CHAPTER 1 The Language and Tools of Algebra 1p. vaables and Expressions variables ae symbols used 1 represent unspecified numbers or values Bae ‘expression is a collection of numbers, variables, operations, and grouping symbols Verbal Phrase Algebraic Expressions The sum of twenty and a number n 20+n ago Nine more than twice a number a 2049 Armumber m increased by 12 msl2 , The difference between a number x and 7 re sane Three less than a number b b-3 Three times a umber k decreased by five 3k-5 Nine minus a number n 9-n viplication Eleven times z to the third power ne The product of -2 and a umber 1 In Two thirds ofa number x 2. 3 pjvison n divided by 8 nl8 15 The quotient of fifteen and a number d = Example 1 0 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal ‘expression. a. Ten Jess than one-fourth the cube of p. b. Twice the difference between x and sixteen. c. Four times the sum of a number and three. d. Four times a number increased by three. Solution 0 a dy b. 2(x-16) ©. n+3) 4. 4n43 Example2 0 Mr.and Mrs. Sawyer ar taking their three children toan amusement park. ‘The admission is a dollars per adult, c dollars per child and the cost of each ride is r dollars per person. 1. Write an expression forthe cost of admission plus 10 rides forthe family. b. Find the cost of admission plus 10 rides ifthe admission per adult is 20 dollars, the admission per child is 12 dollars, and the cos ofeach ride is 8 dollar. Solution 0 a. 2a+3c+10r b, 2-2043-12+10-8 Substitute 20 for a, 12 for and 8 for r. =156Language and Tools of Algebra _ Exponents and Order of Operations expression like 3° is called a power. The number 3 is the base, and the number 5 is the exponent. -3-3°3:3 paca oS, evaluate an expression involving more than one operation, we agree to perform operations reg the following order . ;der of Operations ‘simplify the expressions inside grouping symbols, such as parentheses, brackets, and fraction bars. ‘Evaluate all powers. po all multiplications and divisions in order from left to right. "Do all additions and subtractions in order from left to right. #-13 Example 1 0 Evaluate (11-20+ Solution 0 (11-20+2-—13 +8)x2 =(11-20+ BB, 8)x2 Evaluate power inside grouping symbols. =( 120+ 24 8)x2 Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols. =(11-20+448)x2 Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols. =(11-5+8)x2 Divide 20 by 4. - =(6+8)x2 Subtract 5 froin 11. = (14)x2 Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols. =28 Muttply. 2 Example2 o Evaluate a?—-2 +¢ +(ab+c) if a=4, b=-3, and c=7. a ? 2 Sonitioni peg ee aby 2a 2 =4 OST aca+n Replace a with 4, b with -3, and ¢ with 7. = 64-247. 1247) Evaluate 4?, (-3)?, and 4-(-3). =64 B45) Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols. =64—-4+(-5) Divide 16 by 4. =55 Subtract and add.Langvase and Tools of Algebra 3. sing8 Algebraic Expressions q te js number, a variable, or 1 product or quotient of numbers and variables. For example 5, s , + and 2m areal terms, Like terms contain identical variables. For example, in $x°-3x7 +3x, "sc? and —337 are lke terms because the variable part of each term is identical. : oetfcient of term is a number that multiplies a variable, For example, in 8x”y,, the coefficient is 8, AM the coefficient is ay ay? $i sion is in simplest form when it is replaced by an equivalent expression having no like terms or ‘an em es. Simplifying means rewriting in simpler for. pares pistributive Property 1s Forany real numbers a, b, and ¢ bree aot a a(b-c)=ab-ac amples 4(743)=4:744:3 4(1-3)=4-7-4-3 commutative Property gynols Foranysedlmumbers 0 and b, gab=bto a-b=b-a samples 3442443 3-4243, ssocative Property gymbolsForany real numbers a,b, and c” eabyrcnat (bre) (ab)e= abe) amples 3+4)+7=3+(447) — B-4)-7=3-(4-7) Example 1 0. Simplify each expression, a mate 22m b. 4x? -2(x° +32) c.a(2~b)-2(a-B) Solution atm 4ns22 = G22 mtn ‘Combine like terms, =3m-4n Simplify. b. 4x? ~3(x? + 2x) =4y -3(x°)-3(2x) Distributive property =4x° -3x° -6x Multiply. + =x -6x Combine like terms. ©. a(2-b)-2(a-5) 1a- ab-2a+2b |—2a-ab+2b =~ab+2b Distributive property Commutative property Simplify.Language and Tools of Algebra e sonal, rational, and Decimal ae eee 4 Raton J ine. The point for 0 is the ori yer eanbe pictured as points ona horizontal line cd anambe ie Te i er nut ‘represent negative numbers, and points to the ri Se pane oi oer om ef to igh. The point that corresponds toa number calle is i ther number. The unter er. Each number ina pir suchas 3 and 3 is elle the opposite of the o opposite oF @ is written -a. NegativeNNumbers Origin Positive Numbers x 4B patural numbers: whole numbers: integers: a rational numbers one that an be expressed a aratio where aand Dare rational numbers: 2 e : imtegers and b isnot ero, such as —3.72, —3» 04, and 423. The decimal form ofa rational number is either a terminating or repeating decimal. irrational numbers Anyreal number that is not rational is rational. -V3, V2, and are irrational. Rounding Decimals i ma ae round a decimal othe desired place, underline the digit inthe place to be rounded. J)fthe digit tothe right ofthe underlined digits Sor more ineease the underlined digit by one (round up. 2)ifthe digit the right of the underlined digits less than 5, leave the underlined digit a itis (round down). 3) Drop al digits to the right ofthe underlined digit Example 1 On the number line below, the marks are equally spaced. ‘What is the coordinate of P? att tt tt 2 0 0.25 Solution © Since the distance between the marks is 0.25, the coordinate of P is 1x-0.25, or -1.75.. Example 2 0 Round 52.348 to the nearest a) integer and b) hundredth. Solution © a) Underline 2, the digit in the ones place. 52.348 The digit to the right of the underlined digit is less than 5, keep the underlined digit. ‘Therefore, 52.348 rounded to the nearest integer is 52. b) Underline 4, the digit in the hundredths place. 52.348 The digit to the right of the underlined digit is more than 5, round up. Therefore, 52.348 rounded to the nearest hundredths place is 52.35.pe Lanne and Tools A Algebra ye Chapter 1 Practice Test J ae u ‘wo les than the quotient of tree and spumber 1 winch ofthe following i an expression forthe giatement shove? 1 ” ons art oo VS R57 1 3 o9 oat a a2 pre ‘ s ae Te eRe ae How much greater than n=11 is n+3? ‘What is 4.4985 rounded to the nearest hundredth? ns A) 449 p) 10 B) 4498 1 C) 4.499 pM D) 4.50 Johnny received m text messages on Friday, three iss than twice as many text messages on Saturday than on Friday, and five more text messages on Sunday than on Saturday. What isthe total namber of text messages he received over the three days? A) dm. B) Sm-l ©) 4m-2 D) Sm+1 Which ofthe following expressions is equivalent to Bar h(b-22)-5(00438)? A ea B) Zotb-c ©) 2a-b-c “D) 2a+b-cHow many minutes are there in 2h hours and 6m minutes? A) 60h+12m B) 120h+6m ©) 60h+6m D) 120h+60m Cs : 1, Add 5 to a number 7. If x and y are positive integers and - 2. Divide by 8. 2x-+5y=18, what is the value of x? 3, Subtract by 1. \ 4. Multiply by 8. NV 2 ‘When the sequence of operations above has been completed in order, which of the following is an expression for the statement above? | A) n-1 B) n-2 ©) n-3 D) n-4 Which ofthe following expressions is equivalent to (2y-x)-2(y-2z)-A(x+2)? A) -3x B) -Sx ©) -3x+8z D) -Sx-8z 5x2 If a=3, b=-I, and c=—2, what isthe value of 7 -8r2#2-b) » | 43ign 9 i ME ANT ah 4 1M it gen 9 ah 7 OD 4D a as a 49 a uD ae 4h 5D Nine: Throughout the book, the symbol “=” is implies the next step ofthe equation. Anvmers and Explanations section 1} 1 aC 9B 10,555 used to indicate that one step of an equation AD te amass f so ame oaks AOA pointes 9) ice annativr ft seek saver Mill 0 PA ay - 0 Ye we snmatinr fie mang ie PA Son ss Sage = yy 6 Dt £6 wu (arte) a maton imei abe os whe 68 i the scabies suxators 10 The fit prow ice ie fre pean somes % % muse Sot wiih 0 8. Sesion 2 0 (0? -9+32=(8-9- =[()+ 92-152 =19 213 19-305-2 8) 15 219-300-23)=19-320-Fj 320-18} =19- 52} -6=13 =19-320- 6 6 4.117 1 1 9 -—(12412+3) =125--| pli2el2+3)=125->02+4) =125-206)=125-8=117