FILTER
系級:電機系大二
姓名:蕭宇辰
學號:111511189
桌號:待定
◥ Exercise 1: Ideal and Non-Ideal Op Amp
(1) Assume using the ideal Op Amp; determine the voltage gain AV of the circuit shown in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Non-inverting Amplifier
(vO – vI) / 100k = vI/ / 1k
AV = vO / vI = 101 V/V #
(2) Assume using the non-ideal Op Amp with limited gain and limited bandwidth, and the
transfer function is shown below. (optional)
Av 0
AOL=
( 1+ j
ω
ω0 )
According to the equation, please determine the gain and the bandwidth of the circuit shown
in Fig. 1. (Note that the Op Amp is not ideal, so the three principles of an ideal Op Amp may
not apply.)
(3) For vi = 1 V, simulate the frequency response (ac simulation from 10 Hz to 500 kHz) of
circuit in Fig. 1. For the 741, let Av0 = 200,000 V/V and f3dB = 5 Hz as theoretical value.
Plot the SPICE (with magnitude and phase response) to find the Av0 and f3dB from 741
MODEL.
AOL = 40dB = 100V/V
f3dB = 9.987kHz
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(4) For vi = 10 mV sine wave of 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz. Simulate the transient response
(transient simulation) of circuit in Fig. 1.
1 kHz:
10 kHz:
2
100 kHz:
(5) Please use the attached LM741.asc to implement circuit (Fig.1) for simulation (3) (4)
again, try to understand the difference of discrete LM741 circuits and LM741 IC
Model. (optional)
discrete LM741 circuits:
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LM741 IC Model:
the difference of discrete LM741 circuits and LM741 IC Model have different amplified
magnitude. The discrete LM741 circuits has magnitude of 40dB(100V/V) and the LM741
IC Model has magnitude of 20dB(10V/V).
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◥ Exercise 2: Integrator and Differentiator
The relationship of the voltage and the current of a capacitor is shown below:
dV
I =C
dt
(1) According to this equation, please prove and explain why is the circuit shown in Fig. 2 (a)
called the integrator and the why is the circuit shown in Fig. 2 (b) called the differentiator.
(a) Integrator (b) Differentiator
Fig. 2
Integrator:
vI(t) / R1 = - C d vo( t)
dt
vO(t) = - −1 ∫ vI ( t ) dt
R1C
Differentiator:
C d v I (t ) = - −vo (t)
dt Rf
vO(t) = -RfC d vI (t)
dt
(2) What are the functions of R1 and Rf in the circuit and what are the limitations do they
have? (Hint: draw out the frequency response figure and compare them to those of an
ideal integrator and an ideal differentiator.)
The limitation gain will be Rf/R1, since when the capacitor is charged it will discharged due to
the existence of the feedback resistor Rf. Therefore, form a limitation.
(3) Simulate the frequency response (ac simulation from 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz) of circuit in Fig.
2. Plot the SPICE as well as theoretical value (with magnitude and phase response).
Integrator:
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f3dB: 31.93Hz
Differentiator:
f3dB: 2.53kHz, 12.40kHz
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(4) For vi = 10 mV sine wave of 3.183 Hz, 31.83 Hz and 318.3 Hz. Simulate the transient
response (transient simulation) of circuit in Fig. 2 (a).
3.183Hz:
31.83 Hz:
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318.3 Hz:
According to the frequency response we plot in (3) we found that f3dB = 31.93Hz. Thus,
the frequency of the input sine wave which is far higher than f3dB will not be correctly
amplified in 100V/V(40dB).
(5) For vi = 10 mV sine wave of 318.3 Hz, 3183 Hz and 31830 Hz. Simulate the transient
response (transient simulation) of circuit in Fig. 2 (b).
318.3 Hz:
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3183 Hz:
31830 Hz:
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According to the frequency response we plot in (3) we found that f3dB = 2.53kHz and
12.40kHz. Thus, the frequency of the input sine wave outside this interval and far away
will not be correctly amplified in 100V/V(40dB).
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◥ Exercise 3: Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
1st-order LPF
Please use the s-domain resistor format to get the transfer function of the circuit shown in Fig.
3 (a) in R1, Rf, and C. The impact of R2 can be ignored. According to the given values of
capacitors and resistors, put them into the transfer function and determine f3dB and Av0 of the
circuit.
w0 = 1 / RfC = 6.67k
vI / R1 = - vO / (Rf || 1 )
sC
vO /vI =- (Rf / R1) / (1 + s / w0)
=> -1/(1 + s/6.67k)
f3dB = 1061.03Hz
Av0 = -1 V/V
2nd-Order LPF
(1) According to the given values of the capacitors and resistors in Fig. 3 (b), determine the
f0 (namely fn resonant frequency for Quadratic Poles) and AV0 of this 2nd-order LPF.
(optional)
f0 = 1 = 1006.584Hz
2∗p i∗√ R 1∗R 2∗C 1∗C 2
AV0 = 1V/V
(2) Calculate the f3dB value. (optional)
Suppose the damping ratioζ= 1/√ 2, f3dB = f0 = 1006.584Hz
(3) Simulate the frequency response (ac simulation from 10 Hz to 10 kHz) of circuit in Fig. 3.
Plot the SPICE as well as theoretical value (with magnitude and phase response).
1st-order LPF:
Av0 ≈ -1(0dB)
f3dB = 1.058kHz (coincide with 1061.03Hz we compute above)
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2nd-order LPF:
Av0 ≈ -1(0dB)
f3dB = 1.11kHz
(4) For vi = 10 mV sine wave of 106.1 Hz, 1061 Hz and 10610 Hz. Simulate the transient
response (transient simulation) of circuit in Fig. 2 (a).
106.1Hz:
12
1061Hz:
10610Hz:
13
According to the f3dB of 1st LPF the input sine wave whose frequency is far higher f3dB =
1.058kHz will not be amplified correctly.
(5) For vi = 10 mV sine wave of 100.65 Hz, 1006.5 Hz and 10065 Hz. Simulate the transient
response (transient simulation) of circuit in Fig. 2 (b).
100.65 Hz:
1006.5 Hz:
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10065 Hz:
Same reason, the input wave will be correctly amplified under f3dB = 1.11kHz only.
(a) 1st-order LPF (b) 2nd-order LPF
Fig. 3
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◥ Preview 4.0: Keyword Explanation of Virtual Instrument for Analog
Discovery 2
1. Analog Discovery 2 and WaveForms software (for new students)
2. Virtual Instrument and Soft Front Panel (for new students)
3. Hardware Driver and Application Programming Interface (API) (optional)
Hardware Drivers are specific types of software that allow operating systems to
communicate and operate with hardware devices.
APIs specify how software components should interact. They can be used for
different types of software applications, not just for accessing hardware devices
but also for accessing web services, databases, and other resources.
4. Network Analyzer and Bode Plot
Network Analyzer feature is particularly valuable for analyzing the frequency
response of electronic circuits. Also, generate Bode plots and evaluate the
performance of circuits in terms of bandwidth, gain, and filtering characteristics.
By providing a clear graphical representation, the Bode plot feature helps in
understanding the behavior of a circuit at different frequencies, making it easier to
design, test, and troubleshoot electronic systems.
5. Spectrum Analyzer and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
The Spectrum Analyzer functionality of the Analog Discovery 2 allows users to
analyze the frequency spectrum of electrical signals. It is particularly useful for
observing the spectral content of signals, identifying dominant frequencies, noise
levels, harmonics, and other characteristics.
The FFT functionality within the Analog Discovery 2 is a powerful tool for
converting time-domain signals into their frequency-domain representation.
◥ Preview 4.1: Specification of Analog Discovery 2 (for new students)
Please refer the reference to distinguish the difference between Analog Discovery 2
and usual laboratory instrument.
https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/instrumentation/analog-discovery-2/
reference-manual
Oscilloscope Analog Discovery 2 Laboratory Instrument
Voltage range of analog in
Input impedance (Rin)
Maximum sampling rate
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(optional)
Bandwidth
Others
Function Generator Analog Discovery 2 Laboratory Instrument
Voltage range of analog out
Output impedance (Rout) NA
Maximum update rate
(optional)
Bandwidth
Others
Power Supply Analog Discovery 2 Laboratory Instrument
Output voltage
Maximum output power
Others
Digital Multimeter Analog Discovery 2 Own handy multimeter
Voltage Range
Current Range NA
Resistance Range NA
Others
The total power available for the power supplies, analog outputs, and digital outputs is
limited 500 mW (typical).
◥ Preview 4.2: Connection of Analog Discovery 2
Refer the following figure and table of MyDAQ connection, and notices for
preventing damage the instrument.
1. Please configure the connection of pinout for the measurement of Oscilloscope,
Function Generator, Power Supply and Multimeter, respectively. (for new students)
Configure Pinout with
Reference (GND)
Oscilloscope
Function
Generator
Power
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Supply
Multimeter
2. Please configure the connection of Signal Name for the measurement of Network
Analyzer (Bode Plot) and Spectrum Analyzer (FFT), respectively.
Configure Pinout with Reference (GND)
Nework Analyzer Connect scope ch.1 and ch.2 positive to the positive side of
(Bode Plot) resistor and capacitor, then connect ch.1 and ch.2 negative to
the negative side of two components and ground of AD2.
Lastly, connect wave generator to the positive side of two
components.
Spectrum Analyzer Connect the scope ch.1 positive to waveform generator 1 and
(FFT) connect the scope ch.1 negative to the ground.
Using the Network Analyzer
https://reference.digilentinc.com/learn/instrumentation/tutorials/ad2-network-analyzer/start
Using the Spectrum Analyzer
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https://reference.digilentinc.com/learn/instrumentation/tutorials/ad2-spectrum-analyzer/start
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Reference Configuration of MyDAQ
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