Advanced Booklet Solution

1. (b)
Law of triads states that in the set of three elements arranged in increasing order of atomic weight,
having similar properties, the atomic weight of middle element is the arithmetic mean of other two.

2. (c)
Transition elements are those in which electron are filled in d–orbitals.

3. (d)
P–block elements are also known as representative element.

4. (a)
Covalent radii < crystal radii < Vander Waal radii.

5. (b)
Noble gases are placed in zero group but has 8 electrons in its valence shell.

6. (b)
N 2  14e &CO  14e

7. (c)
18 electrons of s, p & d-block.

8. (c)
Fourth period of periodic table has 3d electron filling, not 4d.

9. (d)
Fe2+ has 4 unpaired electron.

10. (b)
Fe2+ has 4 unpaired electrons, rest has zero.

11. (d)
C & N+ has 6 electrons in it.

12. (b)
All the species has 14e– in it.

13. (b)
86  Rn  7s 5f 6d
2 14 4

14. (c)
2 2 6 2 6 10 1
29 Cu :1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

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15. (a)
Phosphorous exist as solid at room temperature.

16. (d)
2
20 Ca : 2,8,8

17. (a)
All species are isoelectronic with argon i.e have 18 electrons in them.

18. (c)
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2

19. (b)
For iso–electronic species, more negatively charged ion is more bigger in size.

20. (c)
For iso–electronic species, more negatively charged ion is more bigger in size.

21. (b)
For iso–electronic species, more negatively charged ion is more bigger in size.

22. (d)
For same atom more positive charged species is smaller one.

23. (b)
For an isoelectronic species, negatively charged species is more bigger than positively charged
species.

24. (a)
More is the P/e ratio smaller is the radius.

25. (b)
rNa   rF
rF  rCl
rCl  rS2
 rNa   rF  rCl  rS2

26. (b)
Across a period, as Zeff increases. Atomic radii decreases.

27. (a)
For isoelectronic species
Radius of cation < radius of neutral
Atom < radius of anion

28. (c)
For same atom
rcation  ratom  ranion

29. (a)
Na > Mg (Across a period size decreases)
Na > Na+
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 Mg > Mg2+

30. (d)
For isoelectronic species, more positive charged ion, smaller is the size. More is the negative charge
on anion, more is the size.

31. (d)
K+ >Li+ > Be2+
Mg2+ > Be2+
Mg2+ > Al3+

32. (a)
Mg 2  Na   F
Isoelectronic with Ne. For isoelectronic species, more positive charged ion, smaller is the size. More
is the negative charge on anion, more is the size.

33. (b)
Na+ > Li+ & Mg2+ > Be2+
Na+ > Mg2+
Li+ > Be2+

34. (c)
For isoelectronic species, more positive charged ion, smaller is the size. More is the negative charge
on anion, more is the size.

35. (c)
It is difficult to remove s-orbital electron compared to p-orbital electron.

36. (b)
 Mg   e
Mg  H1  1P1  178kcal mol1
Mg  
 Mg 2  e H 2  1P2  348kcal mol1
 Mg 2  2e
Mg  H  H1  H2
= 178 + 348
= 526 kcal mol–1

37. (b)
1P5 is very high i.e removal of 5th electron is very difficult. It means after removal of 4e– species
has acquired very stable configuration.

38. (b)
I.En  I.En 1  I.En 2 ...  I.E2  I.E1

39. (b)
I.E for electron in 3p > 4p
3p3 is half filled so has higher IE than p1 & p2

40. (b)
 Mg 2  e   I.E 2  Mg
Mg  
 2,8,1  2,8
 Na 2  e  I.E 2  Na
Na  
 2,8  2,7 
Inert gas configuration.

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   I.E 2 Na   I.E 2  Mg

41. (a)
I. E is less for left side metal as their size is more, so they are more reactive.
down the group. I. E decreases & hence reducing power increases.

42. (c)
2 2 1
5 B :1s 2s 2p

4 Be :1s 2 2s 2
In B electron is removed from 2p which has lesser penetrating power than 2s.

43. (b)
If  I.E 2  I.E1  > 16ev / atom, then lower oxidation state is more stable.

44. (d)
For isoelectronic species,
1
I.E 
size
2–
S has maximum ionic radii & hence lowest I.E.

45. (c)
1
I.E 
size
size of Na is between Li & K.
Its I.E will also be in between the I.E. value of Li & K.

46. (c)
I.E. increases tremendously when electron is removed from noble gas configuration.
I.E4 >>> I.E3, means valence electron is 3

47. (d)
For alkali earth metal  I.E 3   I.E 2 .

48. (d)
IE of S  IE of P as P has half filled 3p subshell.

49. (b)
I.E. : Ca > Ba, S > Se
I.E. of noble gas is highest.

50. (c)
Down the group I.E. decreases.

51. (a)
 Na   e
Na  H1   I.E1  Na
Na   e 
 Na H 2  EG Na 
H1  H 2

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52. (c)
 e
O  O H eg1    ve 

e
O   O 2  H eg 2   ve
 O2  Heg 

2e
O    ve
total

H eg 2 for all element is positive.

53. (a)
 E.A O   E.A N because N has half filled P configuration.
 E.A S   E.A O
Repulsion offered to incoming
–
e in 3P orbital will be very less as compared to 2P orbital.

54. (d)
Negative anion species will repel incoming electron due to same charge repulsion.

55. (b)
Be is more stable due to fulfilled subshell. Be– is formed over coming this stability, so more energy
is taken by Be. Hence it is least stable.

56. (c)
EA decreases down the group
But  E.A Cl   E.A F Repulsion offered to incoming
e– in 3P orbital will be very less as compared to 2P orbital.

57. (b)
H eg2 for all element is positive.

58. (b)
In O, electronic repulsion is very high. So EA is very less. For S & Se, repulsion difference is not
significant.
S  Se
 S > Se > O

59. (c)
Electron affinity increases on moving right in period.

60. (d)
Cation will have higher EA than neutral atoms or anions.

61. (c)
Due to high electronegativity
(E.N)F > (E.N)Br
 Fluorine undergo reduction easily than bromine, so it is better oxidizing agent.

62. (c)
Electronegativity decreases down the group, but decreases is less in case of alkali metal as compared
to halogen groups.

63. (b)
According to Pauling scale

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 I.E  E.A
P  where I.E & E.A is expressed in ev/atom.
5.6

64. (d)
Xm
XP  XP: electronegativity on Pauling scale
2.8
Xm: electronegativity on Mulliken’s scale.

65. (c)
Electronegativity increases along a period and decreases down the group.

66. (a)
I.P  E.A
XM  I.P & E.A in eV/atom.
2

67. (a)
More is the electronegativity difference, more is the ionic character. For same atom, electronegativity
 0.

68. (d)
charge
Hydration energy 
size

69. (a)
charge
Hydration energy 
size

70. (d)
Electronegativity difference increases, it means acidic strength of different element decreases.

71. (c)
B2O3 is acidic & Al2O3 is amphoteric.

72. (a)
In a period, from left to hight, atomic radius decreases while E. A increases.

73. (d)
In alkali metal, I. E. decreases down the group.
So, it oxidises easily. Hence reactivity increases down the group.
In halogens, EA  down the group, so reactivity decreases.

74. (c)
 2 2 1
6 C :1s 2s 2p

7 N  :1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
8 O :1s2 2s2 2p3  half filled subshell is more stable.
9 F :1s2 2s2 2p4
  I.E 2
O  F  N  C.

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75. (b)
charge
Hydration energy 
size

76. (a)
 I.E1 N   I.E1 O
77. (a)
For F radius is covalent radius & for Ne radius vander waal radius.

78. (c)
1
Electronegativity 
size

79. (d)
There are exception to Aufbau principle. Ex: Cr & Cu

80. (b)
Due to inert pair effect.

81. (b)
1
I. E 
size

82. (b)
Size of Ga is less than Al due to 3d-orbitals in Ga.

1. (d)
Exception to aufbau’s principle.

2. (d)
Valency of X is 1
Valency of Y is 3

3. (d)
Oxygen group is known as chalcogens.

4. (b)
M 3 :  Ar  3d10 4s 2
M :  Ar  3d10 4s 2 4p3 .

5. (b)
26 Fe :  Ar  4s 3d
2 6

26 Fe3 : Ar  3d 5

6. (b)
Same group elements have same outer electronic configuration.

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7. (c)
Due to inert pair effect Bi 3 is more stable as compared to +3 state for others.

8. (a)
w.r.t oxygen
Halogen family : 7
Oxygen family : +6
Nitrogen family : +5
Boron family : +3

9. (d)
Valency of A is 3
Valency of B is 2
compound formed is A 2 B3 .

10. (c)
I.E increases from left to right.

11. (b)
 Heg 2 is always positive.
12. (d)
Fe = Co = N; Increase in atomic number is balanced by increase in repulsion between electrons.
Ni < Cu < Zn Increase in Zeff is overcome by electronic repulsion and size increases.

13. (b)
As P/e ratio increase, zeff increases so 2nd ionization energy is always higher than 1st I. E.

14. (c)
For alkali metal  I.E 2   I.E 1

15. (a)
Atomic radius is determining factor for I. E down the group zeff and stable configuration important
factor for I. E across period.

16. (b)
Smaller size of atoms, more is the I. E

17. (b)
charge
Hydration energy depends on ratio.
size

18. (a)
charge
Acidic strength depends on ratio.
size

19. (c)
24 Cr
2
:  Ar  3d 4
23 V 2 :  Ar  3d3
25 Mn 2 :  Ar  3d5  Half-filled ‘d’ orbitals are more stable than other configuration.

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 26 Fe2 :  Ar  3d 6 .

20. (b)
More is the no. of unpaired electrons, more is the paramagnetism.

21. (d)
Lawrencium 103 Lr :  Rn  7s 2 6d1 5f 14 .

22. (c)
In a group, atomic number differ by 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 ………. Etc.

23. (b)
For isoelectronic species
Anion > atom > cation

24. (b)
 2
3 Li :1s

4 Be :1s2 2s1

5 B :1s2 2s 2 .
  I.E 2 order
Be  B  Li or Li  B  Be

25. (c)
Difference between (I. E)6 and (I. E)7 is very large. So, there is 6e in valence shell of atom of this
element.
It belongs to 16 group.
th

26. (a)
Achievement of
II  IV  III  I  Inert gas configuration.

Half filled subshell is Achievement of inert gas

configuration fulfilled configuration but repulsion is
is disturbed also there as electron is
entering in 2nd shell.

27. (a)
Charge
Hydrated radius 
size
 K   aq   Na   aq   Li   aq 

28. (c)
E.N. : P < S < Br < Cl

29. (b)
For alkaline, earth metal
4, 12, 20, 38, 56, 88, 120.

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30. (c)
Less is electronegativity difference between atoms forming a bond, more is the covalent character.
So
If X M  X C  X O  X H , the M – O bond break in polar solvent.

31. (c)
110 103
Moles of X 
7
110  103
Energy required   720 kJ
7
 11.3kJ .

32. (a)

33. (b)
Cl is more stable than F
  I.E Cl   I.E F
 I.E Cl   I.E Cl  - (I.E)neutral atom > (I. E)anion.
1
 I.E F   I.E Cl . I.E 
size

34. (b)
Na+ has inert gas configuration.

35. (c)
 e
O   O 2

e
S  S2
Incoming electron is repelled by anionic electrons.

36. (a)
1
Electronegativity 
size

37. (b)
X A  X B  2.1 A – B is ionic bond
< 2.1 A – B is covalent bond theoretically.
Practically
X A  X B  1.7 covalent bond will be formed
> 1.7 Ionic bond is formed.

38. (b)
According to Mulliken’s scale
I.E  E.A
X
2
2X  Y  I.E
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39. (b)
ch arg e
Hydration energy 
size

40. (d)
Fe Co Ni Cu
1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17

41. (d)
O2  F isoelectronic species
O  F along period size decreases.

42. (d)
Be 2  has maximum charge / size ratio

43. (b)
N : 1s2 2s2 2p3 (stable configuration)

44. (c)
Nitrogen has half – filled 2p – orbitals.

45. (a)
In a period size decreases, So I. E increases. It is difficult to remove s-orbital electron compared to p-
orbital electron. Therefore, I.E. of Mg > Al.

1. (d)
Atomic no. of the element [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2
= 86 + 14 + 1 + 2 = 103
IUPAC name = Unniltrium

2. (a)
Period of the element just above E is 3 i.e., n = 3
Group number = 16, so orbital is p and it contains 4e– in last subshell.
E  [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4
Element above E  [Ne]3s2 3p4

3. (b)
At the time of D.I. Mendeleev, structure of atom was not known.

4. (b)
Phosphorus has atomic number 15. Its group number is 15, number of valence electrons is 5 and
valency is 3.

5. (b)
Elements with Z = 120 will belong to alkaline earth metals.
Its electronic configuration may be represented as [Og]8s2.
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6. (a)
If elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic numbers, element coming at intervals of
2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 and 32 will have similar physical and chemical properties and thus grouped in one
particular group.

7. (c)
I.E. order: Na < Al < Mg < Si
 496 < IE (Al) < 737 < 786
Only option (c), matches the condition.
8. (c)
Rb and Cs have nearly same electron enthalpy Heg  46 kJ mol1 .
Ar and Kr have same eq. Heg  96 kJ mol1 .

9. (a)
In the periodic table; on moving down the group, the size of atom increase and tendency to remove
an electrons increase. Hence, metallic character increases and on moving left to right in a period, the
metallic character decreases.
Therefore; the decreasing order for metallic character is Na > Mg > Be > Si > P.

10. (d)
31Ga is in group 13 with e– configuration [Ar] 3d 10 4s 2 4 p1 whereas 30Zn had e– configuration as [Ar]
3d 10 4s 2 . Removal of e– from 4p orbital is easier than that from 4s orbital. Hence, I.E. of Ga is lower than
that of Zn.

11. (b)
(A) 3s2  Mg
(B) 3s2 3p1  Al
(C) 3s2 3p3  P
(D) 3s2 3p4  S
All elements have n = 3. Along the period I.E. increase but half-filled orbital stability of P results
increase in I.E.
Thus, P > S.

12. (a)
Li Be Diagonal relationship

Na Mg
Li  Maximum hydration enthalpy in group 1 due to small size.
+

So, ‘B’ is Mg.

13. (d)
On moving from left to right period size of atom decrease, hence ionization energy increases.
Nitrogen have half-filled p-orbitals and Beryllium have fully filled s-orbital so their ionization
energy are greater than oxygen and Boron respectively. So the order is :
N3  O4  Be2  B1
(2p ) (2p ) (2s ) (2p )

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14. (c)
Down the group, the size of atom increases, so electron gain enthalpy decreases.
In case of oxygen, due to its small size, which leads to electron-electron repulsion, results in less
electron gain enthalpy than Sulphur.

15. (c)
Non-metals, metals generally form acidic oxide, basic oxides respectively.
SO3, SiO2  Acidic oxide
CaO  Basic oxide
Al2O3  Amphoteric oxide

16. (b)
Halogens generally formed acidic oxides.
Cl2O7 – Acidic oxide
Na2O – Basic oxide
Al2O3 – Amphoteric oxide
N2O – Neutral oxide

17. (a)
For the isoelectronic species the ionic radius increase with increase of negative charged and ionic
radius decreases with increase of positive charged.
N3– > O2– > F– > Na+ > Mg2+ (Radii)

18. (d)
Metalloids have intermediate properties between metals and non-metals
Sc, Pb, Bi are metals Te is a metalloid

19. (d)
Isoelectronic species have same no. of electrons, e.g., Al+3, O2–, Mg+2 all have 10 electrons.

20. (b)
The magnitude of e– gain enthalpy decrease down the group but its value for Cl is more than that of
F.
Element F Cl Te Po
Δeg H (kJ/mol) –328 –349 –190 –174

21. (b)
B(OH)3 and H3PO3 are acidic.
Al(OH)3 and Be(OH)2 are amphoteric.
NaOH and Ca(OH)2 are basic.

22. (b)
Li Be B

Na Mg Al Si
B–Si, Be–Al and Li–Mg exhibit diagonal relationship, whereas Li–Na belongs to same group.

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23. (c)
Ionization energy generally increases moving from left to right across the period.
So, the order is Na < Mg < …… Cl < Ar.

24. (d)
Correct order of electron gain enthalpy is
S > Se > Te > O
Electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is even less than Te because of inter-electronic repulsion and
effective nuclear charge in the oxygen atom.

25. (b)
Group Number

3 4 5 6 7 … 18
21Sc 25Mn 36Kr

39Y 42Mo 54Xe

57La 72Hf

26. (c)
90Th  103Lr
Belongs to actinoids series and they all belongs to 3rd group. So atomic no. 101 element is actinoids
and atomic number 104 element belongs to 4th group.

27. (c)
As difference in 3rd and 4th ionisation energies is high, so atom contains 3 valence electrons.

28. (d)
On moving left to right along a period in the periodic table, atomic radius decreases while
electronegativity, electron gain enthalpy and ionisation enthalpy increases.

29. (c)
Generally, non-metal oxides are acidic in nature and metal oxides are basic in nature, Al2O3 is
amphoteric.

30. (a)
All given elements belongs to period III and generally their ionisation energy will increase along the
period but Mg will show higher ionisation potential compared to Al due to its stable configuration.
Thus, correct order of ionisation energy will be : Na < Al < Mg < Si.
Ionisation energy (kJ/mol) of the given metals are
Na : 496; Al : 577; Mg : 737; Si : 786

31. (b)
Generally, electron affinity decreases on moving down a group. Chlorine has more electron affinity
than F because of very small size of fluorine. Therefore chlorine, Sulphur and Li has higher electron
affinity among given groups.

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32. (d)
Alkali metal have high difference in first and second ionsation energy as they achieve stable noble
gas configuration after first ionisation.

33. (a)
On going down the group, size increases while going from left to right in a period, size decreases.
So order is : C < S < Al < Cs.

34. (b)
Correct order of electronegativity values of the elements is
Si > Al; S > P; Se > Te; Ge > Ga.

35. (c)
2 14 1
71X = [Xe] 6s 4f 5d
 Orbital occupied by last e– is 5d.

36. (d)
On moving from left to right across a period, the electron affinity becomes more negative. On
moving from top to bottom in a group, the electron affinity becomes less negative.
Fluorine has exceptionally less negative electron affinity than chlorine, because adding an electron to
fluorine (2p orbital) causes greater repulsion than adding an electron to chlorine (3p orbital) which is
larger in size.

37. (a)
Isoelectronic species have same no. of electrons.
Ions  O2– F– Na+ Mg2+
8+2 9+1 11 – 1 12 – 2
No. of e 
–
10 10 10 10
2– –
Therefore O , F, Na+, Mg2+
are isoelectronic.

38. (b)
Alkali metals have the lowest ionization energy in each period, on the other hand, Sc is a d-block
element.
Transition metals have smaller atomic radii and higher nuclear charge, leading to high ionisation
energy.

39. (c)
Tellurium (Te) has 5s25p4 valence shell configuration.
It belongs to group 16 and present in period 5 of the periodic table.

40. (b)
In O22 , there are two atoms, therefore, it will be largest in size.

41. (d)
For chlorine, the atomic radius and covalent radius are taken as same. Hence, statement I is incorrect.
In case of anionic species, extra electrons are added in the parent atom, so effective nuclear charge
decrease. Hence, anionic radius always greater than their parent atomic radius.
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 Numeric Based Questions

42. (101)
Un nil un ium
  
1 0 1
IUPAC symbol = Unu
Atomic no. (Z) = 101

1. (b)
Sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral molecules is zero.
 A3 ( B4C ) 2 : 2  3  2   4  5  2  42  0
 A3 ( BC4 )2 : 2  3  2   5  8  0
 A2 ( BC3 ) 2 : 2  2  2   5  6  2  0
 ABC2 : 2  5  (2)  2  3  0

2. (d)
W : Phosphorus Y: Oxygen X : Sulphur Z : Chlorine
Electronegativity : O > Cl > S > P Catenation : S > P > O > Cl
Electron Affinity : Cl > O > S > P Oxygen exhibits covalency of two only

3. (b)
(a) Correct order  Ca2+ > K+ > Cl– > S2– (Ionisation energy)
For isoelectronic species (I.E.  Zeff )
(b) Correct order  C < N < F < O (2nd I.E.)
Second electron removal form oxygen requires more energy as it acquired stable 2s 2 2 p3
configuration after removal of one electron.
(c) Correct order  B > Al > In > Ga > Al (Electronegativity)
In general EN increases in boron family from top to bottom due to increase in Zeff on valence
shell while boron has highest E.N. due to its vary small size.
(d) Correct order  Na+ > Li+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Be2+ (Ionic radius)
Ionic radius depends on Zeff and number of shells.

4. (d)
(i) [Kr]5s1, shows only single oxidation state +1
(ii) [Rn]5 f 14 6d 1 7s 2 , it is f-block element (Z = 103)
(iii) The compound formed between I and III is ionic.
(iv) [Ar]3d 6 4s 2 , (Z = 26) Fe shows variable oxidation state.

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5. (c)
Possible elements Period number Group number Electronic configuration
(i) H 1 1 1s 1
(ii) Be 2 2 1s 2 2s 2

6. (b)
As value of n increases, energy gap decreases due to increasing Z eff . on valence shell.

7. (c)
Atomic radius increases from top to bottom because number of shell increases down the group.

8. (b)
(a) [Ar]3d 5 4s1  Cr(24)  4th period, 6th group
(b) [Kr]4d 10  Pd(46)  5th period, 10th group
(c) [Rn]6d 2 7s 2  Th(90)  7th period, 3rd group
(d) [Xe]4 f 14 5d 2 6s 2  Hf(72)  6th period, 4th group

9. (a)
Correct order : La3+ > Gd3+ > Eu3+ > Lu3+

10. (d)
Second ionization energy is amount of energy required to take out an electron from the monopositive
cation.
M+(g)  M2+(g) + e–

11. (d)
A  H(1s1 )
B  He(1s 2 )
C  Li(1s 2 2s1 )
A1  IE1  A B2  IE 2  B 
B1  IE1 ( B) C2  IE2 (C )
C1  IE1 (C ) C3  IE3 (C )
B1  A1  C1 C3  B2  A1 C3  C2  C1
He  H  Li 2+
Li He H +
Li2+ Li+ Li+
1s2 1s1 2s1 1s1 1s1 1s1 1s2 1s2 2s1

12. (d)
(a) Se4  
I.E.1
 Se3 
I.E.2
 Se22 As3  
I.E.1
 As2 
I.E.2
 As 21 
4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p
 2  2
(b) C 
 C 1 
C 2 I.E.2
N 
 N 2 
N 1
2 p2 2p 2s 2 p3 2p 2p
 2 3 
(c) F 
 F 4 
I.E.1
 F 3 
F I.E.2 I.E.3
O   O22 
 O 3 
I.E.1 I.E.3
 O3
I.E.2
2 p5 2p 2p 2 p4 2p 2p

(d) In respective period, noble gases have highest I.E.

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13. (c)
R is p-block element, because difference between IE2 and IE3 is not very high as compared to
between IE1 and IE2; hence stable oxidation state of R will be higher than +2.

14. (b)
In the isoelectronic species, all isoelectronic anions belong to the same period and cations to the next
period.

15. (d)
Order of electron gain enthalpy : Cl > F > O
Second electron gain enthalpy for an element is always positive.

16. (a)
The electronegativity difference between M1 and O is 0.1, which indicates M1 – O bond will be
covalent, since O–H bond having more ionic character thus bond will break and H+ ions will release
and acidic solution is formed. Whereas difference between electronegativity of M2 – O bond is 2.3,
thus, M2 – OH bond will break. Hence, solution will be basic in nature.

17. (a)
I.E. + E.A. = 275 + 86 = 361 kcal mol–1
= 361  4.184 = 1510.42 kJ mol–1
1510.42
 Electronegativity   2.797  2.8
540

 One or More than One Option Correct

1. (a, b, c, d)
(A) S is more stable than O 
  E.A S   E.A O
(B) Zeff increases.
(C)  E.A Cl   E.A F
(D) ‘As’ belongs to nitrogen family, so it has half filled subshell.

2. (b, d)
Argon (Ar) has stable configuration.

3. (a, b, c, d)
Isotopes have same atomic number.

4. (a, c, d)
1 1
(A) Zeff  E.A 
size size
1
(CD) I.E  .
size
For isoelectronic species
rcation  ratom  ranion .

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5. (c, d)
1
Zeff 
size

6. (b, d)
As oxidation state increases acidic strength increases.

7. (a, b, c)
Greater energy is required to remove electrons having lower value of n.

8. (b)
 I.E 3   I.E 2
+2 oxidation state of metal is more stable.

9. (b)
Cl has large size which results in less electronic repulsion and high electron affinity

10. (a)
X  Ne :1s2 2s3 2p6 .

11. (a)
For oxides, if electronegativity difference between elements increases, acid strength of different
elements decreases. As positive change on any element increases, electronegativity increases.

12. (a, b, c, d)
Due to poor shielding effect of electron in f – orbital, is rNb  rTa

13. (a, b, c)
Halogens has most electron gain enthalpy. Alkaline earth metal has oxidation state  2 

14. (a, b, c, d)
1
I.E 
size
Along period half – filled shell stability is considered

15. (b)
Compounds of Mn oxidation state of Mn.
MnO2 +4
KMnO4 +7
MnO +2
As oxidation state increase size of atom decreases.

16. (a, b, c, d)
1
I.E 
size
Metallic radii > covalent radii

17. (c)
Due to inert pair effect

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18. (c)
Fe is transition element.

19. (a, b, c)
The difference between the I. P is very large when there is change in no. of shell

20. (a, b, c)
1
I.E  along a period, I. E increases.
size
 I.E1 Na   I.E1 4
21. (d)
1
Ionic mobility 
Hydrated radius
charge
Hydrated radius 
size

22. (a, b, c, d)
Down the 14th group, stability +4 oxidation state decreases as +2 increases.
For Pb : Pb2  Pb4

23. (a, c, d)
Exceptional configuration of Cr & Cu.

24. (b)
M   g   280 Kcal 
 M 2  g   e 

25. (a, b, c)
Fe = Co = N; Increase in atomic number is balanced by increase in repulsion between electrons.
Ni < Cu < Zn Increase in Zeff is overcome by electronic repulsion and size increases.

26. (b, c, d)
d & f block element are between s & p block.

 Comprehension Type

1. (d)
Metals undergo oxidation easily
So I.E should be less.

2. (d)
Non – metals undergo reduction easily.
So | EA | should be high.

3. (d)
High ionisation energy.

4. (d)
For E (I. E1) is less than others.

5. (a)
If difference in two successive Ionisation energy is less than higher oxidation state is more stable.
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6. (c)
E.A. for noble gas is positive.

7. (c)
2 12
2  22
2  22
2  32
;
;
;
For 10th
Period 2  62  72

8. (c)
For 2e  in each orbital maximum element in 4th shell is 18.
18
For 3e in each orbital   3  27
2
Elements in 4th shell.

9. (d)
General electronic configuration of outer most shell of f – block element is
 n  2  f 114  n  1 d 01ns 2
10. (c)
For any shell / orbit no. ‘n’ maximum electron in it is 2n 2 .
n 1
Maximum no. of possible elements in nature  2n
n 1
2

n
 2 n 2
n 1

1
 2  n  n  1 2n  1
6
1
 n  n  1 2n  1
3

11. (b)
  a z  b
  a z  b
2

12. (d)
For Li : 4  a 3  b 
3 108  a  3  b  ……. (1)
For Na :  Na  a  z  b 
4 108  a 11  b  …………… (2)
(2) ……….. (1)
108  8a
1
a   108
8
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 32  11  b
b  21
For K
1
  108  40 
8
  25 1016 Hz

13. (b)
E  h
 6.626 1034 12 1016
 7.92 1017 J .

14. (d)
As electronegativity difference between element increases, acidic strength of oxide is decreases &
vice versa for basic strength.

15. (d)
As electronegativity difference between element increases, acidic strength of oxide is decreases &
vice versa for basic strength.

16. (d)
All are amphoteric.

17. (d)
SO2 is an acidic oxide.

18. (a)
Covalent radius (single bonded) is given.

19. (b)
rx    rx metallic   rx covalent  rx 

20. (c)
rx    rx metallic   rx covalent  rx 

 Matrix Match:

1. As 19 K :  Ar  4s1
Br 22 Ti :  Ar  4s 2 3d 2
Cp 32 Ge :  Ar  4s 2 3d10 4p 2
Dq 64 Gd :54  Xe 6s 2 5d1 4f 7

2. A  p,q,r 3 Li :1s 2 2s1

B  p,q,r 36  Kr  5s1
C  p,q 56 Ba :  Xe  6s
2

D  p, q, s 88 Ra :  Rn  7s
2

3. Ap 15 P :  Ne 3s 2 3p3

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 B  p,q,s 31 Ga :  Ar  4s 2 3d10 3p1
C  p,q,r 35 Br :  Ar  4s 2 3d10 3p5
D  p,r 85 At :  Xe 6s 2 4f 14 5d10 6p5

4. A  p,s   n  n  2 B.M n: no. of unpaired electron

B  p, s   0  diamagnetic
C  p, r
Dq   0  paramagnetic

5. A  p,q,r 60 Nd :  Xe 6s 2 5d1 4f 3

B  p, s 92 U :  Rn  7s 2 6d1 5f 3
C  p, s 90 Th :  Rn  7s 2 6d1 5f 1
D  p,s 100 Fm or 100 Uun :  Rn  7s 2 6d1 5f 11

6. A  4; B  3; C  1; D  2
20 : [Ar] 4s2
23 : [Ar] 4s2
2
3d3
31 : [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1
64 : [Xe] 6s2 5d1 4f7

7. A  2; B  1; C  4; D  3
ns1-2 or ns2 np0-6 : Main group elements (s & p-block elements)
1s2 or ns2 np6 : Inert gas element
(n – 2)f14 (n –1) d1, ns2 : Inner transition elements (last electron enters into f-orbital)
(n –1)d1 – 9 ns2 : Transition elements (last electron enters into d-orbital)

8. A  3; B  4; C  1; D  2
Cs : Alkali metal
As : Metalloid
Ca : Alkaline earth metals
Ru : Radioactive element

 Integer type:

1. (1)
  n  n  2  1.732  3
n 1

2. (4)
Maximum oxidation state shown by any element is equal to the number of valence electrons

3. (6)
Same as above.

4. (4)
Amphoteric oxide are Al2O3 , PbO2 , SnO2 &BeO

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1. For isoelectronic species, atomic radii of more negatively charged species > neutral
atom > cationic species

2. Anionic radii > atomic radii

For atomic radii ; vanderwall radii > covalent radii
 II  I  III

3. Down the group shielding effect decreases.

4. (a) Ni2+ < Cu2+ < Zn2+

(b) For isoelectronic species
Anion > atom > cation
 F– > Ne > Na+

5. Ca 2  Ar  Cl  S2 (Isoelectronic species)

6. Al3  Mg2  Li  K

 0
 0
 0
 0

 0.51A  0.66 A  0.68 A  1.33A 
    

 I.P Na

Na   Na   e
Na 
7.
 E.A 
| I.P of Na| = |E.A of Na+|

8. After first ionization, alkali metals achieves a noble gas configurations so, IP2  IP1 .
Since it is true for alkaline earth metal after 2nd ionization.
(I.P)3 >> (I.P)2

9. It is difficult to remove s-orbital electron compared to p-orbital electron.

10. Poor shielding effect of 4f subshell.

11. Mg  Mg+ + e–
1 1
mole mole
24 24
Mg+  Mg2+ + e–
1
 x mole x mole
24
1
 710  x 1450  50
24
1450x  50  30.83  19.17
19.17
x
1450
x
% of Mg2+ =  100
1 24
= 2400x
19.17
 240   31.73%
1450
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 
e
12. 6 C :1s2 2s2 2p2 
1.P1
C :1s 2 2s 2 2p1
6

More zeff 1.P2  e

6 C2 :1s 2 2s 2
 
e  e 2
5 B :1s 2 2s 2 2p1 
1.P   B :1s 2s 
2 2
1.P   B :1s 2s
2 1
1 5 2 4
Less Zeff than fully filled
6C 2s orbital i.e stable
Configuration.

 I.P   I.P   I.P 

13. 4 Be :1s 2 2s 2 
1
 4 Be  :1s 2 2s1 2
 4 Be 2 :1s 2 
3
 4 Be3 :1s1
Inert gas configuration.
 I.P   I.P   I.P 
5 B :1s 2 2s 2 2p1 
1
 5 B :1s 2 2s 2 
2
 5 B2  :1s 2 2s1 
3
 5B3 :1s 2
Inert gas configuration.

14.  I.P1 Cu   I.P 1 Zn

 I.P2 Cu   I.P2  Zn .
15. Be has fulfilled 2s subshell while N has half filled 2p subshell which are comparatively stable than
Be  & N

16. Na  g   F  g  
 Na   g   F   g 
H  5.4eV  3.4eV
 2eV atom
H  2eV atom
 2 1.6 1019  6.023 1023 J mol
2 1.6 10 19  6.023 10 23
 Kcal mol
4.2  103
 45.88Kcal mol .

328
17. no. of moles of F ionized 
1681
328
no. of F – atoms ionized  NA
1681

18. In bonding electron of different subshell can participate.

1 1 E.A I.P
19. x   x  x H1   
2 2 2 2
I.P E.A
  409
2 2
1  1 1
x   x   x
2 2 2
E.A I.P
  733
2 2

20. Na  Al  Mg  Si, the effect of half filled or fully filled subshell only extends upto neighbouring
element
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21. Greater the oxidation number, greater the acidic strength.

22. (I. E) K<< (I. E) Ag


e
23. F g   F  g  H eg1   ve
 2,7   2,8

e
Og  Og Heg1  ve

e
O g   O2 Heg2   ve
H eg 2  H eg1

2e
O   O 2  H eg   ve

24. Diagonal relationship between Li and Mg.

25. Due to inert pair effect

 T 1 is more stable than T 3
.

26. Because it can loose  n  1 d as well as ns electrons

1. (a, d)
NO  neutral
B2O3  Acidic
CrO  Basic
All other oxides are amphoteric.

 Assertion and reasoning

2. (c)
Additional e  are repelled more effectively by 2e  in F than 3pe in Cl.

3. (c)
2p  2  1  3 is more in energy than 2s  2  0  2  orbital.

4. (c)
The lower oxidation states are more stable due to inert pair effect.

 Fill in the Blanks

5. Electron gain enthalpy

I.E  E.A
6. Electronegativity    
2

7. Higher Zeff
As p e increases Zeff increases.

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8. Inert pair effect

 T/F

9. (T)
Density of alkali metal decreases down the group.

10. (F)
Less ionization potential means more reducing agent.

11. (F)
E. A. Cl  F  Br .

12. (F)
X M  XO increases down the group, so basic nature increases.

 Integer Value Answer

13. (9)
By observing the values of ionization enthalpy for atomic number (n + 2), it is observed that I2 >> I1.
Which shows that number of valence shell electrons is 1 for atomic number (n + 2). Therefore
element with atomic number (n + 2) should be an alkali metal.
For atomic number (n + 3, I3 >> I2, which shows that it will be an alkaline earth metal. All the
observations suggests that atomic number (n + 1) should be a noble gas and atomic number (n)
should belong to halogen family. Since n < 10; hence n = 9.

14. (2)
Fluorine generally shows 0 and –1 oxidation states while sodium shows 0 and +1 oxidation state.

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