PaPer – B

NTS PAST PAPErS

Pharmacology

Social Behavior, Law and Ethics

Computer

Dr. Mian ZeeShan Anjum Rph,

Hospital Pharmacist,
C.E.O & Principle
ZeeShan Institute Of Medical & Allied Health Sciences
Administration & General Secretary
Pharmacist Register-B Development Association Pakistan
President & Chairman in Punjab
*Pakistan Diploma Pharmacist
Association*
Admin & organizer
All Pakistan Pharmacy Colleges Community Official
& Owner Solved by
ZeeShan Pharmacy ® H. Athar Farooq ( SWL )

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 PHARMACOLOGY 2023

Qus – 1: - Draw a diagram of pharmacokinetics?

Absorption is transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the

bloodstream. The rate And efficiency of absorption depend on the route of

administration.

Distribution: Describes the journey of the drug through the bloodstream to various

tissues of the body.

Metabolism: Describes the process that breaks down the drug.

Excretion: Describes the removal of the drug from the body.

Qus – 2: - Write a note on parenteral routes? (5)

Parenteral r o u t e s refer to the administration of drugs or fluids directly into
the body through injection, rather than through the digestive system (as with oral medication).
This allows the drug to bypass the digestive system and be absorbed more quickly and
efficiently

Examples

1. Intravenous (IV) into a vein

2. Intramuscular (IM) into a muscle
3. Intra dermal (ID) into the skin
4. Subcutaneous (SC) under the skin
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 5. Intra peritoneal (IP)
6. Intra-arterial (IA)
7. Intra cardiac (IC)
8. Intra thecal (IT) into the spinal canal
9. Intra articular or joint (IJ)
10. Intra bone marrow (IBM)
The three major parental routes are intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous

Advantages

Drugs get to the site of action more rapidly, providing a rapid response, which may be required
in an emergency

Dose can be more accurately delivered

Suitable for drugs that are not absorbed from GIT

Disadvantages

More rapid absorption can lead to increased adverse effects

Local irritation may occur at the site of injection

These routes are irreversible and may cause pain, fear, and infection

Parenteral routes are used when:

1. Rapid absorption is necessary
2. Oral administration is not effective
3. Patients have difficulty swallowing or absorbing oral medication
4. High concentrations of the drug are needed
5. Localized treatment is required (e.g., pain relief in a specific area)

Qus – 3: - Explain Transport of drugs from GIT?

Transport of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involves several processes that
ultimately determine the extent and rate of drug absorption into the bloodstream. Here is an
overview of the key steps involved in the transport of drugs from the GIT:

1. Oral Administration: Drugs are typically administered orally in the form of tablets,
capsules, or liquids. The drug formulation must dissolve in the fluids of the GIT before it
can be absorbed.
2. Ingestion: The drug is taken orally and enters the stomach

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 3. Dissolution: Once the drug reaches the stomach and intestines, it must dissolve in the
gastrointestinal fluids to be available for absorption. The rate of dissolution can affect
the onset of action of the drug.
4. Ionization: The drug may ionize, depending on its pH sensitivity, which affects
its absorption.
5. Absorption: After dissolution, the drug molecules must cross the gastrointestinal
epithelium to enter the bloodstream. This can occur through various mechanisms,
including passive diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport, and endocytosis.
Passive Diffusion:
Facilitated Transport:
Active Transport:
6. Distribution: Once absorbed into the bloodstream, the drug is distributed to various
tissues and organs based on factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and protein
binding.
7. Metabolism and Elimination: The drug may undergo metabolism in the liver or other
tissues to form metabolites that are then excreted from the body through the kidneys
or bile. The rate of metabolism and elimination can affect the drug's duration of action.
8. Systemic circulation: The absorbed drug enters the bloodstream and is
distributed throughout the body.
Factors influencing drug transport from the GIT include:
- pH
- Solubility
- Permeability
- Drug interactions
- Food effects
- Gut motility
- Enzyme activity

SOCIALBEHAVIOR
Qus – 4: - Define communication and what are importance of
communication?
Definition of Communication
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, or messages between
individuals, groups, or organizations through a common system of symbols, signs, or
behavior. It involves the transmission, reception, and interpretation of information,

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 and can take many forms, such as verbal (spoken or written), nonverbal (body language,
facial expressions), or visual (images, videos).
The importance of communication lies in its ability to:
1. Convey meaning and understanding
2. Build relationships and trust
3. Facilitate collaboration and teamwork
4. Resolve conflicts and issues
5. Share knowledge and ideas
6. Provide feedback and guidance
7. Enhance productivity and efficiency
8. Promote learning and growth
9. Foster a positive work culture
10. Facilitate effective decision-making

Qus – 5: - Write a Note on Hereditary cultural and environment influence?

Hereditary Cultural Influences On Behavior:-

Culture make us different from animals in a way that our dressing,Eating and way of
living is different and much better then animals Which increases the complexity of
human behavior due to the

Influence of these cultural aspects.

E.g. The behavior according to way of living,Culture of marriage in our society influences
the human behavior in the following ways.

1. Restriction of free sexual relation like animals

2. Economic stability (earning, job etc)
Family relation and system originates

Environmental Influences These are the factors or influencing stimuli that affect the
human and surround them.

Physical Environment Physical environment is used those environmental factors that can be
seen and visualized.

Malnutrition Makes people rude and psychol ogy disturbs.

Noice : Creates anxiety and anger leading to quarreling.

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Drugs (Narcotics) Drugs especially narcotics effect temporarily and permanently
leading to bad social relations.

TV Television and commercials can change the basic thoughts and views of any
person.

Qus – 6: - Write a Note Mental health and applied psychology?

Mental Health and Applied Psychology

1. Mental Health
Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities,
can survive with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to
make a contribution to his or her community”.

Mental illness can occur when the brain (or part of the brain) is not working well or is working in
the wrong way. When the brain is not working properly, one or more of its 6 functions will be
disrupted

2. Applied Psychology
Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in
real life situations. Many areas of our lives and society have been influenced and changed by the
often-unnoticed application of psychological principles

LAW AND ETHICS

Qus – 7: - Write a Note on legal guidelines of pharmacist and pharmacy
Technician?
Here are legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/ Assistant Pharmacist
regarding the pharmacy

1. Any pharmacist exercising their professional role must be registered, safe and
competent to practice.
2. Pharmacist must be aware that the patient is the primary focus.
3. Pharmacist must be trained in respect of their area of operation.
4. Pharmacist must ensure that dispensing is carried out accurately.
5. Each prescription must be critically reviewed before dispensing to ensure that the
medicines are safe and in the best interest of the patient.
6. The pharmacist must contact the prescriber regarding medicines and patient issues if
needed.
7. Patients must be given complete details regarding their medicines at the time of
dispensing, so that they fully understand what the medicine is and what it is for.

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 8. Proper information must be given to the patient regarding the safe storage of their
medicine.
9. The medicine dispensed must be of suitable quality, fit for use suitably packaged and
labeled manner.
10. Pharmacists should ensure that the necessary facilities, equipment and materials are
present.
11. Pharmacy should be clean and weighing must be
Qus – 8: - Explain provincial quality control board?
Provincial Quality Control Board
(1) The Board shall consist of the following:

(a) Secretary to the Government, Health Department, ex-officio member and chairperson;

(b) Additional Secretary (Technical) to the Government, Health Department, ex officio member
and vice-chairperson who shall act as chairperson in the absence of the Secretary Health;

(c) Provincial Drugs Controller of the Government or a senior most officer of the Provincial
Drugs Control administration who shall be a pharmacy graduate, Health Department, ex-officio
member;

(d) a pharmacy professional who holds a graduate or higher degree in Pharmacy and has more
than five years professional experience, appointed as a private member by the Government for
a term of four years;

(e) a pharmacologist preferably a professor of pharmacology, appointed as a private member by

the Government for a term of four years;

(f) a professor of medicine, appointed as a private member by the Government for a term of
four years;

(g) District Coordination Officer of a district, ex officio member, in respect of cases pertaining
to the district;

(h) Executive District Officer (Health) of a district, ex-officio member, in respect of cases
pertaining to the district; and

(i) a pharmacist of the Government, Health Department, in a district, appointed [ ]by the
Government for a term of four years who shall be the Secretary of the District Board.

(2) The Government shall appoint a secretary of the Provincial Board, who holds a graduate or
higher degree in pharmacy and has at least ten years professional experience who shall also be
member of the Provincial Board.

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(3) The Government may appoint a pharmaceutical expert and an expert of medicine as
members of the Provincial Board in respect of a district for a term of four years.

(4) The quorum for a meeting of the Provincial Board shall be five including the chairperson or
vice-chairperson and one member from the concerned district.

(5) No act or proceeding of the Provincial Board shall be invalid merely on the ground of the
existence of any vacancy or any defect in the constitution of the Board concerned.

(6) The Board may co-opt any other qualified expert having formal training and experience in
the pharmaceutical field.

Qus – 9: - what are sales management? Explain it?

Sales Management

Sales management is attainment of an organization's sales goals in an effective & efficient

manner through

1. Planning
2. Staffing
3. Training
4. Leading
5. Controlling
Planning

Planning includes decisions about goals and activities that an individual or group will perform and
the use of resources needed to achieve the organization's sales goals.

Staffing

It includes hiring the right people to sell and to lead the salespersons.

Training

Educating the sales personnel to satisfy the customers. Pharmaceutical company customers are
usually physicians or other health-care professionals. They required more detail as compare to
the general public. So, the salesman should be well trained.

Leading

Providing guideline or leading the individual or team in the best way so that they can influence
other people toward achieving the organization's sales goals.

Controlling

Monitoring sales personnelÕs activities, determining whether the organization is on target

toward its goals, and making corrections if necessary.
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 COMPUTER 2022

Qus – 10: - Write a Note on input device and output device?

Input Devices & Output Devices of a Computer

1. Input Devices
An Input device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to feeds or store data into a
computer is known as input device, e.g.

1. Key Board
2. Mouse
3. CD Rom
4. Floppy Disk
5. Microphone
6. Scanner
7. Digital Camera
8. Light Pen
9. Flash Drive
10. Joystick
11. Bluetooth
12. Infrared Device
Keyboard

Keyboard is a primary input device for the PC. Standard keyboard has 104 keys.

Mouse

Mouse is also primary input device for the PC. It is used as a pointer. It can perform functions
like selecting menu commands, moving icons, resizing windows, starting programs, and choosing
options.

CD Rom

Compact disk read only memory, meaning that you can only read from the CD but you canÕt write
to the CD It is an optical device. CD Rom is an input as well as an output device.

CD RW, DVD

CD RW and DVD are also an input and output devices.

CD RW: Compact disk Rewritable. (Capacity up to 700MB)

DVD: Digital Video Disk (capacity up to 17GB)

Floppy Disk:

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A floppy disk is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage
medium. Floppy disks can store up to 1.44 MB of data and are usually 3 1/2 inches in size

Microphone

Microphone is an input device, which takes voice as input. We use it for voice commands or for
voice chat on the internet.

Scanner

Scanner translates printed images into an electronic format that can be stored in a computerÕs
memory.

Digital Camera, Web cam

Digital camera or Web cam is used for video chatting, to take pictures and for
videoconferences.

Light pen

Light pen is used for special purposes like to highlight object on monitor screen.

Flash Drive

Flash drive is used to transfer data from one computer to another computer. It is an input as
well as an output device.

Joystick

Joystick is used to play Video Games on PCs

Blue-tooth & Infrared Device

Blue-tooth & infrared devices are used to perform many tasks like, Printing Downloading &
uploading information/ documents from a Mobile phone and computer vice versa.

2. Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processed by computer. By using this hardware, we can get output in different formats.

1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker
4. CD RW, DVD
5. Floppy
6. Flash Drive
7. Bluetooth & Infrared

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Monitor A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seen, it is the
most common output device

Printer

A printer produces output on paper or transparencies. The output is referred to as hard copy.
It can print words, numbers, or pictures.

Some of the most commonly used printers are:

1. Laser Printer

2. Ink Jet Printer

3. Dot Matrix Printer

Speakers

Computer speakers are output device. Speakers allow you to listen to voice like music, and
conversation with people.

Note:

CD RW, DVD, Floppy, Flash Drive, Bluetooth & Infrared devices are both input and output
devices.

Qus – 11: - Write a Note on Record keeping?

Good Record Keeping
It is important to up-to-date patient information relating to symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
in patient health records for many reasons. Inaccurate record keeping can result in delays and
possible harm to the patient.

Good Record Keeping Includes

1. Use precise language and terminology that the patient/ doctor will be able to understand.
2. Avoid opinions regarding the patient and abbreviations that may not be understood by a
non-professional.
3. Each entry must be dated and signed with staffÕs name and professional designation.
4. Entries must be completed as soon as possible
5. Record current information on the care and condition of the patient
6. Record the source of referral of the patient (the general practitioner, hospital
consultant)
7. Record any problems that have arisen
8. Record evidence of any planned or delivered care
9. Record any decisions made

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 10. Record relevant conversations with friends or family
11. Avoid any unnecessary gaps
12. Record the actions agreed with the patient at the time of discharge
13. Record any adverse reactions or problems including drug allergies.
14. Case-notes must not be removed from the hospital or send original case-notes to other
hospitals
15. Laboratory reports
Qus – 12: - Write a Note on major types of computers?
Types of Computers
1. Mainframes Computers
2. Server
3. Microcomputers
4. Supercomputers
1. Mainframes Computers
Mainframes computers are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications. Mainframe computers are large computers often found in businesses and colleges,
where thousands of people are able to simultaneously use the computer to access data. These
computers have much greater memory and storage capacities than other types of computers.

1. Purposes Of Mainframe Computer

2. Bulk data processing such as census (survey of population)
3. For industry and consumer statistics
4. For financial transaction processing

2. Server
Server is an important component of computer networks. These specialized computers manage
networks. These are used by multiple users, but a smaller number than a mainframe (Generally
used to serve up to 300 users).

It is smaller than a mainframe computer, designed originally for use in small organizations.

Mainframes and Servers are the backbone of information system in corporations, universities,
and other organizations.

3. Microcomputers
Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals. Some of the most common types of
microcomputers include

1. Desktop computers (PCs)

2. Notebook computers
3. Tablet computers

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 4. Mobile devices
4. Supercomputers
Supercomputers are large, powerful computers that perform specialized tasks. Supercomputer
is designed to run fewer programs at one time, but to do so as quickly as possible

Pharmacology 2020
Qus – 1: - Write a short note on drug absorption& distribution? (5)
Drug Distribution: Describes the journey of the drug through the bloodstream to various
tissues of the body.

Absorption: Drug absorption is a pharmacokinetic parameter that refers to the

way a drug is absorbed from a pharmaceutical formulation into the bloodstream.

Absorption is transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. The rate
and efficiency of absorption depend on the route of administration. For IV delivery, absorption
is complete, that is the total dose of drug reaches the system circulation.

Qus – 2: - Explain the factors modifying the action and dosage of drug?
Factors Modifying the Action and Dosage of Drug

Many factors influence the dosage and action of drug. If the drug is too small, the drug will not
produce the desired action. If it is too large it will produce toxic effects, which are not
desirable.

Following are important factors, which influence the action and dosage of drug.

1. Age
2. Body weight
3. Sex
4. Routes of administration
5. Time of administration
6. Dosage form
7. Absorption, Distribution and excretion of drug
8. Pathological condition
9. Tolerance
10. Combination of drugs (synergism, antagonism)

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Age
Adult dose is for a person between the ages of 18-60years. Children are given small dose. We
use youngÕs formula and ClarkÕs formula to calculate dose for children and infant. Above 60years
of age the dose should be decreased 3/4th of adult dose.

Body Weight
For abnormal body weight the dose of the drug should be suitably adjusted according to the
weight of the patient

Sex
Doses for the women should be less than man because women are usually having more effect
than men. Pregnancy, menstruation and lactation periods should keep in mind while adjusting
dosage.

Routes Of Administration
When drug is given intravenously onset of action is rapid orally given drug have slow onset
action. Oral dose of drug always greater than when it is given parenterally and dose for
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is greater than intravenous.

Time Of Administration
Presence of food in stomach delays the absorption of drug onset action is slow some drugs can
cause irritant, nausea and vomiting while given in empty stomach. Hypnotics are more effective
when given at bedtime.

Dosage Form of Drug (Preparation)

Onset action is rapid when the drug is given in liquid or as a powder as compared to drug given
inform of a tablet of pill.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Drug

Drugs, which are rapidly absorbed and excreted quickly, cannot maintain effective
concentration for therapeutic effect. Drugs, which are quickly absorbed but excreted slowly,
may produce toxic effect.

Pathological Condition
When liver or kidneys are not functioning properly the dose should be decreased to avoid toxic
effects.

Tolerance
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It is unusual resistance to ordinary dose of the drug-increased dose is often required to obtain
desired therapeutic effects

Combination Of Drugs
When two or more than two drugs are given together action may be increased or decreased

Qus – 3: - Write a note on Acetylcholine (Direct action)? (5)

Acetylcholine (Direct Acting)
Acetylcholine is a quaternary ammonium compound that cannot penetrate membrane. It is
neurotransmitter of parasympathetic and somatic nerves as well as autonomic ganglia. It is
rapidly inactivated by acetyl cholinesterase. Duration of action of acetylcholine is small (a few
milliseconds) hence it is not used in therapeutics. Acetylcholine has both muscarinic and
nicotinic activities.

Action of Acetylcholine
It has following major actions

1. Decrease in heart rate and cardiac output

2. Decrease in blood pressure
3. Other actions
Others Actions
1. In GIT, acetylcholine increases salivary secretion intestinal secretions and motility
2. It enhances the secretions in bronchioles
3. It stimulates erection
4. In eye, it causes contraction of iris sphincter muscle (pupil contraction), which is called
miosis
5. It causes contraction of ciliary muscle (lens accommodates for near vision)

Qus – 4: - Explain the short note on allergic rhinitis? (5)

Allergic Rhinitis
Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and is characterized by
sneezing, itchy nose/eyes, watery rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. An attack may be due to
inhalation of an allergen such as dust, pollen, or animal dander. The foreign material interacts
with mast cells which, release mediators, such as histamine that promote bronchiolar spasm and
mucosal thickening from edema and cellular infiltration.

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Allergic rhinitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the nasal passages due to an
allergic reaction to airborne particles like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms include
sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, and a runny nose. Treatment options may include
antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and allergen avoidance measures.

Social Behavior, Law, Ethics 2020

Qus – 5: - Write a note on principles of social behavior? (5)
1. Social Behavior
Social behavior is behavior directed towards society, or taking place between, members of the
same species.

2. Principles Of Social Behavior

Social behavior is goal oriented

Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation.

The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g. day-to-day, current, long-term

Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways

Community and different organization level

Qus – 6: - Write a short note on psychotherapy? (5)

Psychotherapy
A common form of treatment for many mental health problems is psychotherapy also called talk
therapy. Psychotherapy is the practice of spending time with a psychological professional
trained to help diagnose and treat mental and emotional problems or other mental health
problems.

Psychotherapy aims to increase the individual's sense of his/her own wellbeing. Usually, it is
provided by a mental health professional such as a clinical psychologist.

Qus – 7: - Define the communication & explain

verbal & non- verbal communication? (5)

Definition Of Communication

The word communication means the act or process of giving or exchanging of information,
signals, or messages as by talk, gestures (movement of part of the body), or writing.

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Verbal And Non-Verbal Communications

1. Verbal Communication
These are vital skills for the doctors and can be mastered through practice. Verbal
communication is a technique used by the doctor to give all the information and advices in the
language of the patient that can be easily understand by the patient.

2. Non-Verbal Communication
The communication other than verbal language is non -verbal communication. It involves the
body movements, face expressions, postural moves to express and communicate with the people.
It is called non-verbal communication.

Qus – 8: - Explain the power of inspector? (5)

Inspectors
The Federal Government or a Provincial Government may, by notification in the official Gazette,
appoint such persons as it thinks fit, having the prescribed qualifications, to be Federal
Inspectors, or, as the case may be, Provincial Inspectors for the purposes of this Act within
such local limits as it may assign to them respectively:
Provided that no person who has any financial interest in the manufacture, import, export or
sale of any drug shall be appointed:
Provided further that a person serving under the Federal Government or another Provincial
Government shall not be .so appointed without the previous consent of such Government.

Powers of Inspectors
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 19 and of any rules made in this behalf, an
Inspector may, within the local limits for which he is appointed, and in any other area
within the permission of the licensing authority,-

(a) inspect any premises-wherein any drug is manufactured, the plant and process of
manufacture, the means employed for standardizing and testing the drugs and all
relevant records and registers;

(b) inspect any premises wherein any drug is sold or is stocked or exhibited for sale or
is distributed, the storage arrangements and all relevant records and registers;

(c) take samples of any drug which is being manufactured, or being sold or is stocked
or exhibited for sale or is being distributed;

(d) enter and search, with such assistance, if any, as he considers necessary, any
building, vessel or place, in which he has reason to believe that an offence under this

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Act or any rules has been or is being committed or may continue to be committed;

(e) call any person to be present as witness in the course of search or seizure or in
connection with any other matter where the presence of witnesses is necessary;

(f) seize such drug and all materials used in the manufacture thereof and any other
articles, including registers, cash memos, invoices and bills, which he has reason to
believe may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this
Act or any rules;

(g) require any person to appear before him at any reasonable time and place to give
statement, assistance or information relating to or in connection with the
investigation of an offence under this Act or the rules:

Provided that the exemptions under Sections 132 and 133 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), shall be applicable to requisitions for attendance
under this Clause;

(h) lock and seal any factory, laboratory, shop, building, store-house or go down, or a
part thereof, where any drug is or is being manufactured, stored, sold or exhibited
for sale in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules;

(i) forbid for a reasonable period, not exceeding four weeks or such further period,
which shall not be more than three months, as the Inspector may, with. the approval
of the Provincial Quality Control Board, the Central Licensing Board, the Registration
Board, or the licensing authority, as the case may be, specify, any person in charge of
any premises
from removing or dispensing of any drug, article or other thing likely to be used in
evidence of the commission of an offence under this Act or the rules; and

(j) exercise such other powers as may be necessary for carrying out the purposes of
this Act or any rules:

Provided that the powers under causes (f) to (j) shall be exercisable only by an
Inspector specifically authorized in this behalf, by an order in writing, by the
Government appointing him, subject to such conditions as may be specified in such
order:

Provided further that the power under clause (h) may be exercised by an Inspector
not authorized as aforesaid where the contravention is of a provision which requires a
license to be obtained for the manufacture, storage or sale of a drug.

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 (2) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), in so far
as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, shall apply to searches
and seizures made under this Act.
Fundamental Computer 2020

Qus – 9: - Write a note on Types of Computers? (5)

Types of Computers
5. Mainframes Computers
6. Server
7. Microcomputers
8. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes Computers
Mainframes computers are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications. Mainframe computers are large computers often found in businesses and colleges,
where thousands of people are able to simultaneously use the computer to access data. These
computers have much greater memory and storage capacities than other types of computers.

5. Purposes Of Mainframe Computer

6. Bulk data processing such as census (survey of population)
7. For industry and consumer statistics
8. For financial transaction processing
4. Server
Server is an important component of computer networks. These specialized computers manage
networks. These are used by multiple users, but a smaller number than a mainframe (Generally
used to serve up to 300 users).

It is smaller than a mainframe computer, designed originally for use in small organizations.

Mainframes and Servers are the backbone of information system in corporations, universities,
and other organizations.

5. Microcomputers
Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals. Some of the most common types of
microcomputers include

5. Desktop computers (PCs)

6. Notebook computers
7. Tablet computers
8. Mobile devices
5. Supercomputers

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Supercomputers are large, powerful computers that perform specialized tasks. Supercomputer
is designed to run fewer programs at one time, but to do so as quickly as possible.

Qus – 10: - Explain the application of computer? (5)

Applications of Computer
In the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized the businesses and other
aspects of human life all over the world. Practically, every company, large or small, is now
directly or indirectly dependent on computers. Computer systems help hospital records,
accounts, electronic banking and so on. Computers not only save time, but also save paper work.
Some of the areas where computers are being used are as follows:

1. Science
Scientists have been using computers to develop theories and to analyze and test the data. The
high speed and accuracy of the computer allow different scientific analyses to be carried out.

2. Education
Computers are very helpful in education sector. Currently, the classrooms, libraries and
museums are efficiently utilizing computers to make the education much more interesting.

3. Medicine and Health Care

There has been an increasing use of computers in the field of medicine. Now, doctors are using
computers right from diagnosing the illness to monitoring a patient's status during complex
surgery. By using automated imaging techniques, doctors are able to look inside a person's body
and can study each organ in detail (e.g. CT scans or MRI scans), which was not possible few
years ago. There are several examples of special-purpose computers that can operate within the
human body such as cochlear implant, a special kind of hearing aid that makes it possible for
deaf people to hear.

4. Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
The architects and engineers are extensively using computers in designing and drawings.
Computers can create objects that can be viewed from all the three dimensions. The
manufacturing factories are using computerized robotic arms to perform hazardous jobs.
Computers help in coordinating the entire manufacturing process.

5. Entertainment
Computers are also used for entertainment purpose. They are used to control the images and
sounds. The special effects would not have been possible without the computers. In addition,
computerized animation and colorful graphics have modernized the film industry.

6. Communication
E-mail or electronic mail is one of the communication media in which computer is used. Through
e-mail, messages and reports are passed from one person to one or more persons with the aid of
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computer and telephone line. The advantage of this service is that while transferring the
messages it saves time, avoids wastage of paper and so on. Moreover, the person who is
receiving the messages can read the messages whenever he is free and can save it, reply it,
forward it or delete it from the computer.

7. Business Application
This is one of the important uses of the computer. There are various concerns where computers
are used such as in business forecasting, to prepare pay bills and personal records, in banking
operations and data storage. Businesses are also using the networking of computers, where a
number of computers are connected together to share the data and the information. Use of e-
mail and the Internet has changed the ways of doing business.

8. Publishing
Computers have created a field known as desktop publishing (DTP). In DTP, with the help of
computer and a laser printer one can perform the publishing job all by oneself.

9. Banking
Computers are extensively used in the field of banking and finance. People can use the ATM
(automated teller machine) services 24 hours a day to deposit and withdraw cash. When
different branches of the bank are connected through computer networks.

Qus – 11: - Write a note on modem application? (5)

A modem is a device that enables a computer to transmit data, for example, telephone or cable
lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone
lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.

Modem Applications

Modems were originally used for connecting users to the Internet or for sending faxes, but a
majority of the modems are used by businesses in a variety of different applications.

Some of these applications include.

1. Point of Sale (PoS)

2. Remote Management, Maintenance
3. Broadband Internet
4. Data transfers
5. Machine to Machine (M2M)
Qus – 12: - Explain the Norton utilities? (5)
Norton Utilities
Norton Utilities help to boost your computerÕs performance by offering comprehensive system
management and registry tools.
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We can use following three main tools to manage and boost the performance and keep our
computer running optimally.

1. Performance
2. Privacy
3. Recovery

1. Performance
We can use following tools under the performance menu to enhance the performance of your
computer system

1. Clean your registry

2. Compact your registry
3. Defragment disks
4. Optimize window
5. Boost your windows startup
Registry cleaning helps you detect and remove invalid entries or references. Where
Defragmentation is a process by which fragmented files that are stored on a disk are
rearranged for the best performance. And if your system takes a long time to startup, “Boost
your windows startup” option will help for speeding up the windows startup.

2. Privacy
Computer saves history of all events whenever we use computer for general purpose like,
working on files or surfing Internet. This function allows us to clean and manage the

1. Document History
2. Find and Search History
3. Scan Disk Temporary Files
4. Clipboard Contents
5. Run History
6. Temporary Files Directory
7. Recycle Bin
8. Browser History
9. Third-Party Software Traces
3. Recovery
With the help of “Recovery” option, Norton Utilities Recover Deleted Files. This tool can also
find duplicate files so that we can manage the capacity of our hard disk, we can also repair
drivers and uninstall the unused or unwanted software.

1. Recover lost files

2. Find duplicate files
3. Repair drivers
4. Restore registry backups
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 5. Uninstall unused software
Pharmacology 2018
Qus – 1: - Define Pharmacology and explain branches of pharmacology. (5)
Definition of Pharmacology
It is defined as the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical
processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting the normal
body processes.

Branches of Pharmacology

1. Pharmacokinetics
Study of effects the body has on drugs, includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion is called Pharmacokinetics.

2. Pharmacodynamics
Study of effects of drugs on the body is called Pharmacodynamics.

Qus – 2: - Write a short note on I) Posology, 2) Drug, 3) Pro-Drug, 4)

Placebo
1. Posology
It is the branch of pharmacology, which deals with dosage of drugs.

2. Drug
It refers to any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical
action.

3. Pro-Drug
It refers to compounds that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by
metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent. (Levodopa into dopamine)

4. Placebo
It refers to an inactive substance or preparation given to satisfy the patients symbolic need
(psyche need) for drug therapy, and used in controlled studies to determine the efficiency of
medicinal substance.

Qus – 3: - Define Neuron and explain the types of nerve cell (5)
Neuron
Neuron is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

23 | P a g e
Neuron is like any other cell in the body having nucleus and all the organelles in the cytoplasm.

However, it is different from other cells by two ways:

Neuron has branches or processes called axon and dendrites.

Neuron does not have centrosome, so it cannot undergo division.

Classification Of Nerve Cells

On the basis of functions, the nerve cells are classified into two types

1. Motor Neuron (Efferent)

2. Sensory Neuron (Afferent)
Motor Neuron (Efferent)
Neurons, which carry the motor impulses from central nervous system to the peripheral
effectors organ like muscles, gland, and blood vessels. Motor neurons are also known as
efferent nerve cells; generally, these neurons have long axons and short dendrites.

Sensory Neuron (Afferent)

These neurons carry the sensory impulses from periphery to the CNS generally these have
short axons and long dendrites.

Qus – 4: - Write a note on Drug Metabolism. (5)

Drug Metabolism
Drugs are most eliminated by biotransformation and/or excretion into the urine or bile. The
process of metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs into more polar readily excretable products.
The liver is the major site for drug metabolism, but specific drug may undergo
biotransformation in other tissues, such as the kidney and the intestine.

Reaction Of Drug Metabolism

The kidney cannot efficiently eliminate lipophilic drugs that readily cross cell membrane and are
reabsorbed in the distal tubules. Therefore, lipid soluble agents must first be metabolized in
the liver using two general sets of reaction, called Phase I and Phase II.

Phase I
Phase-I reaction function to convert lipophilic molecules into more polar molecules by the
exposing a polar functional group. Mainly it is oxidation, but sometimes there is reduction or
hydrolysis.

Phase II
24 | P a g e
This phase consists of conjugation reactions. If the metabolites from Phase I metabolism is
sufficiently polar, it can be excreted by the kidneys, However, many Phase I metabolites are
too lipophilic to be retained in the kidneyÕs tubules. A subsequent conjugation reaction

with an endogenous substrate such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or amino acid result in polar and
more water-soluble compounds, that excreted by the kidney

Social Behavior, Law and Ethics: - 2018

Qus – 5: - Define Social Behavior and explain the principal of social
Behavior. (5)
Social Behavior
Social behavior is behavior directed towards society, or taking place between, members of the
same species.

Principles Of Social Behavior

Social behavior is goal oriented

Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation.

The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g. day-to-day, current, long-term

Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways

Community and different organization level

Qus – 6: -Write a note on development stages of life with Start to end

age? Developmental Stages of Life

1. Infant (Birth Till 8 Months)

1. Check things by putting in mouth

2. Mother love
3. Development of trust
2. Early Childhood (8 Months To 3 Years)

1. Master in specific skill

2. Self-autonomic
3. Shame
3. Play Age (3 Years To 5 Years)

1. Initiative to work, play etc.

2. Purpose
4. School Age (6 Years To 12 Years)
25 | P a g e
 1. Superior or inferior complex
2. Competence
3. Increase learning ability
5. Adolescence (12 Years To 18 Years)

1. What we do
2. Finding own identity
3. Devotion
6. Young Adulthood (18 Years To 35 Years)

1. Affiliation
2. Love
3. Marriage
4. Job
5. Management skill
6. Expand relation
7. Isolation
8. Rage
9. Grudge
10. Leg pulling
7. Middle Adulthood (35 Years To 55/65 Years)

1. Stagnation of personality (stability)

2. Control family
3. Creative and meaningful work
8. Late Adulthood (55/65 Years to Rip)

1. Integrity (feeling that life has meaning)

2. Despair
3. Wisdom
Qus – 7: - Explain the difference between the verbal & Non-Verbal
communication. (5)
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communications

1. Verbal Communication
These are vital skills for the doctors and can be mastered through practice. Verbal
communication is a technique used by the doctor to give all the information and advices in the
language of the patient that can be easily understand by the patient.

2. Non-Verbal Communication
The communication other than verbal language is non -verbal communication. It involves the
body movements, face expressions, postural moves to express and communicate with the people.
It is called non-verbal communication.

26 | P a g e
Qus – 8: -: - Write some codes of ethics for pharmacists. (5)
Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best
use of Medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is
intended to state publicly The principles that form the fundamental basis of the
roles and responsibilities of pharmacists.

1. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and

pharmacist.
2. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and
Confidential manner.
3. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient

27 | P a g e
 4. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.
5. A pharmacist maintains professional competence.
6. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health
Professionals.
7. Pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.
8. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.
Fundamental Computer 2019

Qus – 9: - Write a note on basic functions of computer? (5)

Four Basic Functions of Computer

The four basic functions of computers are also known as the information processing cycle.
Computer accepts data from an input device, processes it, stores it in a disk and finally displays
it on an output device such as a monitor.

The functions are

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output
4. Storage
Input
The computer gathers data or allows a user to add data

Process
Data is converted into information

Output
After processing the data, computer shows the result in different format, which is called
output.

Storage
Data or information is stored for future use

Qus – 10: - Write a note on Software & Hardware? (5)

Hardware and Software
1. Hardware
Hardware is physical parts of the computer e.g. keyboard, monitor, mouse etc.

2. Software
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Software is the program that is on the computer that allows you to work with the computer, e.g.
M.S Office, Corel Draw etc.

Qus – 11: - Write a note on Application of Computer? (5)

Applications of Computer
In the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized the businesses and other
aspects of human life all over the world. Practically, every company, large or small, is now
directly or indirectly dependent on computers. Computer systems help hospital records,
accounts, electronic banking and so on. Computers not only save time, but also save paper work.
Some of the areas where computers are being used are as follows:

1. Science
Scientists have been using computers to develop theories and to analyze and test the data. The
high speed and accuracy of the computer allow different scientific analyses to be carried out.

2. Education
Computers are very helpful in education sector. Currently, the classrooms, libraries and
museums are efficiently utilizing computers to make the education much more interesting.

3. Medicine and Health Care

There has been an increasing use of computers in the field of medicine. Now, doctors are using
computers right from diagnosing the illness to monitoring a patient's status during complex
surgery. By using automated imaging techniques, doctors are able to look inside a person's body
and can study each organ in detail (e.g. CT scans or MRI scans), which was not possible few
years ago. There are several examples of special-purpose computers that can operate within the
human body such as cochlear implant, a special kind of hearing aid that makes it possible for
deaf people to hear.

4. Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
The architects and engineers are extensively using computers in designing and drawings.
Computers can create objects that can be viewed from all the three dimensions. The
manufacturing factories are using computerized robotic arms to perform hazardous jobs.
Computers help in coordinating the entire manufacturing process.

5. Entertainment
Computers are also used for entertainment purpose. They are used to control the images and
sounds. The special effects would not have been possible without the computers. In addition,
computerized animation and colorful graphics have modernized the film industry.

6. Communication
E-mail or electronic mail is one of the communication media in which computer is used. Through
e-mail, messages and reports are passed from one person to one or more persons with the aid of
29 | P a g e
computer and telephone line. The advantage of this service is that while transferring the
messages it saves time, avoids wastage of paper and so on. Moreover, the person who is
receiving the messages can read the messages whenever he is free and can save it, reply it,
forward it or delete it from the computer.

7. Business Application
This is one of the important uses of the computer. There are various concerns where computers
are used such as in business forecasting, to prepare pay bills and personal records, in banking
operations and data storage. Businesses are also using the networking of computers, where a
number of computers are connected together to share the data and the information. Use of e-
mail and the Internet has changed the ways of doing business.

8. Publishing
Computers have created a field known as desktop publishing (DTP). In DTP, with the help of
computer and a laser printer one can perform the publishing job all by oneself.

9. Banking
Computers are extensively used in the field of banking and finance. People can use the ATM
(automated teller machine) services 24 hours a day to deposit and withdraw cash. When
different branches of the bank are connected through computer networks.

Qus – 12: - Define Computer network and explain the advantage and
disadvantage of computer networking. (5)
Computer Network
A computer network is a set of two or more computers connected together in order to share
information and other resources. The computers in a network are connected with one another
through cables, satellite or telephone lines.

Advantages Of Networking
1. Computers can communicate with each other easily
2. Computers can share data and files.
3. Computing power and/or storage facilities can be shared.
4. Hardware such as printers can be shared.
5. There is control over which programs, data and hardware a user has access to.
Disadvantages Of Networking
1. A virus can spread more easily.
2. As data is shared there is a greater need for security.
3. If the server fails, all the workstations are affected.
4. The cost of installing the equipmentÕs is greater.

30 | P a g e
 Pharmacology 2019
Qus – 1: - Write a note on Drug Metabolism. (5)
1. Drug Metabolism
Drugs are most eliminated by biotransformation and/or excretion into the urine or bile. The
process of metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs into more polar readily excretable products.
The liver is the major site for drug metabolism, but specific drug may undergo
biotransformation in other tissues, such as the kidney and the intestine.

2. Reaction Of Drug Metabolism

The kidney cannot efficiently eliminate lipophilic drugs that readily cross cell membrane and are
reabsorbed in the distal tubules. Therefore, lipid soluble agents must first be metabolized in
the liver using two general sets of reaction, called Phase I and Phase II.

3. Phase I
Phase-I reaction function to convert lipophilic molecules into more polar molecules by the
exposing a polar functional group. Mainly it is oxidation, but sometimes there is reduction or
hydrolysis.

4. Phase II
This phase consists of conjugation reactions. If the metabolites from Phase I metabolism is
sufficiently polar, it can be excreted by the kidneys, However, many Phase I metabolites are
too lipophilic to be retained in the kidneyÕs tubules. A subsequent conjugation reaction

with an endogenous substrate such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or amino acid result in polar and
more water-soluble compounds, that excreted by the kidney

Qus – 2: - Write the Factor Modifying Action & dosage of drugs? (5)
Factors Modifying the Action and Dosage of Drug
Many factors influence the dosage and action of drug. If the drug is too small, the drug will not
produce the desired action. If it is too large it will produce toxic effects, which are not
desirable.

Following are important factors, which influence the action and dosage of drug .

1. Age
2. Body weight
3. Sex
4. Routes of administration
31 | P a g e
 5. Time of administration
6. Dosage form
7. Absorption, Distribution and excretion of drug
8. Pathological condition
9. Tolerance
10. Combination of drugs (synergism, antagonism)
Dosage Form Of Drug (Preparation)

Onset action is rapid when the drug is given in liquid or as a powder as compared
to drug Given inform of a tablet of pill.

Qus – 3: - Write the details of three factors modifying the action of

dosage of drug?

Following are important factors, which influence the action and dosage of drug .

1. Age
2. Body weight
3. Sex
4. Routes of administration
5. Time of administration
6. Dosage form
7. Absorption, Distribution and excretion of drug
8. Pathological condition
9. Tolerance
10. Combination of drugs (synergism, antagonism)
1. Age
Adult dose is for a person between the ages of 18-60years. Children are given small dose. We
use youngÕs formula and ClarkÕs formula to calculate dose for children and infant. Above 60years
of age the dose should be decreased 3/4th of adult dose.

2. Body Weight
For abnormal body weight the dose of the drug should be suitably adjusted according to the
weight of the patient

3. Sex
Doses for the women should be less than man because women are usually having more effect
than men. Pregnancy, menstruation and lactation periods should keep in mind while adjusting
dosage.

4. Routes Of Administration
32 | P a g e
When drug is given intravenously onset of action is rapid orally given drug have slow onset
action. Oral dose of drug always greater than when it is given parenterally and dose for
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is greater than intravenous

5. Time Of Administration
Presence of food in stomach delays the absorption of drug onset action is slow some drugs can
cause irritant, nausea and vomiting while given in empty stomach. Hypnotics are more effective
when given at bedtime.

6. Dosage Form of Drug (Preparation)

Onset action is rapid when the drug is given in liquid or as a powder as compared to drug given
inform of a tablet of pill.

7. Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Drug

Drugs, which are rapidly absorbed and excreted quickly, cannot maintain effective
concentration for therapeutic effect. Drugs, which are quickly absorbed but excreted slowly,
may produce toxic effect.

8. Pathological Condition
When liver or kidneys are not functioning properly the dose should be decreased to avoid toxic
effects.

9. Tolerance
It is unusual resistance to ordinary dose of the drug-increased dose is often required to obtain
desired therapeutic effects

10. Combination Of Drugs

When two or more than two drugs are given together action may be increased or decreased

Qus – 4: - Write the note on Succinylcholine (depolarize agent)? (5)

Succinylcholine (Depolarizing Agents)

1. Mechanism Of Action
The depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug succinylcholine attaches to the nicotinic receptor
and act like acetylcholine. This drug remains attached to the receptor for longer time and
providing a constant stimulation of the receptor.

2. Action
Succinylcholine initially produces short lasting twitching of the muscle (fasciculation) followed
within a few minutes by paralysis. The drug does not produce a ganglionic block except at high
doses.

3. Therapeutic Uses

33 | P a g e
Because of its rapid onset and short duration of action, succinylcholine is useful when rapid
endotracheal intubation is required during the anesthesia. For example, if aspiration of gastric
contents is to be avoided during intubations.

4. Pharmacokinetics
Succinylcholine is injected intravenously its duration of action is short therefore usually given
by continuous infusion.

5. Adverse Effects
Hyperthermia, Hyperkalemia

Social Behavior, Law Ethics 2019

Qus – 5: - Explain behavior science & their principles of behavior science?

(5)
Social Behavior
Social behavior is behavior directed towards society, or taking place between, members of the
same species.

Principles Of Social Behavior

Social behavior is goal oriented

Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation.

The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g. day-to-day, current, long-term

Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways

Community and different organization level

Qus – 6: -: - write the development of stages of life end age? (5)

Developmental Stages of Life

1. Infant (Birth Till 8 Months)

1. Check things by putting in mouth

2. Mother love
3. Development of trust
2. Early Childhood (8 Months To 3 Years)

1. Master in specific skill

2. Self-autonomic
3. Shame
3. Play Age (3 Years To 5 Years)
34 | P a g e
 1. Initiative to work, play etc.
2. Purpose
4. School Age (6 Years To 12 Years)

1. Superior or inferior complex

2. Competence
3. Increase learning ability
5. Adolescence (12 Years To 18 Years)

1. What we do
2. Finding own identity
3. Devotion
6. Young Adulthood (18 Years To 35 Years)

1. Affiliation
2. Love
3. Marriage
4. Job
5. Management skill
6. Expand relation
7. Isolation
8. Rage
9. Grudge
10. Leg pulling
7. Middle Adulthood (35 Years To 55/65 Years)

1. Stagnation of personality (stability)

2. Control family
3. Creative and meaningful work
8. Late Adulthood (55/65 Years to Rip)

1. Integrity (feeling that life has meaning)

2. Despair
3. Wisdom
Qus – 7: - write the note on Rick management plan? (5)
Risk Management Plan
Risk management involves an assessment of the risks a pharmacy faces, followed by the
development of ways to eliminate or control those risks to prevent setbacks from happening.

Following steps are involve in risk management

1. Risk analysis/ Risk Assessment

2. Risk evaluation

35 | P a g e
 3. Risk acceptance
4. Risk control
5. On-going evaluation
6. Risk Communication

1. Risk Analysis/ Risk Assessment

In this step we identify the system, hazards and possible harms.

2. Risk Evaluation/ Risk Quantification

After the risk analysis, we estimate, justify and document risk level e.g. probability/ severity.

3. Risk Acceptance
In this step we compare risk with acceptance criteria and finalize the acceptance or rejection
or the risk.

4. Risk Control
In the step of risk control, we estimate the costs to control the risk define and take suitable
actions.

5. n-Going Evaluation
This is important step to control upcoming risks; we continuously monitor new harms, risk levels
and update plans and actions accordingly.

6. Risk Communication
It is not enough to learn about risks and control them. One must communicate that information
to health care professionals and patients. If the communication is successful, people will
become aware of the risk and modify their behavior to avoid safety hazards. Without such
communication, there is no hope that patients will change their behavior.

Qus – 8: - write some codes of ethics of pharmacist?

Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best
use of Medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is
intended to state publicly The principles that form the fundamental basis of the
roles and responsibilities of pharmacists.

1. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and

pharmacist.
2. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and
Confidential manner.
3. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient

36 | P a g e
 4. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.
5. A pharmacist maintains professional competence.
6. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health
Professionals.
7. Pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.
8. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.
Computer: - 2018
Qus – 9: - Define Computer and explain the basics four functions of
computer. (5)
The term 'computer' is derived from the word 'compute', which means to calculate.

A computer is a machine that accepts data in digital form and process it for some result based
on a program, which describes how data is to be manipulated or processed

Four Basic Functions of Computer

The four basic functions of computers are also known as the information processing cycle.
Computer accepts data from an input device, processes it, stores it in a disk and finally displays
it on an output device such as a monitor.

The functions are

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output
4. Storage
Input
The computer gathers data or allows a user to add data

Process
Data is converted into information

Output
After processing the data, computer shows the result in different format, which is called
output.

Storage
Data or information is stored for future use

37 | P a g e
Qus – 10: - Explain the difference between hardware and software. (5)
Hardware And Software

1. Hardware
Hardware is physical parts of the computer e.g. keyboard, monitor, mouse etc.

2. Software
Software is the program that is on the computer that allows you to work with the computer, e.g.
M.S Office, Corel Draw etc.

Qus – 11: - Write a note on Application of Computer. (5)

Applications of Computer
In the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized the businesses and other
aspects of human life all over the world. Practically, every company, large or small, is now
directly or indirectly dependent on computers. Computer systems help hospital records,
accounts, electronic banking and so on. Computers not only save time, but also save paper work.
Some of the areas where computers are being used are as follows:

1. Science
Scientists have been using computers to develop theories and to analyze and test the data. The
high speed and accuracy of the computer allow different scientific analyses to be carried out.

2. Education
Computers are very helpful in education sector. Currently, the classrooms, libraries and
museums are efficiently utilizing computers to make the education much more interesting.

3. Medicine and Health Care

There has been an increasing use of computers in the field of medicine. Now, doctors are using
computers right from diagnosing the illness to monitoring a patient's status during complex
surgery. By using automated imaging techniques, doctors are able to look inside a person's body
and can study each organ in detail (e.g. CT scans or MRI scans), which was not possible few
years ago. There are several examples of special-purpose computers that can operate within the
human body such as cochlear implant, a special kind of hearing aid that makes it possible for
deaf people to hear.

4. Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
The architects and engineers are extensively using computers in designing and drawings.
Computers can create objects that can be viewed from all the three dimensions. The
manufacturing factories are using computerized robotic arms to perform hazardous jobs.
Computers help in coordinating the entire manufacturing process.

5. Entertainment
38 | P a g e
Computers are also used for entertainment purpose. They are used to control the images and
sounds. The special effects would not have been possible without the computers. In addition,
computerized animation and colorful graphics have modernized the film industry.

6. Communication
E-mail or electronic mail is one of the communication media in which computer is used. Through
e-mail, messages and reports are passed from one person to one or more persons with the aid of
computer and telephone line. The advantage of this service is that while transferring the
messages it saves time, avoids wastage of paper and so on. Moreover, the person who is
receiving the messages can read the messages whenever he is free and can save it, reply it,
forward it or delete it from the computer.

7. Business Application
This is one of the important uses of the computer. There are various concerns where computers
are used such as in business forecasting, to prepare pay bills and personal records, in banking
operations and data storage. Businesses are also using the networking of computers, where a
number of computers are connected together to share the data and the information. Use of e-
mail and the Internet has changed the ways of doing business.

8. Publishing
Computers have created a field known as desktop publishing (DTP). In DTP, with the help of
computer and a laser printer one can perform the publishing job all by oneself.

9. Banking
Computers are extensively used in the field of banking and finance. People can use the ATM
(automated teller machine) services 24 hours a day to deposit and withdraw cash. When
different branches of the bank are connected through computer networks.

Qus – 12: - Write the note on different types of networks? (5)

Different Types of Networks
Different types of networks based on their size (in terms of the number of computers) are
listed below

1. LAN (local area network)

2. MAN (metropolitan area network)
3. WAN (wide area network)
1. LAN
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It's a group of computers which belong to the same
organization, and which are linked within a small geographic area using a network, and often the

39 | P a g e
same technology. Data transfer speeds over a local area network can from 10 Mbps to1 BPS
(Gigabit Ethernet).

2. MANs
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) connect multiple LANs to one another (over an area of up
to a few dozen kilometers) at high speeds.

A MAN is made from switches or routers connected to one another with high-speed links
(usually fiber optic cables).

3. WANs
A WAN (Wide Area Network or extended network) connects multiple LANs to one another over
great geographic distances. The most well-known WAN is the Internet

Pharmacology
Qus – 1: - Briefly Explain the Concept of Toxicity. (5)
Toxicity
Toxicity is defined as the inherent capacity of a chemical to cause injury. All the chemicals,
drugs have some degree of toxicity. All substances are poison there is none, which is not a
poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.
Toxicity may occur in three general ways
1. Accidental
2. Intentional
3. Adverse Drug Reactions
Accidental ingestion occurs most commonly in children. Intentional over dosage often with
suicidal attempts, whereas adverse drug reactions occur due to any wrong therapy.
Toxic Actions of Chemicals
Toxic chemicals from the environment may contact the skin or absorbed after ingestion or
inhalation. A chemical toxin can potentially affect any tissue or organ within the body.
Occupational And Specific Environmental Toxin
Occupational and specific environmental toxicity is caused by many types of toxic substances
like Chloroform, Aromatic hydrocarbon, Alcohols, Pesticides, Heavy metals, Gases and inhaled
particles,

Qus – 2: - Explain the difference between Histamine and Anthistamine. (5)

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Histamine
Histamine is also an autacoid. It is a chemical messenger that mediates a wide range of cellular
responses including allergic and inflammatory reactions, gastric acid secretion and
neurotransmission in parts of the brain.
Mechanism Of Action
Histamine binds with histamine receptors H1, H2, H3, and H4. Where H1 and H2 receptors are
widely expressed and are targets of clinically useful drugs.
Antihistamines
H1 Antihistamines
These compounds are H1 receptor blockers. They do not influence the formation or release of
histamine. They only block the histamine response at target tissue.
Therapeutic Uses
Allergic And Inflammatory Conditions
H1 receptor blockers are useful in treating allergies caused by antigens.
Motion Sickness and Nausea
Along with the antimuscarinic agents, H1 receptor blockers are the most effective agents for
prevention of the symptoms of motion sickness, nausea.
Somnifacients
Many first-generation antihistamines have strong sedative properties and are used in the
treatment of insomnia.
H2 Antihistamine
These agents block the H2 histamine receptors. The chief clinical use is a inhibitors of gastric
acid secretion in the treatment of ulcers and heartburn.

Qus – 3: - Explain the difference between Histamine and Anthistamine. (5)

Drugs Used in Chemotherapy
1. Antibacterial drugs
2. Antiviral drugs
3. Antiprotozoal drugs
4. Anthelmintics
5. Antifungal drugs
6. Antitubercular drugs
7. Antileprotic drugs
8. Anticancer drugs
Antibacterial Drugs
Antibacterial drugs are used to treat infection caused by bacteria. These drugs possess
selective toxicity against bacteria as compared to host cells. These drugs may be bacteriostatic
or bactericidal in their activity.
Antiviral Drugs
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Antiviral drugs are used to treat infections caused by viruses. Viruses do not contain cell wall
and cell membranes and its replication depends on the metabolic processes of the host cell
therefore they are not affected by antimicrobial agents.
Therefore, clinically effective antiviral agents need to be given much earlier before the onset
of the disease. Administration of drugs that block viral replication has limited effectiveness.
However, some antiviral agents are useful as prophylactic agents.
Antiprotozoal Drugs
Antiprotozoal Drugs used to treat protozoal infections. Protozoal infections are common among
people in underdeveloped countries, where sanitary conditions, hygienic practices etc. are
inadequate with increased world travel protozoal diseases such as malaria, amebiasis, and
trypanosomiases are spreading.

Many of the antiprotozoal drugs cause serious toxic effects in the host. Most Antiprotozoal
agents have not proved to be safe for pregnant patients.
Anthelmintics Drugs
Anthelmintics are drugs used for eradication of worms from the body. An anthelmintic, which
kills the worm, is called vermicide. If the drug is merely noxious to the worms and causes them
to be expelled from the body, it is called a vermifuge.
Antifungal Drugs
Antifungal drugs are used treat fungal infections. Fungal infections are common. They may
affect mucous membranes, skin hair and nails. Sometimes internal organs may be involved e.g.
lungs, intestine, liver, brain etc. Some antifungal drugs are for local application only. Other
drugs are given orally or may be injected.
Antitubercular Drugs
Antitubercular drugs are used to treat tuberculosis. Tubercular is small rounded swellings or
nodules. Tubercular is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus and characterized by
formation of nodules. In pulmonary tuberculosis, the bacillus is inhaled into the lungs where it
sets up a primary tubercle and spreads to the nearest lymph nodes.
Antileprotic Drugs
These drugs are used to treat leprosy. Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by bacteria that
affect the skin mucous membranes and nerves causing discoloration and lumps on the skin.
Anticancer Drugs
These drugs are used to treat cancer, neoplasia or tumor. Cancer is a disease caused by an
uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the part of the body that then invade and destroy the
surrounding tissues.
Spread of cancer cells (metastasis) may occur via the blood stream or the lymphatic channels.
Cancer may be treated by surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Certain tumors are highly
sensitive to chemotherapy but many tumors are not sensitive to such drugs.

Qus – 4: - Prototype Drugs Used to Treat Diarrhea. (5)

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Prototype Drugs Used to Treat Diarrhea
Increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract and decreased absorption of fluid are major
factors in diarrhea.
Most common antidiarrheal drugs used to treat acute diarrhea include antimotility agents, and
adsorbents.
Antimotility Agents
Loperamide
Adsorbents
Aluminum Hydroxide
Loperamide (Antimotility Agents)
Loperamide is widely used to control diarrhea. They inhibit acetylcholine release and decrease
peristalsis. At the usual doses, they lack analgesic effects. Side effects include drowsiness,
abdominal cramps, and dizziness. They should not be used in young children or in patients with
severe colitis.
Aluminum Hydroxide (Adsorbents)
Adsorbent agents, such as aluminum hydroxide are used to control diarrhea. Presumably, these
agents act by adsorbing intestinal toxins or microorganisms and/or by coating or protecting the
intestinal mucosa. They can interfere with the absorption of other drugs.

Qus – 5: - What are the development stages of life, just name them.?
Answer: Developmental Stages Of Life are:-
Infant (Birth Till 8 Months)
Early Childhood (8 Months To 3 Years)
Play Age (3 Years To 5 Years)
School Age (6 Years To 12 Years)
Adolescence (12 Years To 18 Years)
Young Adulthood (18 Years To 35 Years)
Middle Adulthood (35 Years To 55/65 Years)
Late Adulthood (55/65 Years To

Qus – 6: - Shortly explain the applied psychology concept?

Answer: Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and theories to
overcome problems In real life situations. Many areas of our lives and society have
been influenced and changed By the often-unnoticed application of psychological principles.

Qus – 7: - What are the legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/

Pharmacy Technician/ Assistant Pharmacist regarding the
pharmacy?
Answer: Here are legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/
Assistant Pharmacist Regarding the pharmacy

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 1. Any pharmacist exercising their professional Role must be registered, safe and
competent to Practice.
2. Pharmacist must be aware that the patient is the Primary focus.
3. Pharmacist must be trained in respect of their Area of operation.
4. Pharmacist must ensure that dispensing is Carried out accurately.
5. Each prescription must be critically reviewed Before dispensing to ensure that
the medicines Are safe and in the best interest of the patient.
6. The pharmacist must contact the prescriber Regarding medicines and patient
issues if Needed.
7. Patients must be given complete details regarding their medicines at the time
of Dispensing, so that they fully understand what the medicine is and
8. what it is for.
9. The medicine dispensed must be of suitable quality, fit for use suitably packaged and
Labeled manner.
10. Pharmacists should ensure that the necessary facilities, equipment and
11. materials are Present.
12. Pharmacy should be clean and weighing must be accurate
13. Proper information must be given to the patient regarding the safe storage
of their Medicn
Qus – 8: - write the note on Rick management plan? (5)
Risk Management Plan
Risk management involves an assessment of the risks a pharmacy faces, followed by the
development of ways to eliminate or control those risks to prevent setbacks from happening.

Following steps are involve in risk management

7. Risk analysis/ Risk Assessment

8. Risk evaluation
9. Risk acceptance
10. Risk control
11. On-going evaluation
12. Risk Communication

7. Risk Analysis/ Risk Assessment

In this step we identify the system, hazards and possible harms.

8. Risk Evaluation/ Risk Quantification

After the risk analysis, we estimate, justify and document risk level e.g. probability/ severity.

9. Risk Acceptance
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In this step we compare risk with acceptance criteria and finalize the acceptance or rejection
or the risk.

10. Risk Control

In the step of risk control, we estimate the costs to control the risk define and take suitable
actions.

11. n-Going Evaluation

This is important step to control upcoming risks; we continuously monitor new harms, risk levels
and update plans and actions accordingly.

12. Risk Communication

It is not enough to learn about risks and control them. One must communicate that information
to health care professionals and patients. If the communication is successful, people will
become aware of the risk and modify their behavior to avoid safety hazards. Without such
communication, there is no hope that patients will change their behavior.

Qus – 9: - Write a short note on data analysis? (5)

Improving efficiency of care processes is currently a must

Criterion for all healthcare providers, given the cost containment Measures in
healthcare budgets. Improving both processes and Patient care outcomes,

by decreasing length of stays in ICU While improving quality is a healthcare

industry conundrum that Demands clear and factual analysis of all the
aspects of patient Care.

With the wide range of solutions for patient Data Collection and Connectivity,
GE Healthcare is at a strong Position to provide the next frontier in data
management: analysis and reporting for care and cost Management.

Qus – 10: - What are the PC tools, name few tools and
define any two?
The Control Panel is full of tools to change the way Windows looks and behaves.
Here we will Discuss the most important tools.
• Add hardware
• Add or remove programs
• Automatic updates
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 • Date and time
• Display
• Internet options
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Network connections
• Regional and language setting
• Sounds and audio devices
• User accounts
1. Windows firewall
1…. Add Hardware
The “Add Hardware” Wizard enables you to add new hardware or troubleshoot any
hardware-Related problems.

2. Add Or Remove Programs

“Add or Remove Programs” helps you manage programs and components on your
computer. You can use it to add or remove programs (such as Microsoft Excel or
Word) from a CD-ROM,

3. Automatic Updates
With “Automatic Updates”, Windows checks for updates that can help protect your computer
against the latest viruses and other security threats, it also enhances the performance of your
computer

4. Date And Time

You can change date and time of your computer by using this tool.

5. Display
The following tasks are frequently performed when you want to change various display settings
on your computer

 Choose a different desktop theme

 Create your own desktop theme
 Choose a desktop background
 Increase the size of Windows text fonts
 Change your screen resolution
6. Internet Options

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By using Internet option tool, we can change Internet properties. We can change or organize
Security, Privacy, and Connections settings.

7. Mouse
By using mouse tool, we can manage different functions of mouse like clicking speed, movement
of mouse courser etc.

8. Keyboard
By using keyboard tool, we can manage different functions of keyboard.

9. Network Connections
By using this toll we can manage our network connections, we can add or remove or change the
setting of networks.

10. Regional And Language Setting

With the help of this tool, we can select our region, country, location and language.

11. Sounds And Audio Devices

The following tasks are frequently performed to customize system sounds.

 Assign sounds to system events

 Change the system sound volume
 Adjust the volume for multimedia recording devices
 Adjust the volume for multimedia playback devices
 Adjust speaker volume
12. User Accounts
By using this tool, we can create, delete or manage accounts. We can change name of account,
password and display picture.

13. Windows Firewall

Firewall helps to keep your computer more secure. Firewall act as a barrier that checks
information (often called traffic) coming from the Internet or a network and then either turns
it away or allows it to pass through to your computer, depending on your firewall settings.

Qus – 11: - What are the advantages and disadvantages of networking?

Advantages Of Networking
• Computers can communicate with each other Easily
• Computers can share data and files.
• Computing power and/or storage facilities can be shared.

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 • Hardware such as printers can be shared.
• There is control over which programs, data and hardware a user has access to.

Disadvantages Of Networking
• A virus can spread more easily.
• As data is shared there is a greater need for security.
• If the server fails, all the workstations are
affected.
. The cost of installing the equipments is greater

Qus – 12: - What are the simple word

processingfeatures?
Word processing like Microsoft Word is largely concerned with the production of textural

material; we can create reports, medical transcription, memos, business letters and articles.

Microsoft Word allows the medical assistant to produce a document needed quickly and easily.

Simple Word Processing Features

1. Insert Text
We can insert text anywhere in the document.

2. Delete Text
We can erase characters, words, lines, or pages easily.

3. Cut And Paste

We can remove (cut) a section of text from one place in a document and insert (paste) it
somewhere else.

4. Copy
We can copy any word, line, paragraph or page anywhere else in the file.

5. Spell Check
Spell check is very important feature of most word processing programs. Medical spell checkers
can be added to most word processing programs and can be used to check medical terminology in
word-processed documents.

6. Importing And Exporting Data

Importing and exporting Data allow users to carry a text file into another compatible application
program.

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 7. Page Formatting
In page formatting we can decorate or document by different font style, text size, colors,
highlighting, aligning the text, making text Bold, Italic, underline, or by creating the line numbers
or bullets.

8. Page Size and Margins

We can define various page sizes and margins, and the word processor will automatically readjust
the text so that it fits.

9. Search And Replace

We can search for a particular word. We can also direct the word processor to replace one group
of characters with another word everywhere in the document.

10. Word Wrap

The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line with text,
and it will readjust text if you change the margins.

11. Print

We can print our document to get hardcopy.

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