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Chap1 IntroductionToAlgorithmsAndFlowcharts

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Chap1 IntroductionToAlgorithmsAndFlowcharts

Uploaded by

Bao Huynh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO ALGORITHMS
AND FLOWCHARTS

Introduction to computer science 1


Chapter 1

§ Algorithms
§ Using Flowchart to describe Algorithm
§ Algorithm in pseudo-code
§ Branching in Algorithms
§ Loop in Algorithms

2
1. Algorithms

n An algorithm is defined as a step-by-step sequence


of instructions that describes how the data are to be
processed to produce the desired outputs.
n In essence, an algorithm answers the question:
“What method will you use to solve the problem?”.
n You can describe an algorithm by using flowchart
symbols. By that way, you obtain a flowchart.
n Flow chart is an outline of the basic structure or
logic of the program.
n Another way to describe an algorithm is using
pseudocode.

3
2. Using Flowchart to describe algorithm

Terminal

Input/output

Process Connector

Flowlines
Predefined process

Decision

Fig 1. Flowchart symbols 4


Example 2.1. Calculate the payment of an employee

Fig. 2. Start

Input Name,
Hours, Rate

Calculate Note: Name, Hours


Pay ¬ Hours ´ Rate and Pay are variables
in the program.

Dislay
Name, Pay

End

5
Example 2.2: Calculate the average of 3 numbers

Fig. 3.

6
Example 2.3: How to compute profit and loss.

Fig. 4.

7
3. Algorithms in pseudo-code

n You also can use English-like phrases to describe an


algorithm. In this case, the description is called
pseudocode.

n Example: The pseudocode for the program with the


flowchart in Fig. 2.
Input the three values into the variables Name, Hours,
Rate. Start

Calculate Pay = Hours ´ Rate.


Input Name,
Hours, Rate

Display Name and Pay. Calculate


Pay ¬ Hours ´ Rate

Dislay
Name, Pay

8
End
4. Branching in algorithms

If test-condition then S If test-condition then S1


endif else S2
endif
Example 2.1

Pseudo-code of the
program:
Input A
if A > 0 then
calculate B = sqrt(A)
print B
else
Print “ A is negative”
endif

10
Branching
Example 4.2: Solving
the quadratic
equation:
ax2 + bx +c = 0

Pseudo-code of the program:


Input a, b, c
Calculate del = b2 + 4.a.c
if del >0 then
x1 = (-b + sqrt(del)/(2.a)
x2 = (-b - sqrt(del)/(2.a)
print x1, x2
else if del =0 then
x = -b/(2.a)
else
print “No solution”
endif

11
5. Loops on Algorithms

n Many problems require repetition capability, in which


the same calculation or sequence of instructions is
repeated, over and over, using different sets of data.
n Loop is a very important concept in programming.

n Example 5.1. Write a program to do the task: Print a


list of the numbers from 4 to 9, next to each number,
print the square of the number.

12
Example 5.1 Note:
NUM ¬ NUM + 1 means
Start
old value of NUM + 1
NUM ¬ 4 becomes new value of NUM.

SQNUM ¬ NUM2

The algorithm can be described


Print
NUM, SQNUM
in pseudocode as follows:
NUM ¬ 4
NUM ¬ NUM + 1 do

No
SQNUM¬ NUM2
NUM> 9?
Print NUM, SQNUM
Yes
NUM ¬ NUM + 1
STOP while (NUM <= 9)

13
Example 5.2
The algorithm sums
all the even numbers
between 1 and 20
inclusive and then
displays the sum.

Programming Fundamentals 14
Pseudo-code of Example 5.2
sum = 0
count = 1
do
if count is even then
sum = sum + count
endif
count = count + 1
while count <= 20
Display sum

15
Exercise 1

n Given flowchart of
program finding the
largest among 3
different numbers.
n Write the pseudo-
code.

16
Ans.
Input a,b,c
if a > b then
if a > c then
print a
endif
else
if b > c then
print b
else
print c
endif
endif
17
Exercise 2

n Given pseudo-code of program finding the sum of 5


numbers. Draw the flowchart.
1. Initialize sum = 0 and count = 0
2. Enter n
3. Find sum + n and assign it to sum
4. Increment count by 1
5. Is count < 5?
6. If YES go to step 2
else
Print sum

Programming Fundamentals 18
Exercise 3

n Write pseudo-code and draw a flowchart to read length


and width of a rectangle and calculate its area and
perimeter.

Programming Fundamentals 19
Exercise 4

n Write pseudo-code and draw a flowchart to calculate the


factorial of N.
N! = 1.2….(N-1).N

Programming Fundamentals 21
Exercise 5

n Draw a flowchart for log in function:


q Input user name, password
q Username is not existed: Invalid Username à Re-try
q Password is incorrect: Wrong Password à Re-try
q Has 5 attempts: lock account
q Correct Username and Password: Access to
homepage.

Programming Fundamentals 23
Exercise 6

n Write pseudo-code and draw a flowchart to find the


largest number in a list of numbers.

Programming Fundamentals 25

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