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DLL DesignIssues

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DLL DesignIssues

Uploaded by

vishal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Data Link Layer

o In the OSI model, the data link layer is a 4 th layer from the top and
2nd layer from the bottom.
o The communication channel that connects the adjacent nodes is
known as links, and in order to move the datagram from source to
the destination, the datagram must be moved across an individual
link.
o The main responsibility of the Data Link Layer is to transfer the
datagram across an individual link.
o The Data link layer protocol defines the format of the packet
exchanged across the nodes as well as the actions such as Error
detection, retransmission, flow control, and random access.
o The Data Link Layer protocols are Ethernet, token ring, FDDI and
PPP.
o An important characteristic of a Data Link Layer is that datagram
can be handled by different link layer protocols on different links in
a path. For example, the datagram is handled by Ethernet on the
first link, PPP on the second link.

Following services are provided by the Data Link Layer:


o Framing & Link access: Data Link Layer protocols encapsulate
each network frame within a Link layer frame before the
transmission across the link. A frame consists of a data field in
which network layer datagram is inserted and a number of data
fields. It specifies the structure of the frame as well as a channel
access protocol by which frame is to be transmitted over the link.
o Reliable delivery: Data Link Layer provides a reliable delivery
service, i.e., transmits the network layer datagram without any
error. A reliable delivery service is accomplished with transmissions
and acknowledgements. A data link layer mainly provides the
reliable delivery service over the links as they have higher error
rates and they can be corrected locally, link at which an error occurs
rather than forcing to retransmit the data.
o Flow control: A receiving node can receive the frames at a faster
rate than it can process the frame. Without flow control, the
receiver's buffer can overflow, and frames can get lost. To overcome
this problem, the data link layer uses the flow control to prevent the
sending node on one side of the link from overwhelming the
receiving node on another side of the link.
o Error detection: Errors can be introduced by signal attenuation
and noise. Data Link Layer protocol provides a mechanism to detect
one or more errors. This is achieved by adding error detection bits in
the frame and then receiving node can perform an error check.
o Error correction: Error correction is similar to the Error detection,
except that receiving node not only detect the errors but also
determine where the errors have occurred in the frame.
o Half-Duplex & Full-Duplex: In a Full-Duplex mode, both the nodes
can transmit the data at the same time. In a Half-Duplex mode, only
one node can transmit the data at the same time.

Datalink is a layer in the Open System Interconnections. It is the second


layer in between the physical layer and the network layer. It manages the
connection between the two nodes. Data links integrate certain methods
like error control, flow control, and associated link management functions.
Some of the main functions of the data link layer include providing a
straightforward service interface to the network layer, framing flow
control and error recognition, and frame formatting.
Types of Data Link Layers
Data Link layer is mainly of two types −

 Logical Link Control Sub-Layer (LLC)


 Media Access Control Sub-layer (MAC)
Logical Link Control Sub-Layer (LLC)
It gives logic for the data link. Therefore, it manages the synchronization, flow
control, and error recognition features of the data link. LLC is used for Error
Recovery and User Addressing. It executes the Control flow functioning.
Media Access Control Sub-layer (MAC)
MAC is the sub-layer of the data link. It manages the flow and is multitudinous for the
transmission medium. This layer manages the channeling of data packages. MAC is
used for sending the data over the network interface card.
MAC is used in recognition of errors. It accomplishes the special labeling to stations
directly linked to LAN.

Design Issues of the Data Link Layer


Service Agreement to the Network Layer
The main aim of this service is to give services to the network layer. The concept of
this layer is to transfer the data from the network layer on the source machine to the
layer on the destination machine. Communication between the two data layers is
done via Data Link Control Protocol.
Here are the important services given by the Data Link layer to the Network layer −

 Unacknowledged connectionless services


 Acknowledged connectionless service
 Acknowledged-oriented service
Framing
Service given to the network layer data link uses the services given to the physical
layer. The source machine sends the data in the form of frames to the destination
machine. Starting point and the endpoint of the frame should point out so that the
destination machine can easily identify the frame.
The data link layer breaks the bitstream and calculates the checksum for each layer.
At the destination layer, the checksum is enumerated. Therefore, breaking the
bitstream by placing spaces and time gaps is known as framing.
It is quite difficult and dangerous to count on timing and mark the starting and
endpoints of each frame. Simple techniques used for framing are −

 Character Count
 Starting and ending character with character filling
 Starting and ending flags with little fillings.
Flow Control
Flow control is done to stop the data flow at the receiver's end. The transmitter will
transfer the frames very quickly to the receiver. However, the receiver will not accept
them as quickly as the sender sends because the sender runs on a lightly loaded
machine while the receiver runs on a heavily loaded machine.
It doesn't matter if the transmission is error-free at some point. The receiver will not
be able to control the frames as they will arrive.
For stopping the transmission, a mechanism is there which requests the transmitter
to block the incorrect messages.
Error Control
It is done so that there is no copying of the frames for the safe delivery of the frames
at the destination. In addition, Positive and negative acceptance is sent about the
incoming frames.
Therefore, if the sender gets positive acceptance, that means the frame appears
safely, while negative appearance means that something is wrong with the frame
and the frame will be retransferred.
The timer is put at the receiver's and sender's end. Besides, the sequence number is
given to the outgoing transmission. So that receiver will easily identify that it is a
retransmitted frame. It is one of the main parts of the data link layer responsibilities.
Physical Address of Frames
The data link layer adds a header to the frame to describe the sender or receiver's
physical address.

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