UNIT 1: LESSON 1.

1
REPRESENTING
FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson I SHOULD BE
ABLE TO:
1. define functions and distinguish
them from equations;
2. represent real-life situations using
functions, including piece-wise
3. identify the domain and range of
functions.
 Introduction to Functions
Terminology
We often describe one quantity in terms of another. We can indicate the
1 relationship between these quantities by writing ordered pairs in which the
first number is used to arrive at the second number. Here are some examples.
(5, $11)
5 gallons of gasoline will cost $11. The total cost
depends on the number of
gallons purchased.

(8, $17.60) will cost $17.60. Again, the

8 gallons of gasoline total cost depends on the
number of gallons purchased.
 Introduction to Functions
Terminology
We often describe one quantity in terms of another. We can indicate the
1 relationship between these quantities by writing ordered pairs in which the
first number is used to arrive at the second number. Here are some examples.

(the number of gallons, the total cost)

depends on
 Introduction to Functions
Terminology
We often describe one quantity in terms of another. We can indicate the
1 relationship between these quantities by writing ordered pairs in which the
first number is used to arrive at the second number. Here are some examples.
Generalizing, if the value of the variable y depends on the value of the
variable x, then y is called the dependent variable and x is the
independent variable.

Independent variable

(x, y)

Dependent variable
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
 Function
➢ It is a special kind of relation in which no
two distinct ordered pairs have the same
first element.

➢ In an equation in two variables x and y,

the variable y may be expressed as f(x) if
every value of x corresponds to a
single value of y
Independent and Dependent Variables
The value that a function takes in is called the input or
the independent variable while the corresponding
value that it produces is the output or the dependent
variable.

Example:
Assume that you are in a grocery store. Each grocery
item has its own corresponding price.

This is an example of a function wherein the

independent variable is the grocery item while the
dependent variable is its price.
Ways of Writing Functions
Example: There are different ways of writing 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔

Function Notation Description

The arrow is read as “is mapped

to.”
A toaster is an example of a function. You put in bread, the toaster
performs a toasting function, and out pops toasted bread.
“What comes out of a toaster?”
“It depends on what you put in.”
–You can’t input bread and expect a waffle!
 EXAMPLE:
1. Consider an electric fan as a function machine. What you do you
think is the input, the function, and the output?

ANSWER:
Pressing any button on the electric fan (assuming it is plugged into
a power source) will cause the fan blade to spin.

Hence, the buttons are the input, the spinning of the fan
blade is the function, and the wind it gives off is the
output.
 Check Your Understanding!
1. Put a check mark (/) on the blank if the item is considered a “function machine”.
If not, put a cross mark (×).

___a. Meat grinder ___f. Sewing machine

___b. Chain saw ___g. Pencil sharpener
___c. Computer ___h. Refrigerator
___d. Bread toaster ___i. Paper cutter
___e. Vacuum cleaner ___j. Meat slicer
In order for a relationship to be a function…
EVERY INPUT MUST HAVE AN OUTPUT
TWO DIFFERENT INPUTS CAN HAVE THE
SAME OUTPUT
ONE INPUT CAN HAVE ONLY ONE
OUTPUT
INPUT
(DOMAIN)
Functions
FUNCTION
MACHINE

OUTPUT (RANGE)
NOTE
Another way to think of a function relationship is to think of the independent
variable as an input and the dependent variable as an output. This is
illustrated by the input-output (function) machine (below) for the function
defined by y = –3x.

(Input x) (Output y)
2 –6
–5
42
(Input x) –5 15
4 –12

y = –3x –12
–6
15 (Output y)
If you think of the
inputs as boys and
the output as girls,
then a function
occurs when each
boy has only one
girlfriend. Otherwise Darth Vadar as a “Procurer.”
the boy gets in BIG
trouble.
What’s a Function Look Like?
WHAT IS A RELATION?
A relation is a set of objects, such as
numbers, grouped with each other
that may or may not represent a
pattern.

It is simply a set of ordered pairs

that are arranged in an orderly manner
A mathematical relation is the pairing
up (mapping) of inputs and outputs.

• Domain: the set of all input values

• Range: the set of all output values
 One-to-one correspondence

•Each value of x is unique and is associated

with a unique value of y.

•Only one element of the domain is mapped to

any given one element of the range.
One-to-one correspondence
 Many-to-one correspondence

•Two or more values of x are associated with

the same value of y.
 One-to-many correspondence

• Some values of x are associated with more

than one value of y.
 Many-to-many correspondence

•Some values of both x and y are associated

with more than one value of their counterpart.
Identify the Domain and Range. Then
tell if the relation is a function.
Input Output

-3 3

1 1

3 -2

4
Function?
Yes: each input is mapped
Domain = {-3, 1,3,4} onto exactly one output

Range = {-2,1,3}
Identify the Domain and Range. Then
tell if the relation is a function.

Input Output

-3 3

1 -2

4 1

Domain = {-3, 1,4} Function?

Notice the set notation!!!
Range = {3,-2,1,4} No: input 1 is mapped onto
Both -2 & 1
 Is this a function?

1. {(2,5) , (3,8) , (4,6) , (7, 20)}

2. {(1,4) , (1,5) , (2,3) , (9, 28)}

3. {(1,0) , (4,0) , (9,0) , (21, 0)}

 LET’S PRACTICE!
1. What type of relation best describes the following?
a) Students and their ID numbers

b) A family with 5 members living in the same house

c) A class adviser to her students

d) Students and classes

 LET’S PRACTICE!
1. What type of relation best describes the following?
a) Students and their ID numbers (one-to-one)

b) A family with 5 members living in the same house (many-to-one)

c) A class adviser to her students (one-to-many)

d) Students and classes (many-to-many)

Identify the type of relation that best
describes each situation.

a. Students in a class and their birthdays

b. Countries and their national flags

c. Books and authors

d. Mothers and daughters/sons

 Activity 1: PAIR Up
Duration: 5 minutes
Materials Needed: pen, paper/notebook

Methodology: 1. Ask the students to make pairings based

on the scenarios below then write these pairings as ordered
pairs in a set.

A= {pair yourself with your siblings}

B= {pair yourself with your parents}
C= {pair yourself with your favorite TV show/s}
D= {pair yourself with your permanent city of residence
 Activity 1: PAIR Up

Guide Questions:
1. Which among the sets are considered
as functions?

2. What do we call those sets that are not

functions?
The Vertical Line Test
 Vertical Line Test
➢ A graph of a mathematical relation is a
function if any vertical line drawn passing
through the graph intersects the graph at
exactly one point.

➢ If it is possible for a vertical line to

intersect a graph at more than one point,
then the graph is NOT the graph of a
function.
 (4,4)
(-3,3)

(1,1)

(1,-2)

Function?
No, Two points are on
The same vertical line.
Use the vertical line test to visually check if the
relation is a function.

(-3,3)
(1,1) (3,1)

(4,-2)

Function?
Yes, no two points are
on the same vertical line
Examples
➢ I’mgoing to show you a series of
graphs. **don’t write ☺
➢ Determine whether or not these
graphs are functions.
➢ You do not need to draw the graphs in
your notes. **or write this note
 YES!
#1 Function?
 YES!
#2 Function?
#3 Function? NO!
 Function? YES!
#4
#5 Function? NO!
 YES!
#6 Function?
#7 Function? NO!
#8 Function? NO!
 YES!
#9 Function?
ANSWER EXERCISES 1.1 - MATH
SELFIE(LETTER A-E)

Pages 21-23 from your book in

General Mathematics.

Write your answer in your notebook!

● What is the difference between a
function and a relation?

● Why is it important to know that there

are a lot of ways to represent a
function?

● How do we make use of functions to

solve real-life problems?
Piecewise Functions
Definition:

Piecewise Function –a function defined by

two or more functions over a
specified domain.
What do they look like?
x+1 ,x0
2
f(x) = x–1, x0
Evaluating Piecewise Functions:

Evaluating piecewise functions is just like evaluating functions that you

are already familiar with.
Let’s calculate f(2).
x+1 ,x0
2
f(x) = x–1, x0

You are being asked to find y when x = 2.

Since 2 is  0, you will only substitute into the second part of the
function. f(2) = 2 – 1 = 1
 Let’s calculate f(-2).

x2 + 1 , x  0
f(x) = x–1, x0

You are being asked to find y when x = -2.

Since -2 is  0, you will only substitute into the

first part of the function.

f(-2) = (-2)2 + 1 = 5
Your turn:
2x + 1, x  0
f(x) = 2x + 2, x  0

Evaluate the following:

f(-2) = -3? f(5) = 12

?

f(0) = 2? f(1) = 4?
Your turn:
2x + 1, x  0
f(x) = 2x + 2, x  0

Evaluate the following:

f(-2) = -3 f(5) = 12

f(0) = 2 f(1) = 4
One more:
3x - 2, x  -2
f(x) = -x , -2  x  1
x2 – 7x, x  1
Evaluate the following:

f(-2) = 2? f(3) = -12

?
?
f(-4) = -14 f(1) = -6?
One more:
3x - 2, x  -2
f(x) = -x , -2  x  1
x2 – 7x, x  1
Evaluate the following:

f(-2) = 2 f(3) = -12

f(-4) = -14 f(1) = -6

Example 2:

Sketch the graph of the function

𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐.
 Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2.

Solution: 𝐱 𝐟(𝐱)
−𝟐
1. Tabulate some −𝟏
arbitrary values of 𝑥
𝟎
𝟏
𝟐
 Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2.

Solution: 𝐱 𝐟(𝐱)
−𝟐 −2
2. To obtain the −𝟏 −3
corresponding values
of 𝑓(𝑥), evaluate the 𝟎 −𝟐
function at the chosen 𝟏 1
values of 𝑥.
𝟐 6
 Example 2: Sketch the graph of the function
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2.

Solution:

3. Plot the ordered

pairs in the Cartesian
plane.
Individual Practice:

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐢𝐟 𝒙 < 𝟑
1. Evaluate 𝒇 𝒙 = ቐ 𝒙 − 𝟑
𝟐
𝐢𝐟 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝒙−𝟐 𝐢𝐟 𝒙 > 𝟑
when (a) 𝐟(−𝟏)
(b) 𝐟(𝟑)
(c) 𝐟(𝟒)

2. Sketch the graph of the function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒.
 LESSON 1.2

EVALUATING
FUNCTIONS
 Function Notation

When a function f is defined with a rule or an equation using x and y for the
independent and dependent variables, we say “y is a function of x” to
emphasize that y depends on x. We use the notation

y = f (x),

called function notation, to express this and read f (x), as “f of x”.

The letter f stands for function. For example, if y = 5x – 2, we can name
-
.

this function f and write

f (x) = 5x – 2.

Note that f (x) is just another name for the dependent variable y.
Function Notation

f (x)
“f of x”

Input = x
Output = f(x) = y
Before… Now…
y = 6 – 3x f(x) = 6 – 3x
x y x f(x)
-2 12 -2 12
-1 9 -1 9
(x, y) (x, f(x))
0 6 0 6
1 3 1 3
2 0 2 0

(input, output)
EXAMPLE 1 Using Function Notation
Let f (x) = x 2 + 2x – 1. Find the following.
(a) f (4)
f (x) = x 2 + 2x – 1
2
f (4) = 4 + 2 • 4 – 1 Replace x with 4.
f (4) = 16 + 8 – 1
f (4) = 23

Since f (4) = 23, the ordered pair (4, 23) belongs to f.

EXAMPLE 1 Using Function Notation
Let f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1. Find the following.
(b) f (w)
f (x) = x 2 + 2x – 1
2
f (w) = w + 2w – 1 Replace x with w.

The replacement of one variable with another is

important in later courses.
EXAMPLE 2 Using Function Notation
Let g(x) = 5x + 6. Find and simplify .
g(n + 2)

g(x) = 5x + 6
g(n+2) = 5(n+2) + 6 Replace x with n+2.
g(n+2) = 5n+10 + 6
g(n+2) = 5n+16
 f(x) = 2x2 –3
Find the
following:
1. f(2)
4. f(-6)
2. f(-3)
5. f(4)
3. f(5)
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A
FUNCTION
Domain of a function
the set of all values of the independent variable 𝑥 that
have corresponding values of the dependent variable 𝑦

Example:
Consider the function 𝐹 = { −1,1 , 1,1 , −2,4 , (2,4)}.

The domain of 𝐹 is the set containing all the first coordinates.

{−1, 1, −2, 2}
Range of a function
the set of all values of 𝑦 that can be obtained from the
possible values of 𝑥

Example:
Consider the function 𝐹 = { −1,1 , 1,1 , −2,4 , (2,4)}.

The range of 𝐹 is the set containing all the second coordinates.

𝑅 = {1, 4}
Linear function
a function that has a degree of 1 and whose graph is a
straight line; the domain and range of a linear function are
both the set of real numbers (ℝ)

Example:

The functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟕 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 are linear

functions.
Quadratic function
a function that has a degree of 2 and whose graph is a
parabola; the domain of a quadratic function is the set of
real numbers

Example:

The functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 are

quadratic functions.
Polynomial function
a function involving nonnegative integer powers of the
independent variable; the domain of a polynomial function
is the set of real numbers; the range of a polynomial
function whose degree is odd is the set of real numbers
Example:

The functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝟑 + 𝟏 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 are

polynomial functions.

Constant, linear, and quadratic functions are also polynomial

functions.
Rational function
a function that can be expressed as a ratio of two
polynomials; the domain of a rational function is the set
of real numbers except the zeros of its denominator

Example:

𝟑 𝒙+𝟐
The functions 𝒇 𝒙 = and 𝒈 𝒙 = are rational functions.
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐

The domain of 𝒇(𝒙) is the set of real numbers except −𝟏.

The domain of 𝒈(𝒙) is the set of real numbers except 𝟐.
Radical function
a function that contains radical expressions; the domain of a
radical function is the set of real numbers except those that
make the radicand of radicals with even index negative

Example:

The functions 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 are radical

𝟑

functions.
Finding the Domain:

Solve the Equation for y in terms of x.

i. If 𝒚 is a polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.
ii. If 𝒚 is a rational expression and contains an expression 𝒅 𝒙 in the
denominator, the domain is the set of real numbers, except those
values of 𝒙 that make 𝒅 𝒙 equal to 0.
𝒏
iii. If y contains a radical expression 𝒓 𝒙 where n is an even natural
number, the domain is the set of real numbers that makes 𝒓 𝒙 greater
than or equal to 0
Finding the Range:
Solve the Equation for x in terms of y.
i. If 𝒙 is a polynomial, the range is the set of real numbers.
Exclude all restrictions in the defining equation(where y is in terms
of x), if there is any
i. If 𝐱 is a rational expression and contains an expression 𝒅 𝒚 in the
denominator, the range is the set of real numbers, except those values
of 𝒚 that make 𝒅 𝒚 equal to 0.
𝒏
ii. If x contains a radical expression 𝒓 𝒚 where n n is an even natural
number, the range is the set of real numbers that makes 𝒓 𝒚 greater
than or equal to 0
 Try It!

Example 1: Find the domain and range of the function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕 − 𝟑𝒙.

Answer:

The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 − 3𝑥 is a linear function. The domain

and range of a linear function are both the set of the real
numbers.

Therefore, the domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 − 3𝑥 is ℝ and

its range is also ℝ.
 Try It!

Example 2: Find the domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 4.

Solution:
For a square root function to be defined, the radicand
must be nonnegative (i.e. greater than or equal to zero).

3𝑥 − 4 ≥ 0 Therefore, the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is

4
3𝑥 ≥ 4 𝑥 𝑥 ≥ and its range is 𝑦 𝑦 ≥ 0
3
4 since the principal square root a
𝑥≥
3 number is always nonnegative.
 Examples…
➢ f(x) = 2x – 5
*there would be no restrictions on this, so the
domain is All Real Numbers

➢ g(x) = 1
x–2
*a denominator cannot equal 0, so x ≠ 2. The
domain is {x | x ≠ 2}

➢ h(x) = √x + 6
*you cannot take the square root of a negative
number, so x must be ≥ -6. The domain is {x | x ≥ -6}
 Your Turn…
Find the domain of each function
𝟐
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟐

2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟏
𝟑. 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟓
ANSWER EXERCISES 1.1 - MATH
SELFIE(LETTER F)

Pages 23, from your book in General

Mathematics.

Write your answer on one whole

sheet of paper.
How do you find the
domain and range of
different types of
function? What are the
rules or restrictions?
THANK YOU!