Mathematics in
the Modern
World:
Reviewer for
Midterms
Mathematics in
the Modern
World:
Reviewer for
Midterms
Mathematics in
the Modern
World:
Reviewer for
Midterms
1960s: Post-Colonial
➢ the need to address pervasive problems in countries with post-colonial backgrounds
prompted the evolution of development communication as a professional and scientific
discipline
➢ an unstated goal of development communication is to render itself irrelevant through
the solution of these societal problems.
A Third World Legacy
The term ‘Third World’
➢ outdated and derogatory
➢ no longer in vogue after the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe
➢ the problems and conditions represented by this phrase have not disappeared nor, in
fact, diminished
➢ still virulent as ever
➢ there is a strong tendency for us to become insensitive or desensitized
➢ it is important for us to resist this tendency
➢ an unrelenting awareness and consciousness of these problems provides the impetus
for our practice
Third World Problems
➢ pervasive in the Third World and hence associated with underdevelopment
➢ come in clusters, occurring and recurring with alarming consistency and tenacity like
a collective nightmare that refuses to pass
➢ persistently nag the conscience of rich nations ➢ more alarming is the apathetic
attitude adopted by many of us
The Dev Com Response
➢ Development communication grew in response to these societal problems
➢ these problems may be traced to root causes and these root causes may in turn be
remedied by information and communication.
THE PROBLEMS THAT PLAGUE DEVELOPING SOCIETIES ARE THEIR
IMPRINTS ON OUR LIVES
Poverty
➢ the most menacing problem
➢ brings with it a host of other virulent problems, such as societal instability, vices and
diseases
➢ Being poor means being unable to eat properly, clothe yourself properly, purchase
medicine for your ailments, or dwell in a safe, comfortable shelterUnemployment➢ do
not earn a living ➢ Underemployed o job requires skills that are way below what you
trained for o paid way below your worthHigh Population Growth➢ rapidly increasing of
population ➢ a world where resources are limited, this becomes a critical concern not
only of developing countries but also of Western countries with low populations as
wellInequality➢ most of us don9t share the same privileges nor struggles ➢ when some
are accustomed to privilege equality feels like oppressionEnvironmental Degradation
and the Loss of Arable Land➢ destruction of environment and natural resources ➢
agricultural lands are rapidly being transformed into industrial parks and residential
subdivisionsINTRODUCTION TO DVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION1 ST SEMESTER │ AY:
2022 – 2023CHAPTER 1 – SOCIETAL PROBLEMS➢ poses not only environmental
problems but food security problems as wellMalnutrition➢ public health problem ➢ lack
of food sustenance ➢ wears two faces: o undernutrition o overnutritionEthnic Conflict➢
the clash of civilizations ➢ the clash of cultures✓ one being the cause or the effect of
anotherThe Problematique Map➢ the act of mapping problems , whether personal or
social problems ➢ could be used as basis material for planning and analysis of social
phenomenaProblematique Analysis➢ naturalistic approach for describing the structure
of problems that exist in communication systems ➢ identifies the problem rather than
the solutionAccording to Dr. Felix Librero➢ problematic analysis puts emphasis on the
accurate description ➢ method of evaluating communication systemsDevelopment in
the 1960s➢ many equated it with new roads and tall buildings o the observable signs of
an increasing gross national product, the gauge of a nation9s wealth o an increase in
GDP didn9t exactly mean development➢ many theories, definitions, and measures of
development have been forwarded ➢ multi-perspective ➢ can be technological, social,
economical, etc. ➢ the true measure of development is manA Poem on Development by
G. Belkin➢ a multi-perspective forms of development and tells that development
doesn9t only revolve through buildings and infrastructure ➢ people should be the
primary concern for developmentHuman Developmento The United Nations
Development Programme defines human development as the process of enlarging
people's choices, said choices allowing them to lead a long and healthy life, to be
educated, to enjoy a decent standard of living, as well as political freedom other
guaranteed human rights and various ingredients of self-respectHuman Resource
Developmento refers to the vast field of training and development provided by
organizations to increase the knowledge, skills, education, and abilities of their
employees o in many organizations, the human resources development process
beginsupon the hiring of a new employee and continues throughout that
employee's tenure with the organizationInfrastructure Developmento the
construction of basic foundational services in order to stimulate economic growth and
quality of life improvement o according to John Spacey (2018) advanced economies
have gone through periods of intensive infrastructure building that have improved the
efficiency and competitiveness of regionsCommunity Developmento a process where
people come together to take action on what's important to themAgricultural
Developmento The Food and Agriculture Organization definition of sustainable
agricultural development is "the management and conservation of the natural
resource base, and the orientation of technological and institutional changeEconomic
Development o broader processes of change and modernization (Jaffee,
David,1998).Social Developmento addressing long lasting barriers to development,
strengthening the focus on peopleEducational Developmento continuous professional
and personal growthDevelopment Studieso an interdisciplinary branch of social
scienceSustainable Developmento the idea that human societies must live and meet
their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs (Brundtland Report, 1987).Sustainable Development Goals o collection of 17
interlinked globalINTRODUCTION TO DVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION1 ST SEMESTER │
AY: 2022 – 2023CHAPTER 3 – WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? equality education ➢
Development Academy of the Philippines launched the Social Indicators Project in
October 1973 Health and Nutrition Education and Skills Income and Consumption
Employment Capital and Non-Human Resource Housing, Utilities and Environment
Public Safety and Justice Social Mobility Political Values The Third Development
Decade➢ 1980s ➢ characterized by further refinements and focus ➢ widespread
disillusionment on the slow pace of and frustrations in development work has made the
use of the phrase superfluous ➢ brought in a realignment of priorities among
international funding institutionsWomen in Development - role of women in
development▪ Gender issues – repackaged agenda for a more neutral set of
concernsEnvironment – serious concern for the environment in development▪
Environmental impact – primary requisites in development projectsSocial Dimensions –
given priority because of the lack of concern for the negative social and cultural impacts
of development interventions▪ ADB Social Dimensions Unit – to look into the primary
and higher order impacts of proposed development interventions to the social and
cultural lives of the affected communities ▪ USAID or the United States Agency of
International Development – has developed a procedure for social soundness analysis
and has established it as a requirement for pipeline projects to be approvedIndigenous
People - have been neglected in the development agenda of Third World countries▪ the
spread of progress has led to the extinction of an entire ethnic culture or way of life ▪
the struggle for cultural survival among indigenous peoples may be actually a struggle
for ecological survival ▪ modernizing the way of life of cultural minorities will incur
economic costs on our ecosystems ▪ ensuring the welfare of IP9s – considered in
conducting development undertakingsSustainable Development - the convergence of
economic, social, and environmental goals▪ experience in agricultural production or the
so-called Green Revolution ▪ the gains in agricultural production cannot be sustained ▪
technology required massive amounts of chemical inputs ▪ Sustainable Development –
the convergence of economic, social, and environmental goals ▪ Massive amounts of
chemical inputs, soil stress, limited produce – development planners began studying
SUSTAINABLE alternative production technologies ▪ Sustainable AgricultureParadigm➢
according to Martyn Shuttleworth and Lyndsay T Wilson o a scientific paradigm is a
framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a subject, conventions
about what direction research should take and how it should be performed ➢ according
to a philosopher; Thomas Kuhn o <the practices that define a scientific discipline at a
certain point in time" o contains all the distinct, established patterns, theories,
common methods and standards that allow us to recognize an experimental result as
belonging to a field or not ➢ according to Ongkiko and Flor o a way of explaining things
o adopts epistemology or a set of assumptions about nature, a unique pattern of
interpretation, reasoning and theorizingPerspective➢ in philosophy, it is a point of view
or a specific attitude or manner through which a person thinks about somethingGoing
back to paradigm➢ may be described as a perspective ➢ a way of looking at things ➢ a
school of thought ➢ a particular model of reality adopted by a scientist or theoretician
when conducting an inquiry.Four Major Paradigms in Analyzing Underdevelopment
Technological Economic Structural Values Technological Paradigm➢ Lack of
technological know-how in the third world ➢ Western Nations are rich because they use
modern technology ➢ 3rd world countries will solve their problem through adopting new
technology ➢ Technical Assistance and Technology Transfer should be conducted ➢ The
know-how of the west is transplanted modified and practiced in the developing world ➢
Technology is the solution to the problems associated with underdevelopmentEconomic
Paradigm➢ Underdevelopment is a function of economic policy ➢ Economic
Fundamentalism – development is sound monetary and fiscal policies. The unsound
economic policies made the Philippines the basket case of Southeast Asia ➢
Underdevelopment problematique could be solved by attacking the root cause with
sound fiscal and monetary policie ➢ the other deeper problem is graft and corruption ➢
ceteris paribus or <All things being equal.= Given the commplexityStructural
Paradigm➢ An unjust self, self-perpetuating social system is responsible for the social
ills of the Philippines ➢ third World poverty is caused by the existing world economic
order ➢ inequality is worse by the present world information and communication order
➢ environmental factors are not caused by bio- geophysical factors but primarily by
institutional factors line people ➢ a new social dichotomy is emerging – a new elite
composed of information rich and a new lower class composed of the information poor
➢ this paradigm assumes that existing social orders dictating classes and castes, the
ruler and the ruled, as well as the explicit andINTRODUCTION TO DVELOPMENT
COMMUNICATION1 ST SEMESTER │ AY: 2022 – 2023CHAPTER 4 – OF BLIND MEN AND
PARADIGMS?Communication – deals with the process Communications – the
toolsDefinition of Communication➢ Before – sending or receiving ➢ Today – sharing ➢
according to Kincaid and Schramm o communication is <the process of sharing and
the relationship of the participants in this process=Black and Bryant the process by
which individuals share meaning an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli
(usually verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of other individuals (communicatee)
occurring whenever information is passed from one place to another when person A
communicates message B through channel C to person D with effect E. Each of these
letters is an unknown to some extent, and the process can be solved for any one of
them or for any combination Dennis McQuail and Sven Windahl➢ wrote one of the
classic texts used in graduate communication classes o <Communication Models for
the Study of Mass Communication= (1981). transmission of information, ideas,
attitudes, or emotion from one person or group to another (or others) primarily through
symbols (Theodorson and Theodorson, 1969). occurs wherever one system, a source,
influences another, the destination, by manipulation of alternative symbols, which can
be transmitted over the channel connecting them (Osgood et al., 1957). 3. may be
defined as <social interaction through messages= (Gerbner, 1967). a source sends a
message to a receiver by means of some channel to produce a response from the
receiver, in accordance with the intention of the source (SRA Sourcebook, 1996).
Kincaid and Schramm➢ process and information not all communication has to be human
communication not all participants in a communication process have to be present at
the same time because of information and the ways with which man creates, maintains,
stores, retrieves, processes, and interprets it, communication can take place over large
distances of space and time not all communication takes place in words communication
does not always require two or more participants thinking is a form of communication
Communication as a Process➢ Changing – ever-changing, with no clear beginnings and
endings ➢ Dynamic – we are to start or lead people to social development ➢ Interacting
– in order to deliver, there should have an interactionthe events and relationships
among its elements are seen as being: On-going Cyclic Ever-changing No beginning, no
end Interdependent Interrelated As a process, Communication is...➢ Dynamic o
communication is ever changing, with no clear beginnings and endings ➢
SystemicINTRODUCTION TO DVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION1 ST SEMESTER │ AY: 2022
– 2023CHAPTER 5 – THE PROCESSo a system consists of a group of elements, which
interact to influence each other and the system as a whole ➢ Symbolic interaction o
language is a form of symbols which people use in interacting with each other, in
describing and classifying experiences. How we select these symbols and how we
organize them will affect how others will interpret our messages ➢ Meaning is
personally constructed o everyone interprets things in different ways based on their
perceptions and backgrounds. This is why we say that meanings are in people, not in
wordsELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESSBerlo’s model of communication
(1961)➢ Source o a person or a group of persons <with a purpose, a reason for
engaging in communication= o initiates the communication process ➢ Receiver o the
person or group of persons at the other end of the communication process o the target
of communication ➢ Message o may be an idea, purpose, or intention that has been
translated into a code or a systematic set of symbols o has three factors : ✓ message
code – any group symbols ✓ message content – material in the message ✓ message
treatment – decisions➢ Channel o modes of encoding and decoding messages o
message-vehicles o vehicle-carrier➢ Effect o outcome of a communication o response of
the receivero effect can be overt (obvious and visible) or covert (non-observable) but
sometimes are the most important➢ Feedback o communication response to both
receiver and sourceLEVELS OF COMMUNICATION➢ Intrapersonal communication o
communication with oneself➢ Interpersonal communication o often defined as face-to-
face communication o person-to-person communication➢ Public Communication o small
group➢ Mass communication o comprises the institutions and techniques by which
specialized groups employ technological devices (press, radio, films, etc.) o
communicating with large groups of people at one time through the use of mass media
such as the press, radio, and film➢ New Media Communication o with the use of
powered by the internet o interpersonal but 8mediatedCOMMUNICATION
MODELSMcQuail and Windahl cite Deutsch (1966) who noted three main advantages in
the use of models in the social sciences:➢ Organizing function o a general picture of a
whole range of different circumstances➢ Heuristic function o explain complicated or
ambiguous information➢ Predictive function➢ allows us to see the communication
process as one that consists of <two alternating dimensions – the perpetual or
receptive, and the communication or means and control dimension=Westley and
MacLean’s Model➢ Fiske (1982) believes that the social need for information also
underlies the Westley and MacLean model of communication ➢ was created with the
mass media in mindBerlo’s Model➢ the most well-known (certainly one of the most
cited) model of communication ➢ delineates the different actors of the communication
process and the elements that mediate between themDance’s Helical Model➢ McQuail
and Windahl (1981) included Dance9s helical model of communication in their book
because they looked at it as an interesting development of the Osgood and Schramm
model ➢ portrays the communication process more accurately ➢ shows the
communication process as moving➢ shows the dynamism of the communication
process ➢ gives the notion that man, when communicating, is active, creative, and able
to store information ➢ <may be used to illustrate information gaps and the thesis that
knowledge tends to create more knowledge=Kincaid’s Convergence Model➢ In 1981, D.
Lawrence Kincaid brought forth his Convergence Model of Communication ➢ shows a
process of convergence through which participants share information so that mutual
understanding is reached ➢ based on that mutual agreement, collective action can be
taken (Rogers and Kincaid, 1981).Media➢ refers to communication outlets or tools or
hardware used as means in sending and receiving data and information among varied
type of audience (Cory Janssen)Mass Media➢ communication to a large group/s of
people in a short time (Mass Media, 2013)Mass communication➢ refers to the
technology that is used to communicate to a large group/s of people in a short time
frame (Pavlik & Mclntosh, 2013)Media could be... Print Media Broadcast Media
Mass Media New Media NATURE OF MEDIA AUDIENCE➢ Large o any audience exposed
to a communication during a short period of time and of such size that a communicator
cannot interact with its members on a face-to-face basis➢ Heterogeneous o
communicated news is offered to an aggregation of individuals occupying a variety of
positions within the society o persons of many ages, of both sexes, of many levels of
education, from many geographic locations and so on➢ Anonymous o it means that the
individual members of the audience generally remain personally unknown to the
communicatorNATURE OF THE MEDIA COMMUNICATIONEXPERIENCE➢ Public o it is
public, not private communication. Messages are addressed to no one in particular;
their content is open for public surveillance. Members of the audience are aware that
others are witnessing the same communicated materials➢ Rapid o The messages are
rapid that they are intended to reach large audiences within a relatively short time or
even instantly unlike works of fine art, which may be examined at leisure over
centuries➢ Transient o means that the communicated content is usually made to be
consumed immediately, not to be entered into permanent recordsCommunity Media➢
any form of media that function in service of or by a community (Deuze, 2006). ➢ it is
having access to or creating local alternatives to mainstream broadcasting (Milan, 2009)
like local community newspapers, radio stations, or magazines (Opubor, 2000) ➢ it aids
in the process of building citizenship and raising social awareness (Rennie,
2006).Interpersonal Communication➢ denotes an exchange of information between at
least two individuals, carried out in order to coordinate thinking, behavior, or specific
action between the communication partnersMedia➢ media technologies enable new
ways of interpersonal communication and change regularities (Nicole Podschweit,
2017).RADIOINTRODUCTION TO DVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION1 ST SEMESTER │ AY:
2022 – 2023CHAPTER 6 – MEDIAWALL PAINTING AND BILLBOARDS➢ potentially
available to large audiences and can mean less cost per person if well located ➢ easily
ignored and are limited to the dissemination of simple messagesOTHER MEDIAVideo
Fora – a situation or meeting in which people can talk about a problem or matter
especially of public interest (Cambridge Dictionary)Filmstrips – a series of sequenced
slides on a piece of a film covering a large portion of a lesson. 20 to 50 slides or frames
are on abouthalf meter to 1 1⁄2 meters long film strip (Kumari, 2019)Slides – they are
essentially visual that can portray varying degrees of realism (Cadiz, 2008).Flipcharts –
lends well to presenting steps is a sequence or procedure one by one. It may be cheap
and portable although using them requires a flipchart stand (Cadiz, 2008).Flannel
Boards – also called a s flannelInformation and Communication Technologies➢ ICT o a
broader term for Information Technology o IT which refers to all communication
technologies, including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers,
software, middleware, video-conferencing, social networking, and other media
applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and
manipulate information in a digital form o used to refer to the convergence of media
technology
