brought up (Stockmann et al., 2011) have not gained much attention whereas
with this book although Nature and Properties of Soils (in its 14th edi- such aspects will continue to push the knowledge barriers.
tion now) is probably more widely taught and more generic. Soil Gen- One of the key challenges in teaching pedology is the richness of
esis and Classification has mostly been favorably reviewed by the soil its language. Soil science has always been rich in semantics (Wilde,
science community (e.g. Gillot, 1981; Rice, 2003). In the mid 1990s, 1953) (one needs to read Brewer or Soil Taxonomy 11th edition
Soil Genesis and Classification was listed among the 930 titles consid- (Soil Survey Staff, 2010) to see this confirmed). It seems that the ad-
ered core monographs in soil science that were published between dition of new words is proportional to the activity in a scientific dis-
the mid 1950s and 1990s. It was ranked First by soil scientists from cipline. Very few new words have been added in the 6 editions
developed countries and Second by soil scientists from the third between 1973 and 2011; in fact some words and metaphors like
world (McDonald, 1994b). First means here that it was highly cited syntographs and pedotechnology have been lost. And who speaks
in the literature and was considered by reviewers of great impor- Brewerese nowadays?
tance; Second rank means that it generally received fewer citations In a sense it appears that the 1973 book was much more an actual
but which many reviewers still thought important. synthesis of the soil genesis and classification literature than the last
The major developments in our thinking on soil formation are well edition from 2011. In part that is due that 40 years have lapsed and
summarized in these books. The factors of soil formation have re- soil science and pedology have suffered in the last two decades
ceived less attention with time and also emerging subjects like (Basher, 1997), particularly in the USA (Baveye et al., 2006). In
many departments around the world the pure study of soils in the
field has diminished considerably over time (Ruellan, 1997). The
books have become slightly more international and various national
No. of references
450 soil classification systems are discussed but the emphasis is on Soil
Taxonomy and most examples are from the USA. More emphasis
400 First edition has been put on the soil orders perhaps as new developments and
Sixth edition grand ideas on soil genesis are limited in the past decades. Soil Taxon-
350
omy, now in its 11th edition has become useful for framing research
300 on soil formation. However, the days of the Soil Taxonomy interna-
tional commissions are over and apart from some efforts to establish
250
a soil order strongly influenced by humans (e.g. the Anthrosols and
200 Technosols in WRB) the amount of work on expanding Soil Taxonomy
is quite limited compared to the 1970s or 1980s. The IUSS' work on
150
Universal Soil Classification (since 2010) is to ascertain that the disci-
100 pline remains thinking and active in developing classification systems
that reflect our current abilities to collect and analyze soil data
50 coupled to sound understanding of soils in the field.
0 In 1973 Buol et al. (1973) wrote that it was exciting times to be in
pedology because of the information explosion. That is as applicable
today as it was then and there are many new projects, research allies
and developments in soil science (Hartemink and McBratney, 2008).
Fig. 2. References per decade in the first edition (1973) and sixth edition (2011) of Soil We have several new ways to collect data through remote and prox-
Genesis and Classification. imal soil sensing (Viscarra Rossel et al., 2011) but the need to make
256 A.E. Hartemink, J.G. Bockheim / Catena 104 (2013) 251–256

interpretations and distil some solid soil knowledge out of that new Krasilnikov, P.V., Ibanez, J.J., Arnold, R.W., Shoba, S. (Eds.), 2009. Soil Terminology,
Correlation and Classification. Earthscan, London.
information is highly essential. The new data can greatly help us in Lawes, J.B., Morton, J.C., Morton, J., Scott, J., Thurber, G., 1883. The Soil of the Farm.
better understanding how soils are formed, how they differ across Orange Judd, Washington.
the landscape and how they can be classified. With time the urge Lyon, T.L., Buckman, H.O., 1948. The Nature and Properties of Soils. A College Text of
Edaphology. The MacMillan Company, New York.
for new standard text books on these subdisciplines becomes Marbut, C.F., 1936. Introduction. In: Joffe, J.S. (Ed.), Pedology. Rutgers University Press,
imperative. New Brunswick, pp. vii–xiii.
McDonald, P., 1994a. Core monographs in soil science. In: McDonald, P. (Ed.), The
Literature of Soil Science. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 161–256.
References McDonald, P. (Ed.), 1994b. The Literature of Soil Science. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Basher, R., 1997. Is pedology dead and buried? Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, Merrill, G.P., 1906. A Treatise on Rocks, Rock-Weathering and Soils. The MacMillan
979–994. Company, New York.
Baveye, P., Jacobson, A.R., Allaire, S.E., Tandarich, J.P., Bryant, R.B., 2006. Whither goes Morton, J., 1843. The Nature and Property of Soils; their Connexion with the Geological
soil science in the United States and Canada? Soil Science 171, 501–518. Formation on which They Rest. James Ridgway, London.
Baxter, J., 1832. The Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge; with Appendix Ramann, E., 1911. Bodenkunde (Dritte Auflage). Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin.
Containing and Abridgement of the Principal Laws Relating to Farming and Rural Rice, T.J., 2003. Book review of: Soil Genesis and Classification, 5th edition. Vadose Zone
Affairs. G. Baxter, London. Journal 2, 767.
Blume, H.P., 2002. Some aspects of the history of German soil science. Journal of Plant Robinson, G.W., 1932. Soils — Their Origin, Constitution and Classification. An Introduc-
Nutrition & Soil Science-Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde 165, tion to Pedology. Thomas Murby & Co, London.
377–381. Rode, A.A., 1962. Soil Science (Translated from Russian). Israel Program fo Scientific
Bockheim, J.G., Gennadiyev, A.N., 2000. The role of soil-forming processes in the definition Translations, Jerusalem.
of taxa in soil taxonomy and the World Soil Reference Base. Geoderma 95, 53–72. Ruellan, A., 1997. Some reflections on the scientific basis of soil science. Eurasian Soil
Bouwman, A.F. (Ed.), 1990. Soils and the Greenhouse Effect. John Wiley, Chichester. Science (Pochvovedenie) 30, 347–349.
Brevik, E.C., 2010. Hole: Geologic mentors to early soil scientists. Physics and Chemistry Ruffin, E., 1832. An Essay on Calcareous Manures. J.W. Campbell, Petersburg Va.
of the Earth 35, 887–894. Scharpenseel, H.W., Ayoub, A., Schomaker, M., 1990. Soils on a Warmer Earth: Effects
Brock, W.H., 1997. Justus von Liebig. The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University of Expected Climate Change on Soil Processes, with EMPhasis on the Tropics and
Press, Cambridge. Sub-tropics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Buol, S.W., 2010. Evolution of the text Soil Genesis and Classification. Soil Survey Senft, F., 1857. Lehrbuch der forstlichen Geognosie, Bodenkunde und Chemie. Manke, Jena.
Horizons 51, 116–117. Sibirtsev, N.M., 1900. Pochvovedenie. Y.N. Skorokhodov, St. Petersburg.
Buol, S.W., Hole, F.D., McCracken, R.J., 1973. Soil Genesis and Classification. The Iowa Simonson, R., 1959. Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Science of Society
State University Press, Ames, Iowa. of America Proceedings 23, 152–156.
Duchaufour, P., 1977. Pédologie. Masson, Paris. Singer, M.J., Munns, D.N., 1987. Soils: An Introduction. MacMillan, USA.
Fallou, F.A., 1862. Pedologie oder Allgemeine und Besondere Bodenkunde. Schönfeld Soil Survey Staff, 1960. Soil classifciation. A comprehensive system, 7th Approximation.
Buchhandlung, Dresden. Soil Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington
Fanning, D.S., Fanning, M.C.B., 1989. Soil Morphology, Genesis, and Classification. John D.C.
Wiley & Sons, New York. Soil Survey Staff, 2010. Soil Taxonomy, 11th edition. USDA National Resources Conser-
Gillot, J.E., 1981. Book review of: Soil Genesis and Classification, 2nd edition. Canadian vation Services, Washington DC.
Geotechnical Journal 18, 609. Stockmann, U., Minasny, B., McBratney, A.B., 2011. Quantifying processes of pedogenesis.
Glinka, K., 1914. Die Typen der Bodenbildung — Ihre Klassification und Geographsiche Advances in Agronomy 113 (113), 1–71.
Verbreitung. Verlag von Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin. van Baren, J., 1920. De Bodem van Nederland. S.L. van Looy, Amsterdam.
Greenland, D.J., 1997. Inaugural Russell-Memorial-lecture — soil conditions and plant Vilenskii, D.G., 1963. Soil Science, Third Enlarged Edition (Translated from Russian).
growth. Soil Use and Management 13, 169–177. Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem.
Hartemink, A.E., 2009. Publications for evaluations: the impact of soil science and soil Viscarra Rossel, R., Adamchuk, V.I., Sudduth, K.A., McKenzie, N.J., Lobsey, C., 2011. Proximal
scientists. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 64, 18a–19a. soil sensing: an effective approach for soil measurements in space and time. Advances
Hartemink, A.E., 2012. Soil science reference books. Catena 95, 142–144. in Agronomy 113, 237–282.
Hartemink, A.E., McBratney, A., 2008. A soil science renaissance. Geoderma 148, 123–129. Weir, W.W., 1949. Soil Science. Its Principles and Practice. J.B. Lipincott Company,
Helms, D., Effland, A.B.W., Durana, P.J. (Eds.), 2002. Profiles in the History of the U.S. Chicago.
Soil Survey. Iowa State Press, Ames. Wilde, S.A., 1953. Soil science and semantics. Journal of Soil Science 4, 1–4.
Hilgard, E.W., 1906. Soils, their Formation, Properties, Composition, and Relation to Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., Hall, G.F. (Eds.), 1983. Pedogenisis and Soil Taxonomy
Climate, and Plant Growth. The Macmillan Company, New York. (2 Volumes). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. A System of Quantitative Pedology.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Joffe, J.S., 1936. Pedology. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.