UNIT 11.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

A. VOCABULARY
Part
of
No. Word Pronunciation Meaning
speec
h
1 affect v /əˈfekt/ ảnh hưởng
effect (on) n /ɪˈfekt/ sự ảnh hưởng
2 advance (in) n /ədˈvæns/ sự cải tiến, tiến bộ
3 accurate
n /ˈækjərət ˈmeʒəmənt/ sự đo lường chính xác
measurement
4 benefit n /ˈbenɪfɪt/ lợi ích
drawback n /ˈdrɔːbæk/ bất lợi
5 cancer n /ˈkænsər/ bệnh ung thư
6 chemist n /'kemɪst/ nhà hóa học
chemical n /'kemɪkl/ chất hóa học
chemistry n /'kemɪstrɪ/ (môn, ngành) hóa học
7 conserve v /kənˈsɜːv/ bảo tồn
conservation n /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ sự bảo tồn
conservationist n /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃnɪst/ nhà bào tồn học
8 develop v /dɪˈveləp/ phát triển
development n /dɪˈveləpmənt/ sự phát triển
9 deaf adj /def/ điếc
the deaf n /ðə def/ người khiếm thính
10 device n /dɪ'vaɪs/ thiết bị
11 experiment n /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ thí nghiệm
12 energy-saving adj /ˈenədʒi seɪvɪŋ/ tiết kiệm năng lượng
13 economy n /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ kinh tế
economic adj /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ liên quan, thuộc kinh tế
14 field n /fi:ld/ lĩnh vực
15 (high) yield n /ji:ld/ sản lượng (cao)
16 home security n /həʊm sɪˈkjʊrəti bảo vệ an ninh gia đình
 protection protection/
17 identify v /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ xác định
identification n /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ sự xác định, sự xác nhận
18 invent v /ɪn'vent/ phát minh
invention n /ɪn'venʃn/ sự phát minh
inventor n /ɪn'ventər/ nhà phát minh
19 keep up with v /ki:p ʌp wɪð/ theo kịp, đuổi kịp
20 laboratory n /ləˈbɒrətri/ phòng thí nghiệm
21 mute adj /mju:t/ câm
the mute n /ðə mju:t/ người câm
22 negative n /ˈneɡətɪv/ tiêu cực
23 physicist n /' fɪzɪsɪst/ nhà vật lý học, bác sĩ trị liệu
24 predict v /prɪ'dɪkt/ đoán
prediction n /prɪ'dɪkʃn/ sự tiên đoán
25 patent v /ˈpætnt/ đãng ký bản quyền
26 progress n /ˈprəʊɡres/ sự tiến bộ
27 realistic adj /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ hiện thực, thực tế
unrealistic adj /ˌʌnrɪəˈlɪstɪk không thực tế
28 responsible (for) adj /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ chịu trách nhiệm
29 success n /sək'ses/ sự thành công
successful adj /sək'sesfl/ thành công
succeed v /sək'si:d/ thành công
30 solve v /sɒlv/ giải quyết
31 science n /'saiəns/ khoa học
scientific adj /saiən'tɪfɪk/ về khoa học
scientist n /'saiəntɪst/ nhà khoa học
32 support v, n /səˈpɔːrt/ hỗ trợ, giúp đỡ ủng hộ
supportive adj /səˈpɔːrtɪv/ có tính hỗ trợ, giúp đỡ, ủng hộ
33 solar panel n /ˌsəʊlə ˈpænl/ tấm pin mặt trời
34 science fiction n /ˌsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃn/ khoa học viễn tưởng
 35 technology n /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ công nghệ
technological adj /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ liên quan đến công nghệ

B. STRESS
Sentence stress (Trọng âm câu)
Trong tiếng Anh, không chỉ từ mang trọng âm, mà câu cũng có trọng âm. Trọng âm câu đóng vai trò
rất quan trọng, vì khi nói, từ mà người nói nhấn trọng âm cũng như cách đánh trọng âm vào cùng một
từ có thể làm thay đổi hoàn toàn nghĩa hàm chứa trong câu nói.
Quy tắc nhấn trọng âm câu được liệt kê trong bảng sau:
Những từ được nhấn trọng âm thì thường phát âm to, rõ ràng và chậm hơn những từ còn lại.
Nhấn trọng âm vào từ chính (từ mang nghĩa) - Content word.
Danh từ (nouns) cars, teachers
Động từ chính (main verbs) drank, looking
Tính từ (adjectives) soft, hard
Trạng từ (Adverbs, trừ trạng từ tần suất) carefully, quickly
Từ phủ định (negatives) not, never
Không nhấn trọng âm vào từchức năng - Function/Structure words.
Giới từ (prepositions) do, is
Trợ động từ (Auxiliary verbs) at, on
Liên từ (Conjunctions) and, or, but
Từ hạn định (Determiners) a, an, the
Đại từ (pronouns) I, me, him
Nhịp giữa các từ được nhấn trọng âm câu là như nhau.
E.g. She is TALKING to her PARENTS.

C. GRAMMAR
 Reported speech
Câu gián tiếp là câu thuật lại lời nói, ý nghĩ của 1 ai đó.
Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, cần lưu ý 2 trường hợp:
Trường hợp 1: Từ trần thuật chia ở thời hiện tại, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai
 Đổi ngôi, không lùi thời.
E.g. Emma says: “I don 't have time.”  Emma says that she doesn't have time.
Trường hợp 2: Từ trần thuật chia ở thời quá khứ
 Đổi ngôi, lùi thời, đổi trạng ngữ.
E.g. Emma said: “I don 't have time.”  Emma said that she didn’t have time.
Pronoun changes
(Quy tắc đổi ngôi)
Ngôi 1 I He/She
 Ngôi 3 Me Him/Her
My His / Her
Mine His / Hers
Myself Himself / Herself
We They
Us Them
Our Their
Ours Theirs
Ourselves Themselves
Ngôi 2 You I/She/He/We/They My / Her /
 Ngôi 1 hoặc 3 Your His / Our / Their
Yourself / Yourselves Myself / Herself / Himself /
Ourselves / Themselves
Ngôi 3 They They
 Không đổi ngôi Them Them
Their Their
Theirs Theirs
Themselves Themselves
She She
Her Her
Hers Hers
Herself Herself
He He
Him Him
His His
 Himself Himself
It It
Its Its
Itself Itself

Tense changes
(Quy tắc lùi thời)
Direct speech (Câu trực tiếp) Indirect speech (Câu gián tiếp)

Present simple (Hiện tại đơn) Past simple (Quá khứ đơn)
S + is/am/are + C. S + was/were + C.
S + V (s / es). S + V-ed/P1.
She said: “I study hard. ” She said she studied hard.
Present continuous (Hiện tại tiếp diễn) Past continuous (Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
S + am / is / are + V-ing. S + was/were + V-ing.
She said: “I am studying hard. ” She said she was studying hard.
Past simple (Quá khứ đơn) Past perfect (Quá khứ hoàn thành)
S + was/were + C. S + had + been + C.
S + V-ed/P1. S + had + PlI.
She said: "I studied hard. ” She said she had studied hard.
Future simple (Tương lai đơn)
S + will + V. S + would + V.
She said: “I will study hard.” She said she would study hard.
Near future (Tương lai gần)
S + am/is/are + going to + V. S + was/were + going to + V.
She said: ‘‘I'm going to study hard. ” She said she was going to study hard.
Modal Verbs (Động từ khuyết thiếu)
S + can / could + V. S + could + V.
S + may / might + V. S + might 4- V.
S + must / have to / has to + V. S + had to + V.
S + might / should / had better + V. S + might / should + V.
 S + used to + V. S + used to + V.
S + mustn’t + V. S + mustn’t + V.
S + ought to + V. S + ought to + V.
Note:
No change in tenses
(Các trường hợp không lùi thời)
Sự thật hiển nhiên She said: “The Earth goes around the Sun.”
 She said that the Earth goes around the Sun.
Mệnh đề thời gian He said: “I lived in Ha Noi while I was at high school.”
 He said that he lived in Ha Noi while he was in high
school.
Câu điều kiện If loại 2 hoặc 3 They said: “If he were taller, he would join a basketball
club.”
 They said he would join a basketball club if he were
taller.
Câu điều ước wish The children said: “We wish we didn't have to clean the
house.”
 The children said they wished they didn't have to clean
the house.
Câu tường thuật ngay sau thời điểm nói What did Ms. Lien say?
She says we have to finish our projects by Monday.

Changes in time expressions

(Quy tắc đổi trạng ngữ thời gian, nơi chốn)
Now (bây giờ) Then / At that moment
Today (hôm nay) That day
Tonight (tối nay) That night
Last night (tối qua) The night before / The previous night
Tomorrow (ngày mai) The day after / The following day
Yesterday (hôm qua) The day before / The previous day
This That/The
 These Those / The
Last + N The + N + before / The previous + N
Ago Previously / before
Next + N The + N + after / The following + N
Here (ở đây) There
 Reported speech: statements
Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp trong câu kể
Positive statement (Câu khẳng định)
“S2 + V + C + C.” S1 said.
said (that) C
S2 V O
S1 said to sb (that) (đổi
(đổi ngôi) (lùi thời) (đổi ngôi)
told sb (that) trạng ngữ)
E.g. She said: "I will go camping tomorrow.”  She said she would go camping the following day.
Negative statement (Câu phủ định)
“S2 + Vaux + not + V + O + C.” S1 said.
said (that) Vaux + not + C
S2 O
S1 said to sb (that) V (đổi
(đổi ngôi) (đổi ngôi)
told sb (that) (lùi thời) trạng ngữ)
E.g. She said: “I won’t go camping tomorrow.”  She said she wouldn't go camping the following
day.
*** Vauc: trợ động từ (be/do/have/can...)
Note
- Say và tell đều có thể dùng cho cả câu trực tiếp hoặc gián tiếp.
- Khi muốn đề cập tới người nghe, bắt buộc phải dùng tell/told sb.
- Khi không đề cập tới người nghe, có thể sử dụng say/said.
- Nếu muốn đề cập tới người nghe, dùng say/said to sb.

D. PRACTICE
PART I. PHONETICS
Exercise 1. Find the word which has a different sound in the underlined part.
1. A. ranked B. gained C. prepared D. proved
2. A. host B. honor C. hockey D. horror
 3. A. badminton B. swallow C. challenge D. ballet
4. A. teammate B. reading C. creating D. seaside
5. A. athlete B. author C. length D. southern
Exercise 2. Find the word which has a different stress from the others.
1. A. chemist B. browser C. technique D. programme
2. A. aspect B. advance C. spaceship D. progress (n)
3. A. reality B. unable C. enormous D. benefit
4. A. explorer B. physicist C. scientist D. telephone
5. A. experiment B. biologist C. ordinary D. developmen
PART 2. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
I. VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks.
chemistry cancer economic laboratory solve
development deaf inventor success science

1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________
 3. _________________________________ 4. _________________________________

5. _________________________________ 6. _________________________________

7. _________________________________ 8. _________________________________

9. _________________________________ 10. ________________________________

Exercise 2. Circle the odd one out.
 1. A. chemical B. animal C. calendal D. central
2. A. and B. an C. or D. but
3. A. technological B. capital C. coal D. festival
4. A. a B. an C. the D. at
5. A. develop B. conserve C. benefit D. invent
6. A. can B. should C. have to D. go
7. A. solve B. patent C. predict D. economy
8. A. deaf B. mute C. cancer D. blind
9. A. negative B. realistic C. responsible D. scientific
10. A. her B. their C. our D. themself
Exercise 3. Reorder the letters to make correct words, then match them with their meanings.
A B
1. V-E-C-I-E-D A. the act of protecting somebody/something; the state of being
 ___________________ protected.
2. D-L-F-E-I B. an advantage that something gives you; a helpful and useful effect
 ___________________ that something has.
3. E-V-N-C-O-R-E-S C. to help or encourage somebody/something by saying or showing
 ___________________ that you agree with them/it.
4. E-B-F-I-T-E-N D. an object or a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a
 ___________________ particular job.
5. O-P-R-N-I-O-T-C-E-T E. the process of improving or developing, or of getting nearer to
 ___________________ achieving or completing something.
6. T-E-V-N-N-I F. to find a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation.
 ___________________
7. A-P-T-T-N-E G. an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a
 ___________________ product or an invention; a document that proves this.
8. G-E-O-P-R-S-R-S H. to produce or design something that has not existed before.
 ___________________
9. L-O-S-E-V I. to protect something and prevent it from being changed or
 ___________________ destroyed.
10. P-T-O-P-R-U-S J. an area of land in the country used for growing crops or keeping
 animals in, usually surrounded by a fence.
 ___________________
Your answer:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
II. GRAMMAR
Exercise 1. Complete the table.
Pronoun changes
(Quy tắc đổi ngôi)
Ngôi 1 I ______________________________
 Ngôi 3 Me ______________________________
My ______________________________
Mine ______________________________
Myself ______________________________
We ______________________________
Us ______________________________
Our ______________________________
Ours ______________________________
Ourselves ______________________________
Ngôi 2 You ______________________________
 Ngôi 1 hoặc 3 Your ______________________________
Yourself / Yourselves ______________________________
Ngôi 3 They ______________________________
 Không đổi ngôi Them ______________________________
Their ______________________________
Theirs ______________________________
Themselves ______________________________
She ______________________________
Her ______________________________
Hers ______________________________
Herself ______________________________
He ______________________________
 Him
His ______________________________
Himself ______________________________
______________________________
It ______________________________
Its ______________________________
Itself ______________________________
Exercise 2. Complete the table.
Tense changes
(Quy tắc lùi thời)
Direct speech (Câu trực tiếp) Indirect speech (Câu gián tiếp)

Present simple (Hiện tại đơn) Past simple (Quá khứ đơn)
S + is/am/are + C. ______________________________
S + V (s / es). ______________________________
Present continuous (Hiện tại tiếp diễn) Past continuous (Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
S + am / is / are + V-ing. ______________________________
Past simple (Quá khứ đơn) Past perfect (Quá khứ hoàn thành)
S + was/were + C. ______________________________
S + V-ed/P1. ______________________________
Future simple (Tương lai đơn) ______________________________
S + will + V.
Near future (Tương lai gần)
S + am/is/are + going to + V. ______________________________
Modal Verbs (Động từ khuyết thiếu)
______________________________ S + could + V.
______________________________ S + might 4- V.
______________________________ S + had to + V.
______________________________ S + might / should + V.
______________________________ S + used to + V.
______________________________ S + mustn’t + V.
 ______________________________ S + ought to + V.
Exercise 3. Complete the table.
Changes in time expressions
(Quy tắc đổi trạng ngữ thời gian, nơi chốn)
Now (bây giờ) ______________________________
Today (hôm nay) ______________________________
Tonight (tối nay) ______________________________
Last night (tối qua) ______________________________
Tomorrow (ngày mai) ______________________________
Yesterday (hôm qua) ______________________________
This ______________________________
These ______________________________
Last + N ______________________________
Ago ______________________________
Next + N ______________________________
Here (ở đây) ______________________________

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.

1. Direct: “I am hungry.” said Tom.
Reported: Tom said that he ____________________________ hungry.
2. Direct: “We will see you tomorrow.” said Mary.
Reported: Mary said that they ____________________________ us tomorrow.
3. Direct: “I can't come to the meeting.” said John.
Reported: John said that he ____________________________ to the meeting.
4. Direct: “It's raining outside.” said Sarah.
Reported: Sarah said that it ____________________________ outside.
5. Direct: “I love chocolate cake.” said Julie.
Reported: Julie said that she ____________________________ chocolate cake.
6. Direct: “We need to leave now.” said Mark.
Reported: Mark said that they ____________________________ then.
7. Direct: “I have a headache.” said Jane.
 Reported: Jane said that she ____________________________ a headache.
8. Direct: “I saw a movie last night.” said David.
Reported: David said that he ____________________________ a movie the previous night.
9. Direct: “I’m getting married next month,” said Lisa.
Reported: Lisa said that she ____________________________ married the following month.
10. Direct: “I don’t like seafood.” said Peter.
Reported: Peter said that he ____________________________ seafood.
Exercise 5. Circle the correct answers.
1. Direct: “I’m going to the store.” said Rachel.
A. Reported: Rachel said that she was going to the store.
B. Reported: Rachel said that she is going to the store.
C. Reported: Rachel says that she was going to the store.
2. Direct: “I’m sorry for being late.” said Mike.
A. Reported: Mike said for being late.
B. Reported: Mike apologised for being late.
C. Reported: Mike sorried for being late.
3. Direct: “I’m feeling better today.” said Kate.
A. Reported: Kate said that she was feeling better today.
B. Reported: Kate said that she is feeling better that day.
C. Reported: Kate said that she was feeling better that day.
4. Direct: “I passed my driving test.” said Tim.
A. Reported: Tim said that he passed his driving test.
B. Reported: Tim said that he had passed my driving test.
C. Reported: Tim said that he had passed his driving test.
5. Direct: “I’m going to visit my parents.” said Susan.
A. Reported: Susan said that she was going to visit her parents.
B. Reported: Susan said that she is going to visit her parents.
C. Reported: Susan said that she was going to visit my parents.
6. Direct: “I can’t believe he did that.” said Emily.
A. Reported: Emily can’t believe that he had done that.
B. Reported: Emily couldn’t believe that he had done that.
C. Reported: Emily couldn’t believe that he did that.
7. Direct: “I’m a vegetarian.” said Joe.
A. Reported: Joe said that he was a vegetarian.
B. Reported: Joe said that he is a vegetarian.
C. Reported: Said Joe that he was a vegetarian.
8. Direct: “I haven’t seen that movie before.” said Alex.
A. Reported: Alex said that he hasn’t seen that movie before.
B. Reported: Alex said that he hadn’t seen this movie before.
C. Reported: Alex said that he hadn’t seen that movie before.
9. Direct: “I want to go skiing this winter.” said Tom.
A. Reported: Tom said that he wants to go skiing that winter.
B. Reported: Tom said that he wanted to go skiing that winter.
C. Reported: Tom said that he wanted to go skiing this winter.
10. Direct: “I don’t know what to do.” said Laura.
A. Reported: Laura said that she didn’t know what to do.
B. Reported: Laura said that I didn’t know what to do.
C. Reported: Laura said that she doesn’t know what to do.
Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
1. Direct: “I’m so happy to see you.” said Grace.
 Reported: Grace said that _________________________________________________
2. Direct: “I’m going to take a nap.” said Mike.
 Reported: Mike said that _________________________________________________
3. Direct: “I have to work tomorrow.” said John.
 Reported: John said that _________________________________________________
4. Direct: “I need to study for my exam.” said Sarah.
 Reported: Sarah said that _________________________________________________
5. Direct: “I’m going to start a new job next week.” said Jason.
 Reported: Jason said _________________________________________________
6. Direct: “I can’t wait for the weekend.” said Kelly.
 Reported: Kelly said that _________________________________________________
7. Direct: “I think he’s lying.” said Mary.
 Reported: Mary said that _________________________________________________
8. Direct: “I’m not feeling very well.” said Tim.
 Reported: Tim said that _________________________________________________
9. Direct: “I don’t like this food.” said Peter.
 Reported: Peter said that _________________________________________________
10. Direct: “I’ll call you later.” said Angela.
 Reported: Angela said that _________________________________________________
Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
1. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Rachel.
 Reported: Rachel said that she was going to the beach the following day.
2. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Lisa.
 Reported: Lisa said that she had a dentist appointment the next week.
3. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Mike.
 Reported: Mike said that he was going to buy a new car.
4. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Kate.
 Reported: Kate said that she had forgotten her keys at home.
5. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Tim.
 Reported: Tim said that he was going to watch a movie that night.
6. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Jane.
 Reported: Jane exclaimed that she had won the lottery.
7. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Tom.
 Reported: Tom said that he was going to propose to her.
8. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said John.
 Reported: John said that he had gotten an A on his test.
9. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Sarah.
 Reported: Sarah said that she didn't want to go to the party.
10. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Mike.
 Reported: Mike said that he would be home late that night.
Exercise 8. Circle the correct answers.
1. We won’t (has / have) a robot teacher next year.
2. She (likes / like) learning online.
3. I (doesn’t / don't) have a computer.4. They (is / are) not familiar with that new computer.
5. I really enjoy (learning / learns) online.
6. My teacher (use / uses) Zoom to teach.
7. We will live much longer (in / at) the future.
8. Our school is (going / goes) to have a new laboratory here.
9. My teacher will (parks / park) her car here.
10. Mai (are / is) reading about Thomas Edison today.
Exercise 9. Find and correct the mistakes.
SENTENCES MISTAKES
1. I also feel more stress when learning online.
2. Our teachers uses Google Meet for video conferencing.
3. We don’t has to get up early.
4. I prefer with study face-to-face.
5. I want to seeing my classmate.
6. I doesn’t like online learning.
7. The robot ask questions that are too difficult for students to answer.
8. Some student don’t have computers or smartphones.
9. My dad promised to get mine a new iPad to read books from the school
clouds.
10. Robots can’t understand students’ emotion.
III. READING
Exercise 1. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage.

Computers are helpful (1) ____________ many ways. First, they are fast. They can work with
information even (2) ____________ quickly than a person. Second, computers can work with a lot of
information at the same time. Third, they can (3) ____________ information for a long time. They do
not forget things that the common people do. (4) ____________, computers are almost always
correct. They are not perfect, but they usually do not (5) ____________ mistakes.
Recently, it is important (6) ____________ about computers. There are a number of things to learn.
Some companies have (7) ____________ at work. In addition, most universities (8) ____________ day
and night courses in Computer Science. Another way to learn is from a book, or from a friend. After a
few hours of practice, you can (9) ____________ with computers. You may not be an expert, but you
can have (10) ____________.
1. A. at B. on C. in D. over
2. A. more B. rather C. much D. less
3. A. hold B. keep C. holdstay D. carry
4. A. Moreover B. However C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
5. A. do B. make C. have D. take
6. A. know B. knowing C. to know D. knew
7. A. discussions B. meetings C. schools D. classes
8. A. send B. spend C. bring D. offer
9. A. work B. make C. use D. take
10. A. for fun B. funny C. enjoy D. fun
Exercise 2. Read the passage, then circle the correct answers.
Most of us think that great ideas were the result of genius thinking. However, many of the greatest
discoveries and inventions in history began with very simple beginnings.
In the 18th century, James Watt was boiling water at home. As the water began to boil, he suddenly
noticed that the steam was pushing the lid of the kettle. From this, he created the steam engine.
In ancient Greece time, Archimedes stepped into a bathtub and felt that water was being pushed out
when he stepped in. This is how he came up with the idea of how to find the purity of gold.
In the 17th century, Isaac Newton was sitting under a tree when an apple fell and hit him on the head.
This is when he realised the pulling force of the Earth - the gravity.
There are many other examples of how great ideas began with simple beginnings. What one needs to
become an inventor is careful observation and a lot of hard work.
1. James Watt lived in ____________.
A. the 17th century B. the 18th century C. the ancient Greece time
2. Archimedes came up with the idea of how to find purity gold when ____________.
A. he was boiling water
B. he was hit by an apple
C. he was stepping into the bathtub
3. Many great ideas began with ____________.
A. genius thinking
B. simple beginnings
C. long time working in laboratories
4. Which of the following is NOT true of inventors?
A. They have simple thoughts.
B. They have very careful observations.
C. They work extremely hard.
5. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. James Watt, Archimedes and Isaac Newton.
B. Steam Engines, Gold and Gravity
C. Great Ideas with Simple Beginnings
Exercise 3. Read the passage about computers and decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).
Do you own a PDA - Personal Digital Assistant? Have you got a personal computer? Have you ever
used a laptop? The answer can be “Yes”. But do you know that the first computer was made about 70
years ago? It was large enough to take up a living room. It was named ENIAC - Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator.
Thanks to the development of technology, computers are becoming smaller and smaller. The first
personal computer was actually introduced in the 1970s by MITS, Apple Computer and IBM. They
didn’t look exactly like now but they were surely revolutionary at the time.
Scientists are finding ways to make computers as smaller and slimmer as possible. Some of today's
computers are small enough to carry out in pockets. But technology doesn’t stop there. They will
continue to bring out smaller computers. Who knows? Maybe one day we will not need big desktops
or laptops. We may need a computer chip that is as small as a fingernail.
Statements T F
1. The first computer was made 70 years ago.
 2. The ENIAC was small enough to carry around.
3. MITS, Apple Computer and IBM were the first to introduce personal
computers.
4. Today computers are not as small and slim as the previous ones.
5. Fingernail size computer chips will soon be a new revolution.
VI. WRITING
Exercise 1. Rewrite each sentence as indirect speech.
1. Tom said, “I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. She said, “I once spent a summer in this village.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. The nurse said. “The patient in this room didn’t obey your orders, doctor.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. They said to me, “You taught US English last year.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Brown said, “Our trip cost us two thousand dollars.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. He said to her, “I can’t find my hat anywhere in this room.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. My father said to them, “My secretary is going to finish this job.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. They said, “We can’t meet you here either today or tomorrow.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. My mother said, “I think it won’t rain tomorrow.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. He said, “Your car has been stolen, John.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
11. They said, “The river is rising early this year.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
12. He said, “I’ll expect her to come soon.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
13. Our teacher said, “World War II broke out in 1939.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
14. The students said, “We’ll be sitting for our next exam next Monday.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. He said, “I’m going to finish this work.”
__________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2. Reorder the words to make correct sentences.
1. said / be / to / would / My / uncle / give us / feedback / the / robots / too. / able
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. a / cooker / invent / said / they / that / year. / would / My / mum / smart / that
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. her car / Mi / park / her / said / would / there. / teacher
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. get / My / tired. / eyes
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. can't / well. / concentrate /I
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. helps / Online / independent. / learning / become / us / more
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. discuss / share / We / to / use / ideas. / Zoom / and
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. breakout / We / in / interact / rooms.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. school / We'll / lots / books / have / clouds / we / to carry / won't have / to school. / so / of
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. I / bad / online / epidemics. / classes / convenient / are / during / or / think / weather
__________________________________________________________________________________