2017

SECTION A

Answer one question in this question

Fig. 1 shows a mercury barometer.

Fig. 1

(i) Write E, F and G as a list and name the parts labeled. (3)

-E. Glass tube

-F. Container
-G. Mercury

(ii) Describe how the mercury barometer works. (3)

-When pressure increases

-Force of mercury rises along the glass tube (to high pressure).
-(to compensate for the additional pressure exerted on the exposed mercury)
-When pressure decreases
-Less force is exerted on the mercury in the container
-Mercury column in the glass tube drops ( to low pressure)

(b) Fig. 2 shows the influence of altitude on air pressure.

 (i) Give two factors other than altitude, which causes air pressure to differ from one place
another. (2)
-Temperature
-Latitude
-Earth’s rotation

(ii) With the aid of Fig. 2, explain how altitude influences air pressure. (4)

-Pressure is high at low altitudes/ low at high altitude

-At low altitudes air is denser
-More molecules are exerting force in denser air
-Greater pressure is felt
-At high altitude air is less dense
-Molecules move further apart
-Less pressure is left

i. (c) Name the type of rainfall that is associated with the presence of mountains. (1)

-Relief/ orographic rainfall

ii. With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain why more rainfall occurs on the windward side of
mountains. (6)

-Warm moist air is forced to rise over a mountain

-Expanding, pressure decreases
-Cooling
-Saturation point/ dew point
-Condensation
-Precipitation/ rain fall

(d) Explain how the climatic conditions in hot deserts affect human activities. (6)
-Low rainfall- low crop production
-Extreme temperatures- low crop production
-Low rainfall / less livestock diseases- more pastoral farming
-Low rainfall- nomadic hunting and gathering
-Low rainfall- irrigation along water sources
-Low rainfall – camels as mode of transports

[Total: 25]
2 (a) Fig. 3 shows landforms at a plate margin.

i. Write A,B and C as list and name the features labeled. (3)

-A. Fold Mountains

-B. Trench / subduction zone
-C. subduction zone/ Trench

ii. Describe the characteristics of lava that formed the volcano Fig.3. (3)

-Acidic
-Viscous/ Thick
-High silica content
-Light in colour
-High melting point
-Low density
-Travels slowly/ covers short distance
-Erupts violently/ Pyroclastic flow
-Steep slopes

iii. Describe how volcanoes occur at a destructive plate margin. (5)

-Collide/ Compression
-Faulting
-Pressure builds up, pressure released
-Magma rises through a vent
-Eruptions occur
Lava flow and accumulates

(b)
 The most impressive rift valley system in the world is in the eastern part of Africa, Known as the
Great Rift Valley of East Africa. It cuts through several countries.

i. Name two countries in Africa where rift valleys are found. (2)

-Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania

-Kenya, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi

ii. With the aid of a labeled diagram, explain how a rift valley may have been formed. (6)
-Compression or Tension
-Parallel faults develop Parallel faults develop
-Crust on Outside of faults rise. Middle block subsides
-Rift valley forms Rift valley forms
iii. Explain how a rift valley may influence human activities. (6)
-Beautiful scenery for tourism
-Fertile soils for arable farming
-Pastures for livestock
-Minerals for mining
-Forests for lumbering
-Lake for water supply/ HEP/ Irrigation/ Fishing
-Hot springs and/ geysers for geothermal energy

[Total: 25]
 Section B

Answer one question in this section.

3 (a) A high percentage of Botswana’s water is from groundwater sources.

i. State two examples of groundwater sources that are used in Botswana. [2]

-Boreholes
-Wells
-Springs

ii. Describe four challenges that are associated with the use of groundwater in Botswana. [4]

-Expensive to drill
-Deep aquifers/ deep water tables
-Low recharged rate
-Polluted/ pollution
-Hitting blanks / lack of technology
-Salty/ saline

(b) Rural areas in Botswana generally have lower water consumptions than Urban areas

i. Explain why the use of water in rural areas is low [5]

-Small population- low demand

-Few industries- low demand
-Low standard of living – few activities that need water
-Few infrastructural developments- low demand
-Less irrigation- low demand
-Few services-low demand
-Limited supply – small amount of water used

ii. Suggest five difficulties that the government may face in an effort to provide water in the
country. (5)

-Shortage of capital/ Machinery

-Shortage /lack of skills
-Vandalism of water infrastructure
-Land use conflicts, poor planning
-Population increases
-Abundant water sources are far from the main demand Centre’s
-Water sources are internationally shared

(c) Rangelands are in a state of decline in Botswana

 i. State four human factors that cause rangeland degradation. [4]

-Deforestation
-Overharvesting of thatch grass
-Over fires
-Veld fires

ii. Explain how the community might help reduce rangeland degradation [5]

-Ranching/ fencing
-Supplementary feeding
-Controlled stocking rate
-Paddocking / rotational grazing
-Education/ research
-Zero grazing
-Construction of fire breaks
-Afforestation
-Seeding

4. (a) Morupule Power Station is a coal fired power station , located on the outskirts of Palapye in
Botswana . it uses coal from adjacent Morupule Colliery and provides about 80% of the country’s
domestic power generation.

i. Describe four factors that influenced the location of Morupule Power Station. [4]

-Nearness to Morupule colliery

-Availability of large, flat land
-Availability of water from Paje boreholes
-Availability of labour from neighbouring
-Villages like Palapye and Serowe
-Availability larger named market
-Accessibility through road and rail transport

ii. Explain how electricity is produced from coal. [4]

-Coal is burnt
-Burning coal boils water
-Water changes into steam
-Steam drives the turbines
-Generator produces electricity

iii. Suggest how a power station such as Morupule may negatively affect people living near it. [4]
-Pollution
-Risk of respiration diseases/ risk to people’s health
-Exposed to high voltage transformers
-Relocation for expansion/ land use conflicts/ competition for land
-Risk / danger of explosion
(b) Solar energy is another type of energy that is used in Botswana though it is not common.

i. State two uses of solar energy in Botswana. [2]

-Cooking, lighting
-Heating (water)
-Pumping (water)

ii. Describe three problems that are associated with the production of solar energy. [3]

-Fragile equipment
-Expensive equipment
-Sun rays intensity varies with season
-Limited production
-No sun no production
-Theft / vandalism

Forest Conservation Botswana (FCB) is a company that is registered by the government to manage
the Tropical Forest Conservation Fund (TFCF). The purpose of the TFCF is to fund activities designed
to conserve the forests of Botswana.

i. Suggest activities that FCB can fund in order to conserve forests. [5]

-Construction of fire breaks/ veld fire control

-Tree planting/ Afforestation
-Forest seeding
-Public education
-Conservation societies/ campaigns
-Essay competitions on conservation
-Lobbying, Research, Fencing

ii. Explain how activities funded through the TFCF can help to protect forests. [3]
-Promoting awareness / Knowledge
-Prevent spread of fires
-Encourage community involvement
-Protection of soil from erosion
-Prevent extinction/ depletion of plant species

[Total: 25]
 Section C

Answer one question in this section.

5.(a)Fig. 4 shows some commercial pastoral farms in Botswana.

i. Describe the distribution of commercial pastoral farms shown in fig. 4. (2)

-Eastern part of Botswana

-SW part of Botswana
-West part of Botswana
-South part of Botswana
-Along national boundary

ii. Give four reasons for the distribution shown in fig. 4. (4)

-Availability of pastures/ grazing land

-Few pests and diseases
-High rainfall
-Availability of water
-Near market

iii. State four problems faced by pastoral farmers in Botswana. (4)

-Far from the market
-Lack of skills/ knowledge
-Lack of capital
-Stock theft, low market prices
-Poor pastures, shortage of labour
-Overgrazing, predators, diseases
-Low/ unreliable rainfall/ Drought
 iv. Explain how pastoral farmers in Botswana may solve the problems they face.
(4)

-Financial assistance / loan/ grants

-Suggest high penalties for thieves/ branding/ ear tagging/ bolus
-Electric fences, Vaccination
-Rotational grazing / paddocking/ limiting stock rate/ fencing
-Seeding/ fertilising pastures
-Import labour/ use family labour/ manage own farm
-Drilling boreholes, Education
-Form cooperatives (to share transport costs to the market)
-Supplementary feed

(b) The majority of households in Botswana are engaged in arable farming.

i. State two outputs of subsistence arable farming in Botswana. (2)

-Maize, Sorghum, beans

ii. Describe how arable farming may have a negative effect on the environment.(3)
-Soil erosion due to continued tilling of the soil
-Deforestation/ clearing of fields leads to soil erosion/ bare soil/ loss of habitat/ imbalance in
ecosystem
-Pollution due to of fertilisers/ herbicides/ pesticides
-Salination due to use of chemicals
-Excessive use of chemicals leads to resistant weeds

iii. Explain how physical factors affect arable farming. (6)

-Little rainfall/ drought- crops die/ high rainfall- rapid growth

-Low temperatures- crops die/ high temperature crops will die
-High altitude- crops die (because of cold temperatures)/ low altitude favours plant growth
-Steep slopes- thin soils for crops/ flat land favours use of machinery/ water runs down slope
too fast
-Fertile soils-rapid growth/ poor soils crops die because of lack of nutrients
-Flat land- which favours the use of machinery
-Poor water holding capacity- crops die
[Total: 25]

6. (a)Fig. 5 shows total tourist arrivals in Botswana from 2000 to 2011.

 i. State two years, between 2005 and 2010, which experienced a decline in the number of tourists.
(2)

-2006
-2009

ii. Describe the benefits of tourism to country such as Botswana. (6)

-Conservation
-Foreign exchange
-Government revenue
-Creation of employment
-Economic diversification
-Citizens/ locals employment
-Infrastructural development
-Market for local industries
-Attraction of other industries
-Preserve culture/ cultural exchange
-International recognition/ prestige

iii. Explain how Botswana has increased its number of tourists. (6)

-Education/ Training
-Political stability
-Government policy
 -Increased advertisement
-Improved infrastructure
-Increased/ improved tourist attractions
-Financial assistance
-Holiday packages

(b) In Botswana, most of the industries are mainly processing, hence the country‘s imports are
dominate by manufactured products, especially from South Africa.

i. State the difference between processing and manufacturing industries. (2)

-Processing industries are those involved in cleaning or refining of raw materials into finished
products that resemble raw materials used.
-Manufacturing industries are those involved in changing raw material into a totally different
end product

ii. Describe the problems associated with dependence on imported goods. (3)

-No control over prices/ Expensive goods

-Lack of control over quality of goods
-Risk of spread of diseases
-May be a dumping site for poor quality goods
-Never sure of continued supply/ supply might be stopped if there is high demand in country of
origin.
-Political unrest/ industrial strikes in country of origin affect supply

iii. Suggest why there is slow growth of manufacturing industries in Botswana. (6)

-Small raw material base

-Small domestic market
-Shortage of water
-Shortage/ expensive power
-Lack of skilled manpower
-Lack of capital
-Land locked
-Lack of political will/ delaying government policy
-Competition with big foreign companies
-Lack infrastructure
-Late discovery of minerals
[Total: 25]

Section D
 Answer one question in this section.

7 (a) Fig. 6 shows a Demographic Transition model

i. State the stage where both dearth rate and birth rate are:

High: -BR and DR – stage 1

Low: -Low BR and DR – stage 4

(2)

ii. Describe the trend of the total population at each of the four stages of the model. (4)

-Stage 1- Fluctuating/ constant

2-(Rapidly) increasing
3-Increasing
4-Fluctuating/ constant

iii. Give four reasons why birth rate is declining in stage 3. (4)

-Contraceptives/ family planning

-Education
-Desire for material possession
-Women employment
-Late marriages
-Declined infant mortality rate

iv. Describe the challenges that countries in stage 4 experienced. (4)

-The benefit leading to rising taxes

-Ageing population
-Decline in labour force
-Underutilised resources/ services
-Government to provide welfare / pensions
-Illegal immigration
-Pressure on health care services/ old age diseases
-Pressure on social services

(b) Some areas of the world are densely population.

i. Define population. (1)

-The number of people in a place / area per km2

ii. Describe factors that may lead to a high population density. (4)

-Industrialisation
-Availability of minerals
-Flat land
-Communication and transport network
-Fertile soils
-Agricultural production
-Availability of water
-Government policy
-Suitable climate
-Few pests and diseases
iii. Suggest problems that may be experienced in densely populated areas. (6)

-Overcrowding
-Shortage of housing
-Environment degradation/ soil erosion (Accept examples)
-Poor sanitation
-Pollution
-Shortage of health facilities
-Shortage of education facilities
-Traffic congestion
-Spread of diseases, squatter settlement
-Social ills, crime, unemployment
-Pressure on natural resources
[Total: 25]
 8 (a) Figs. 7A and 7B show land use change in a settlement.

i. State the main function of the settlement in:

Fig. 7A

-Agriculture

Fig. 7B (2)

-Industrial

ii. State three factors which may have influenced the location of the residential areas in Fig 7B. (3)

-Road
-River
-Plantations
 -Flat land
-Industries
-Park/ open space

iii. Using evidence from Figs. 7A and 7B describe the land use changes that have taken place. (5)

-Plantations replaced by industries, residential, park telecoms

-Swap replaced by industries, residential, park
-Hills are replaced by industries/ open space
-Grass area, by telecoms, industries
-Plantation/ swap replaced by Jurong Port

iv. Suggest problems that may be brought about by the land use changes that have taken place in
the settlements. (4)

-Pollution
-Resettlement
-Reduction in agricultural production
-Land use conflicts/ shortage of land for other uses
-Traffic congestion
-Destruction of ecosystem/ natural environment
-Rural- urban migration
-Flooding
-Overcrowding

(b) There are different reasons for the development of Urban areas in Botswana.

i. Name any three urban areas in Botswana and explain with different reasons, why each was
established. (6)

-Gaborone- administration centre

-Lobatse- commercial centre
-Jwaneng/ orapa/ selebi phikwe/ Francistown- exploitation of minerals/ mining
-Ghazi- agriculture

ii. Suggest reasons why some people prefer to live in urban areas. (5)
-Better service
-Better living standards
-Bright lights
-Employment opportunities
-Market opportunities
-Better infrastructure

[Total: 25]