Reviewer For DIASS

Applied Social Sciences

Social Sciences
- Scientific studies that investigate human societies and the different forces

Disciplines
- Set of lens

Disciplines

Economics - allocation of scarce resources,

production, and exchange of goods
and services

Anthropology - scientific study of humans and their

cultures in the past and present time

History - systematic study of human past event

in order to understand the meaning,
dynamics, and relationship of the
causes and effect of events in the
development of societies

Political Science - studies human behavior in relation to

political systems, governments, laws,
and international relations.

Psychology - studies how the human mind works in

consonance with the body to produce
thought that lead to individual actions.

Sociology - systematic study of people's behavior

in groups.

Geography - study of the interaction between

people and their environments.

Demography - scientific study of human populations

across time.

Applied Social Sciences

- Practical Application

Disciplines
 Counseling Social Work Communication

- guidance, help and - interact and - importance of

support understand social balance, objective,
- psychological realities truthful and creative
methods - improve their rendering of the news
individual and - inform the public
collective well-being - changing demands of
- social issues the viewers

Counseling
art, science

● Art - flexible and creative process

● Science - discerning and possesses skills objective
● Practical Terms - asks for help and permits another person to enter

Counseling As a Profession

Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004

- an integrated approach

American Counseling Association

- empowers diverse individuals, families and groups

GOALS
- utilize their prevailing social skills and problem-solving skills cultivate new surviving and
coping skills

Development Goals - assist in meeting or advancing the

client's human growth and
development including social,
personal, emotional, cognitive, and
physical wellness

Preventive Goals - helps the client avoid some

undesired outcome

Enhancement Goals - enhance special skills and abilities

Remedial Goals - assisting a client to overcome and

treat an undesirable development
 Exploratory Goals - examining options, testing of skills,
trying new different activities

Reinforcement Goals - helps client in recognizing that

what they are doing, thinking, and
feeling is fine

Cognitive Goals - involves acquiring the basic

foundation of learning and
cognitive skills

Physiological Goals - involves acquiring the basic

understanding and habits for good
health

Psychological Goals - aids in developing good social

interaction skills, learning
emotional control, and developing
positive self-concept

Goals McLeod (2023)

Insight - Understanding of the origins and

development of emotional difficulties

Relating with others - Becoming better able to form and

maintain meaningful and satisfying
relationships with other people

Self-Awareness - Becoming more aware of thoughts

and feelings that had been blocked off
or denied

Self-Acceptance - Ability to acknowledge areas of

experience that had been the subject
of self-criticism and rejection

Self-Actualization - Moving in the direction of fulfilling

potential or achieving an integration of
previously conflicting parts of self

Enlightenment - Assisting the client to arrive at a

higher state of spiritual awakening

Problem Solving - Finding a solution to a specific

problem that the client had not been
able to resolve alone and acquiring a
general competence in problem
solving
 Psych Education - Enabling the client to acquire ideas
and techniques with which to
understand and control behavior

Acquisition of Social Skills - Learning and mastering social and

international skills such as
maintenance of eye contact, turn-
taking in conversations,
assertiveness, or anger control

Cognitive Change - The modification or replacement of

irrational beliefs or maladaptive
thought patterns associated with self-
destructive behavior

Behavior Change - The modification or replacement of

maladaptive or self-destructive
patterns of behavior

Systemic Change - Introducing change into the way in

that social systems operate

Empowerment - Working on skills, awareness, and

knowledge that will enable the client to
take control of his or her own life

Restitution - Helping the client to make amends for

previous destructive behavior

Generativity - Inspiring in the person a desire and

capacity to care for others

Values
- what we believe in, what are important to us
- We believe in certain ways

Action

Ethical Principles

1) Autonomy of Individuals
- right to freedom of action, freedom to choice

2) Principles of Nonmaleficence
- do no harm

3) Principles of Justice
 - fair distribution

4) Principles of Fidelity
- loyalty, reliability

Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

Roles and Functions of Counselors

Gibson & Mitchell (2003)

- trained and licensed

Individual Assessment
- Identify the characteristics and potential

Individual Counseling
- client-centered process

Group Counseling & Guidance

- means of providing organized and planned assistance

Career Assistance
- career planning and adjustment assistance

Placement & Follow-Up

- emphasis on educational placements

Referral
- helping clients find needed expert assistance

Consultation
- helping a client through a third party

Research
- empirically based data

Evaluation & Accountability

- assessing the effectiveness
- held accountable

Prevention
 - promotion of mental health social-psychological perspective

Competencies

Interpersonal Skills
- listen & communicate
- empathize
- nonverbal communication

Personal Beliefs & Attitudes

- accept
- sensitive to values

Conceptual Ability
- understand and assess

Personal Soundness
- no irrational beliefs
- tolerate strong or uncomfortable feelings

Mastery of Techniques
- assess effectiveness

Openness to Learning and Inquiry

- curious about clients backgrounds and problems

Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

Marriage & Family Counseling

- establish an encouraging relationship

Child & Adolescent Counseling

- promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intelligence

Group Counseling
- for members to learn from observing
- discover that you others have similar concerns

Career Counseling
- individuals on decisions and planning career

School Counseling
 - process of reaching out to students with concerns

Mental Health Counseling

- inventive and creative
- patience, humility, kindness, compassion.

Confidentiality

Right to Privacy
- respect a client's right to privacy avoid illegal and unwarranted disclosures

Group & Families

- define confidentiality and parameters
- without permission

Minor Incompetent Clients

- parents or guardians may be included in the counseling process as appropriate

Records
- maintain records required by laws

Research & Training

- confined to content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity

Consultation
- is discussed for professional purposes only

Professional Responsibility

Standards Knowledge
- read, understand, follow

Professional Competence
- practice only within the boundaries
- refrain from offering or accepting professional services

Clientele, Audiences, & Settings in Counseling

Special Clientele
abuse drugs, people who us used tobacco, women, older adults, people with victims of
abuse, gay men and lesbian women, and people disabilities (Gibson & Mitchell 2003)
 1) People Who Abuse Drugs
- social problems, social disintegration

2) People Who Abuse Tobacco

- difficult to stop smoking

3) Women
- appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interest

4) Older Adults
- Adjustment to busy life to retirement, loss of partner, decline of mental
capacity and mobility, loneliness, financial security

5) People with Aids

- improve their quality of life handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem

6) Victims of Abuse
- domestic violence

7) Gay Men & Lesbian Women

- victims of harassment, violence, discrimination and isolation

Work Settings

● School - preventive interventions developmental stage

● Private Sector - full time work
● Community Setting - community, agency, and other non-school professional
situation
● Government - social welfare, health, and education

Processes, Methods, & Tools in Counseling

Processes in Counseling
- It is an ART and SCIENCE

Six Stages in Counseling

Relationship Building - The Heart and Art dimension of

counseling session
 Assessment & Diagnosis - Most Crucial stage window for the
counselor thorough appreciation

Formulation of Counseling Goals - Parameter of work, client-counselor

relationship

Process Goals

- circumstances needed
Outcome Goals

- desire of the client

Intervention & Problem-Solving - Individual, group, and family

counseling

Cormier (1998) cited by Tysul (2003)

- Guidelines, motivate, client
participation

Kanfer and Busemeyer (1982) cited Tysul

(2003)
- Six-stage model for problem solving:

1) Problem Detection
2) Problem Definition
3) Identification of Alternative Solutions
4) Decision-Making
5) Execution
6) Verification

Termination & Follow-Up - To witness a client progress on his/her

own without the assistance

Four components of termination Quintan and

Holahan (1992) cited Tysul (2003)

Research & Evaluation - Fundamental part

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalysis - analysis of mind

- restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, internal forces such as

unconscious processes

Adler's Individual Psychology

role of cognition
 - gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think

Jung's Analytic Psychology

unconscious processes “ psychological functioning “

- applies dreams and others procedures utilize the result to boost the functioning of
personality and to enhance mental health and wellness

Person-Centered Theory
if then

- If certain conditions exist in the counseling relationship, then the client will move toward
self-actualization

- listening to communicate appreciation minimizes the use of techniques

Counselor Congruence
- counselors must be congruent with what they experience and what they communicate

Empathic Understanding
- counselors must attempt to understand the client, client's perspective

Unconditional Positive Regard

- have a sense of acceptance and respect to the client

Assuming Responsibility
- rephrase a statement to assume a responsibility “ I take responsibility for it”

Using Personal Pronouns

- take personal responsibility “I or me”

Now I Am Aware
- means to assist the clients in getting in touch with her/himself

The Empty Chair Technique

- help the clients to work through conflicting parts of personality

Perls Gestalt Therapy

here and now
 - dialogue between the therapist and the client

Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

cognitions on emotions/self talk

Goals- reform the self-defeating cognition

Cognitive - reforming ideas

Emotive Technique - affective or emotional domain

Behavioral Technique - assertiveness training, relaxation

therapy, self-management, self-
monitoring

Decatastrophizing - “ What if “ priming clients

Redefining - drum up clients who have a lost sense

control by rearticulating an obstacle

Decentering - instructing the clients to observe and

get a practical appreciation

Behavioral Techniques - essential skills, relaxing, preparing for

difficult situations and them to feared
situations

Structural Analysis - Three ego

Transactional Analysis - learn to communicate with

complementary transactions

Script Analysis - type of life script the clients has

developed

Analysis Games - what games the clients play and how

the games interfere

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Vitality of cognitive thinking

- projecting less (anxiety) and generalizing less (depression)

Berne's Transactional Analysis
transactions

- 3 Ego State - Parent, adult, child

Goals
- Autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous, and have the capacity for intimacy

Social Work

An Issue of Social Work by Anne Minahan

different opinions

The National Association of Social Workers (NASW)

- professional activity, capacity for social functioning, favorable to the goal

United Nations of Economic, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

- human services, services of the government

International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)

- practice-based and academic discipline

Social Work as Applied Science (Barker, 1999,as cited by Cox & Pawat, 2006)
- effective level of psychosocial functioning societal changes

Social Work in the Philippines

- profession “social functioning”

Three (3) Significant Characteristics in Social Work Practice (Morales & Sheafor, 1983)
- generalist or specialist approach

Goals of Social Work

Goal on Curing
- aspect of treating people with problems

Goal on Changing
- active participation
Social Work as a Primary Discipline
- child welfare
- family services
- income maintenance

Child Welfare
- adaptation and services to unmarried parents
- foster care
- residential care
- support in own home
- protective services

Family Services
- family counseling
- family life education
- family planning

Income Maintenance
- public assistance
- social insurances

Social Work as an Equal Partner

- Aging
- Community services
- Youth and group services
- Mental health and retardation

Aging
- linking them with community programs
- nursing homes or other group living facilities

Community Services
- gathering and analysis of data, matching that information.
- community planning
- community development

Social Work as a Secondary Discipline

- Correctional facilities
- Industry
- Medical and health care
 - School
- Seven (7) tasks

Principles
- Based on respect for the inherent worth and dignity of all people

Individual's Social Functioning

- effect of an individual's performance (Mendoza, 1999)

Roles Of Social Workers

- Caring, curing, and changing

Social Broker
- negotiating the “”service jungle “ for clients “networking”

Mediator
- acting as an intermediary or conciliator between persons resolve disputes

Enabler
- cope with the current situation find strengths and resources solve problems

Counselor/Therapist
- restore, maintain, or enhance the client's capacity

Documenter/ Social Critique

- worker documenting the need for sufficient policies and programs

Policy/program change advocate

- efforts to change policies and programs

Functions of Social Work

- three functions of social work

Rehabilitative Function
- restorative, curative, remedial actions. put back the person balanced of social
functioning.

Preventive Function
- impending imbalance between the individuals or groups

Developmental Function
 - full potential in individuals, groups and communities

Social Work

Areas of Specialization of social workers

- Child, family, and School Social Worker
- Community Social Worker
- Hospice and Palliative care Social worker
- Medical Health Social Worker
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Worker
- Military and Veterans Social Work
- Psychiatric Social Worker
- Child Welfare

Areas Of Specialization of Social Workers

- Adoption
- Legal Guardianship
- Foster Care
- Residential Care
- Family Welfare
- Health
- Corrections
- Probation
- Parole
- School

Areas of Specialization of Social Workers (Special Groups)

- Drug Dependents
- Social Disadvantaged Women
- Patients of Psychiatric Institutions
- Older Persons
- Person with Disability
- Community welfare
- Cultural Communities
- Industry and Labor
- Education and Training
- International Social Work

Code Right, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and code of Ethics

- National Association of Social Workers ( NASW)

1) Ethical Responsibility to Clients

2) Ethical Responsibility to Colleagues
3) Ethical Responsibility In Practice Setting
4) Ethical Responsibility As professionals
5) Ethical Responsibility to the Social Profession
6) Ethical Responsibility to the Broader Society