Ricardo Casañ Pitarch

Carolina Girón García

Christina Holgado Sáez
Julia Haba Osca

for English Language

Industrial Engineering

720

2210

2210 420

720

edUP
V
Universitat Politècnica de València
 THE ENGINEER
English Language for Industrial
Engineering

Ricardo Casañ
Pitarch Carolina
Girón García
Christina Holgado
Sáez Julia Haba
Osca
http://tiny.cc/edUPV_rea

Collection Académica

To cite this publication please use the following reference: Casañ Pitarch, R.,
Girón García, C., Holgado Sáez, C., Haba Osca, J. (2023). The Engineer. English language
for industrial engineering . Valencia: edUPV. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4995/REA.2023.670901

Authorship
Ricardo Casañ Pitarch
Carolina Girón García
Christina Holgado Sáez
Julia Haba Osca

Edited by: edUPV, 2023

Ref.: 6709_01_01_01

Layout edition: Enrique Mateo, Triskelion Diseño Editorial

© of the texts and images: the authors

ISBN: 978-84-1396-077-7 (printed version)

ISBN: 978-84-1396-159-0 (electronic
version)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/REA.2023.670901

If the reader detects a mistake in the book or wishes to contact the authors, he
can send an email to [email protected]

The engineer: English Language for industrial engineering / edUPV

The reuse of the contents is allowed through the copying, distribution, exhibition and
representation of the work, as well as the generation of derivative works as long as the
authorship is acknowledged and it is cited with complete bibliographic information.
Commercial use is not permitted and derivative works must be distributed under the
same license as the original work.
► AUTHORS

Ricardo Casañ Pitarch

Associate professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics of Universitat

Politècnica de València (Spain). His main research interest is applied
linguistics, more concretely, discourse analysis, foreign language teaching,
and ICT. His latest publications and communications focus on genre analyses
of specific discourse forms and the use of video games in foreign language
teaching.

Carolina Girón García

Associate Professor at Universitat Jaume I (Spain). Her research interests

concern autonomy in language learning, EFL, and ESP teaching and learning
through ICTs, as well as the analysis and application of different types of
discourse (i.e., academic and professional) in English, especially from a
multimodal perspective.

Christina Holgado Sáez

Associate professor in the Department of English and German Studies at the

University of Granada (Spain). Her areas of specialized research focus on
paratranslation, prostitution in concentrations camps, minority social groups in
Nazi Germany, the Nazi eugenics program (Aktion T-4), the Lebensborn project,
female and male homosexuality, and anxiety in Higher Education concerning
their influence in the teaching and acquisition of German language

Julia Haba Osca

Professor of English at the University of Valencia, researcher at IULMA and PhD

in Applied Linguistics from the Polytechnic University of Valencia. He has
published articles and reviews in national and international journals, as well as
books and book chapters, and has participated in numerous national and
international conferences on Applied Linguistics and Computer-assisted
Language Teaching. His current research work focuses on the analysis of the
impact of ICT on learning second languages and in intercultural contexts.
► ABSTRACT

The Engineer: English Language for Industrial Engineering is a book with a

serious video game that aims at teaching students general English at B2 level
(CEFRL) and technical language related to the industrial engineering business.
The book contains six units contextualized in the story of a recently graduated
industrial engineer who is looking for a first engineering job. The book and the
video game provide an environment of linguistic immersion through functional
language, reading comprehension, and the protagonist's interaction with other
computerized characters. The new knowledge is introduced in the teaching book
and practiced along with the corresponding missions of the video game. The
exercises are related to the industrial engineering industry and are based on
puzzles, tests, fictional dialogues, search and use of objects, and other skill
games. This material aims to make the learning process more engaging with
active exercises immersed in the fictional reality of a video game.
▶ INTRODUCTION

This book aims at teaching English B2 and specific English language for the
engineering business. The book is divided into six units, and it is supported by a
serious video game, The Engineer, which can be downloaded from
http://tiny.cc/0387_TheEngineer. The purpose of this video game is to extend
the time of exposure to the target content and practice and also motivate the
students in their learning process. The Engineer is played individually, and it is
addressed to industrial engineering bachelor’s students. The purpose of this
book with a serious video game is to help students with at least an English B1 level
(CEFRL) to gain Eng- lish B2 proficiency and learn specific language related to
the professional field of industrial engineering.

Our book contains six lessons, combining general B2 English content and
technical language for industrial engineers. In this sense, the video game
mainly focuses on the tech- nical language, which gives support to the book
with additional activities in an immersive gamified environment. Each of the six
lessons focuses on a professional situation in which some specific language
forms must be used. In addition to general B2 English, the lessons focus on
language related to job hunting, reading drawings, safety at work, fixing things
and tools, communication on the phone, and reading math formulas, among
others.

The synopsis of the game is about a recently graduated industrial

engineer who aims at getting their first engineering job. The main character
can be either male or female, and the gender choice is made at the beginning
of the story. With the support of a labor con- sultancy from the university, the
main character finds a job offer for an internship as an Industrial Engineer at
the company Albuferum, located in the industrial city of Fallas. The language
used in this company is English, and the main character must do a series of
tasks and complete six missions related to the industrial engineering
profession.

The new employee is expected to learn by doing and get motivated with
the inclu- sion of rewards and the personal satisfaction of learning. The
exercises are related to the industrial engineering industry and are based on
puzzles, tests, fictional dialogues, search and use of objects, and other skill
games. The Engineer offers an environment of linguis- tic immersion through
functional language, reading comprehension, and the protagonist’s interaction
with other computerized characters. The new knowledge is introduced in the
teaching book and practiced along with the corresponding missions of the video
game.

The video game can only be played from a computer with Windows. The
user must download the compressed folder and unzip it. Then the users must
click on The Engineer ex- ecutable file, and the video game will run. The video
game can be saved anytime during the mission, and the missions can also be
restarted. The controls to move around the map are the arrows of the

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keywords, and the key E is used to execute actions. In addition, the mouse is
also used to complete some exercises in the game.

Concerning the use of this material, the teacher should introduce the units
from the book first, and then the students should play the video game so
they can practice further with exercises and extend their time of exposure to the
content of the lessons. The students can monitor their progress and share it with
the instructor by clicking on the Game Results

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

item in the main menu at any time. The last exercise in each unit is a test to
assess the stu- dents’ knowledge about the content of each unit. In the case of
units 1 and 6, these tests correspond to the penultimate exercise, as the last
exercises in these units correspond to the global pre-test and post-test. With
these two tests, the instructor can measure the learn- ers’ progress after the
use of this material.

In sum, the use of video games for educational purposes in tertiary

education is real and some studies have proved that using video games to
support the teaching of specific subjects is an effective pedagogical strategy.
The Engineer aims to help students acquire general and technical English
language at B2 level (CEFRL).

Download The Engineer here:

http://tiny.cc/0387_TheEngineer

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▶ TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mission 1. Job Hunting...............................................................................................9

The present and past tense in english..................................................................................9
Adverbs of frequency.................................................................................................................12
The Present Continuous......................................................................................13
Stative Verbs...................................................................................................... 14
The Past Simple..................................................................................................16
The Past Continuous...........................................................................................19
Prepositions........................................................................................................ 22
Adjectives........................................................................................................... 26
At The Workplace................................................................................................28
How to Write your Covering Letter....................................................................30
The Job Interview.................................................................................................32
Mission 2. The Workshop.........................................................................................33
The Perfect Aspect............................................................................................. 33
Adverbs of time: Yet, Already, Just....................................................................34
Prepositions of Time: For and Since..................................................................35
The Past Perfect..................................................................................................37
Used to/ Be Used to/ Get Used to....................................................................39
The Comparative and Superlative......................................................................42
Reading Drawings...............................................................................................47
Descriptions........................................................................................................53
Mission 3. Building up!............................................................................................56
Linking words..................................................................................................... 56
Infinitive verbs.............................................................................................................................62
Fixing things and tools - Giving instructions......................................................65
Expressing opinions............................................................................................72
Mission 4. Safety..................................................................................................... 75
Relative clauses..................................................................................................75
Modal verbs........................................................................................................78
Advice and suggestion.......................................................................................81
Safety at work.................................................................................................... 83
Letters of Complaint...........................................................................................86
Letters of Apology..............................................................................................90
Mission 5. On the Phone......................................................................................... 93
Conditionals........................................................................................................ 93
Reported speech................................................................................................96
Communicating on the phone...........................................................................99
Explaining results.............................................................................................103
Narratives......................................................................................................... 105
Mission 6. The Engineering Business.....................................................................108
Passive voice.................................................................................................... 108
Raw and processed materials...........................................................................110
Reading Formulas.............................................................................................112
Business Correspondence.................................................................................122
Keys....................................................................................................................... 127

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THE ENGINEER: ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Mission 1 Mission 2

Job Hunting The Workshop

To learn language related to To understand technical

jobs To write a covering letter drawings To describe objects
To face a job To describe habits in the past
interview Present and Perfect aspect
Past Tense Used to/ Be Used to/ Get
Prepositions Used to The Comparative
Adjectives CV and Superlative Reading
The job interview drawings
Covering Letters Descriptions

Mission 3 Mission 4

Building up! Safety

To give instructions To speculate and

To fix objects and machines deduce To make
To learn vocabulary about suggestion Modal
tools Linking words verbs
Infinitive verbs Relative clauses
Fixing things and Advice and
tools Giving suggestion Safety
instructions at work
Expressing Opinions Letters of Apology
Letters of Complaint

Mission 5 Mission 6

On the Phone The Engineering Business

To explain results
To read mathematical formulas
To speak on the phone
To learn vocabulary related to
Conditionals
materials Passive voice
Reported speech
Raw and processed materials
Communicating on the
Reading Formulas
phone Explaining results
General Business Correspondence
Narratives

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

MISSION 1. JOB HUNTING

▶ THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSE IN ENGLISH

In contrast to other languages, there are two tenses in English: past and present.

Whereas the present tense refers to events in the present and the future,
the past tense focuses on events in the past.

 The Present Simple

The present tense is made with the base form of the infinitive verb; however,
we add -s to the third singular person (he, she, it): knows, plays, speaks.

Notice that when the verbs end in -ch, -sh, -x, or -ss, we add -es to the infinitive
verbs at the end: catches, mixes, misses, washes. Similarly, when the verb ends in
consonant + y, we change it -ies: studies, tries.

There are some irregular verbs such as do and go, which change to does and
goes. The verb to have changes to has. The verb to be changes to is in the third
singular person, are in the second singular person and plural, and am in the first
singular person.

Affirmative Statements
Subject + Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements.
Marc plays football on Thursdays. [VERB] +
s/es/ies in third person

Negative Statements

Subject + Aux. Verb + not + Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements.

Marc doesn’t play football on Thursdays.

Questions
Aux. Verb + Subject + Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements + ?
Does Marc play football on Thursdays?

 Auxiliary Verbs in English

Negative statements and questions need an auxiliary verb in English. In

present simple, the lexical verb remains in the infinitive base form (without to),
and the auxiliary verb changes when it refers to the third singular person.

Questions and negative statements are made in English with the auxiliary verb
do, which changes to does in the third singular person. The position of the
auxiliary verb is before the
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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

subject in questions, and before the lexical verb in negative statements. It is

also necessary to add the adverb not after the auxiliary for negative
statements: do not, does not, don’t, doesn’t.

There are some exceptions for the use of do as auxiliary verb:

⮞ The verb to be is considered a semi-auxiliary verb, and it does not require
other aux- iliary verbs: he is, she isn’t, is it?
⮞ Modal verbs work as auxiliary and do not require other auxiliary verbs: I can,
you can’t, can we?
⮞ The verb to have does not require other auxiliary verbs when it used as the
perfect aspect, not indicating possession: You have been, it hasn’t been, have they
been?

 Uses of the Present Simple in English

USE 1 I play tennis.

Repeated Actions. She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?

USE 2 Cats like milk.

Facts or Generalizations. Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.

USE 3 The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.

Scheduled Events in. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at
the Near Future. 11 PM. When do we board the plane?

USE 4 I am here now.

Now (Non-Continuous Verbs). She is not here now.
He needs help right now.

✏ Exercise 1. Fill the gaps with the affirmative present simple.

I................................(go) shopping with my brother.
2. We sometimes...................(use) a dictionary in class.
3. My friends...................(study) Italian at their school.
4. School.........................(finish) at three o’clock.
5. He....................(like) rap music.
6. She....................(do) her homework before dinner.

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

✏ Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences in negative present simple.

1. I study
French:.....................................................................................................................
.
2. School finishes at two o´clock:
...........................................................................................
3. She copies from other students:
.......................................................................................
4. We think English is
easy:.....................................................................................................
5. My friend plays volleyball:
..................................................................................................

✏ Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences in present simple questions.

1. He lives at school:
................................................................................................................
2. The students eat in the
canteen:.......................................................................................
3. My brother goes to school on Saturdays:
........................................................................
4. You live near your friends:
.................................................................................................
5. School finishes at three o’clock:
........................................................................................

✏ Exercise 4. Explain your daily habits to your classmates.

............................................................................................................................................
...........
............................................................................................................................................
...........
............................................................................................................................................
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 ...........
............................................................................................................................................
...........
............................................................................................................................................
...........
............................................................................................................................................
...........
............................................................................................................................................
...........
............................................................................................................................................
...........

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 5. Discussion: Generalize about the following groups of people.

1. British people.
2. Famous people.
3. Young brothers/sisters.
4. Engineering students.
5. Ex-boyfriends and Ex-Girlfriends.
6. English.

▶ ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency can be used to express habits and actions, normally
associated with the present simple. Adverbs of frequency are placed after the
verb to be or auxiliary verbs, and before other verbs.

Always
⮞ She is always on time for lessons. Usually
Often
⮞ He has never ridden a horse. Sometime
s Hardly
⮞ I hardly ever use my computer at work. ever
Never

✏ Exercise 6. Put the frequency adverb in the correct place.

1. I visit my grandparents on Sunday afternoons. (always)
.................................................................................................................................
...............
2. She watches TV on weekends. (often)
.................................................................................................................................
...............
3. I am busy on Monday mornings. (never)
.................................................................................................................................
...............
4. They go to the club on Saturdays. (usually)
.................................................................................................................................
...............
5. I go to work by car. (sometimes)
.................................................................................................................................
...............

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

6. He plays football on Sundays. (always)

.................................................................................................................................
...............
7. I’m late for work. (sometimes)
.................................................................................................................................
...............
8. Have you been to London? (ever)
.................................................................................................................................
...............

✏ Exercise 7. Discuss with your partners about something they.................................do:

1. Always.
2. Usually.
3. Often.
4. Sometimes.
5. Hardly ever.
6. Never.

▶ THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous is a verbal composition made with the present tense of
the verb be and the -ing form of a verb. It is used to describe actions or events
happening at the moment of speaking, and future plans or arrangements. The
present continuous is formed with the present form of the verb to be and the
gerund of the lexical verb.

Moment of
Speaking

Past Presen
t

Present
Progressive

Affirmative Statements
Subject + Verb to be + Lexical V. Gerund + Objects + Complements.
We are learning English now.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

Negative Statements

Subject + Verb to be + not + Lexical V. Gerund + Objects + Complements.

We are not learning English now.

Questions
Verb to be + Subject + Lexical V. Gerund + Objects + Complements + ?
Are we learning English now?

🞴 Tip: The present continuous is associated with time adverbs like now, right now, at
the moment, today, this week/month.

 Uses of the Present Continuous in English

USE 1 Carla is watching a movie in her room

Actions at the time of speaking. now. She is not looking for a better job
these days. Are you planning anything
for the weekend?

USE 2 I am having lunch at my parents’ this

Actions that are temporary. week since my kitchen is being renewed.

USE 3 Her English is getting better.

Changing situations.

USE 4 He’s always watching football!

Repeated actions with “always”
expressing annoyance or
criticism.

▶ STATIVE VERBS
The continuous aspect can rarely be used with stative verbs. These verbs are
primarily used to describe a state or situation as opposed to an action or
process. Some examples are the following:

✓ be ✓ belong to ✓ know ✓ need ✓ prefe

r
✓ believe ✓ hate ✓ like ✓ understan ✓ want
d
In some cases, they can appear with the continuous aspect, but with a specific
meaning. For example:
⮞ Have: I have a new car vs. I am having a headache (temporary).

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

✏ Exercise 8. Choose the correct form of the verb:

1. That dress looks / is looking nice on you.
2. Paul listens / is listening to a new record in his room.
3. If you don’t look / aren’t looking at that comic book, I’d like to see it.
4. Joan weighs / is weighing 50 kilos.
5. Mary is / is being very naughty.
6. Anna is Italian. She is coming / comes from Italy.
7. I don’t know / am not knowing where she keeps the keys.
8. Why are you feeling / do you feel your pockets? Have you lost anything?
9. I’m sleeping/sleep on Niko´s sofa until I find a place on my own.
10. His only bad habit is that he talks/is talking too loudly.
11. RECIPE: You make/are making goulash using meat, vegetables and paprika.
12. I´m thinking of doing a postgraduate degree –what do you think / are you
thinking? Is it a good idea?

✏ Exercise 9. In five of these sentences there is a verb in the wrong tense. Underline each
mistake and write the correction.
1. Andrea lives with us until the workers complete the refurbishment.
2. These days John is always getting late at work.
3. I’m not having enough money for a long holiday this year.
4. Everyone needs someone who can listen to them when necessary.
5. I’m liking a fantastic dinner tonight.
6. I must gain weight - I’m only weighing 40 pounds.
7. Chris and Olga are going to the football stadium twice a month.
8. What are you doing at work these days?

1. ............................................................................................................................
...............

2..............................................................................................................................
...............

3..............................................................................................................................
...............

4..............................................................................................................................
...............

5..............................................................................................................................
...............

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. Mike...................(know) all about computers, but nothing about mechanics.
2. Why.........................(you wear) my jeans?
3. The meat......................(smell) a bit odd. How long has it been out of the
fridge?
4. I’ve gained weight, and these trousers..............(not fit) me now.
5. You look serious. What.........................(you think) about?
6. (you see) those men around the corner? They....................(look) at us.
7. What are ............................... (you do) right now? I’m studying for the exam.
8. I played music at school, but now I..............(prefer) practicing some sport.

▶ THE PAST SIMPLE

The Past Simple tense is the tense used to speak about actions that happened
in the past (and they are finished!).

Affirmative Statements
Subject + Lexical Verb in past + Objects + Complements.
I played tennis yesterday.

Negative Statements
Subject + auxiliary verb in past + not + Infinitive Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements.
We did not call you last week.

Questions
Auxiliary verb in past + Subject + Infinitive Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements +?
Did you visited John on Saturday?

 Uses of the Past Simple in English

USE 1 We had an English exam last month.

Completed actions and events
in the past.

USE 2 I went to visit my grandma, then I went to

a sequence of actions and see my uncle.
events.

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

USE 3 I really enjoyed myself when I was living

Permanent or long-term in Brighton.
situations in the past.

USE 4 My grandfather went to lots of concerts

Repeated events. when he was in his 20’s.

 How do we form the simple past?

Regular verbs. verb + -ed /-d = want / wanted; hope / hoped.

Irregular verbs. Irregular past= think / thought; make / made.

Pronunciation of ⮞ /ɪd/: If the base verb ends in ‘t’ or ‘d’ (wanted, ended).
‘-ed’.
⮞ /t/: If the base verb ends in the sounds /p/ (hoped), /f/
(laughed),
/ks/ (faxed), /ʃ/ (washed), /ʧ/ (watched), /k/ (liked).
⮞ /d/: for the rest of sounds, such as in played or allowed.

 Why irregular verbs in English?

English is a germanic-rooted language like Swedish, Danish, Flemish,

Norwedgian, Dutch or German, but it has a significant influence of French
(latin-rooted) after its invasion in 1066. Therefore, the oldest and monosyllabic
verbs remain irregular (have, be, go, take, see) whereas the ones introduced
after the French invasion are regular (decide, finish, decorate, prepare, start)
and end in -ed.

✏ Exercise 11. Complete this table with their past forms and their past participles.
Present Past Past Participle
1. Fall ....................................................................................................
.
2. Keep ....................................................................................................
.
3. Mean ....................................................................................................
.
4. Forget ....................................................................................................
.
5. Hit ....................................................................................................
.
6. Freeze ....................................................................................................
.
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7. Throw ....................................................................................................
.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

8. Feed ....................................................................................................
.
9. Blow ....................................................................................................
.
10. Lead ....................................................................................................
.

✏ Exercise 12. Change the sentences into past simple.

1. Catherine moves to a different house.
2. They teach English.
3. He doesn’t do the necessary work.
4. She sells diamonds.
5. Does he travel to China?......

✏ Exercise 13. Complete the story with the verbs between brackets.
Use the Simple Past.

Last night I was walking home next to the river Thames, when something
strange
…………… (happen) to me. It …………… (be) late at night and I.....(feel) tired after
a long and difficult day at work. There.......(be) a large full moon in the sky
and
everything …………… (be) quiet. I........(feel) tired and lonely and I’d just had a
few
pints of beer in my local pub, so I.......(decide) to stop by the riverside and look
at
the moon for a while. I.........(sit) on some steps very close to the water’s edge
and
…………… (look) up at the big yellow moon and.....(wonder) if it really was made
of
cheese. I …………… (feel) very tired so I.......(close) my eyes and after a few
minutes,
I.............(fall) asleep.

✏ Exercise 14. Write a brief paragraph explaining how the story continued.
When I woke up, the moon had moved behind a cloud and it was very dark
and cold…

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

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.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

✏ Exercise 15. Complete the sentences with the verbs between brackets using the present or
past simple.
1. I...........................(study) English last night.
2. I ........................ (buy) a present for my husband but I...............(think) he
......................(not like) it.
3. I ........................ (have) long hair when I.............(be) a little child, but now
my
hair.....................(be) very short.
4. Janet...............................(write) a letter to George last night.
5. Ellie..........................(brush) her teeth twice a day.
6. I ........................ (take) too much alcohol yesterday evening, so
I ............................ (have) a terrible headache now.
7. Alex .................. (can) play the piano when she was 12; now she.............(can)
play both the piano and the violin.
8. Mary and Jane ................. (go) on holiday every year, last year they....(visit)
India.

▶ THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous is used to describe actions that occurred in the past and
continued over time. These actions can be interrupted by a past simple, or they
may happen simulta- neously to other actions. The past continuous is formed
with the past form of the verb to be and the gerund of the lexical verb.

Affirmative Statements

Subject + Verb to be in past + Lexical V. Gerund+ Objects + Complements.

We was playing football yesterday.

Negative Statements

Subject + Verb to be in past + not + Lexical V. Gerund + Objects + Complements.

We were not singing Karaoke last night.

Questions

Verb to be in past + Subject + Lexical V. Gerund + Objects + Complements +?

Were you living in California last year?

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 Uses of the Past Continuous in English

USE 1 When we were queuing for the

An activity beginning before a past cinema, we saw a really famous
action and continuing until or footballer.
after it.

USE 2 I wasn’t paying attention while I was

Two things happening at the same writ- ing the letter, so I made several
time. mistakes.

USE 3 She was always coming to class late.

Repeated events (“always” /
“continually”), criticizing an activity.

USE 4 I was hoping to find a new jacket.

Unfulfilled plans.

 While and When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word ‘when’ such as ‘when she called’
or ‘when it bit me.’ Other clauses begin with ‘while’ such as ‘while she was
sleeping’ and ‘while he was surfing.’ When you talk about things in the past,
‘when’ is most often followed by the verb tense past sim- ple, whereas ‘while’ is
usually followed by past continuous. ‘While’ expresses the idea of ‘dur- ing that
time.’ Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they
emphasize different parts of the sentence.
⮞ Examples:
I was studying when she
called. While I was studying, she
called.

 REMEMBER

Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs.

It is important to remember that non-continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs
cannot be used in contin- uous tenses. Instead of using past continuous with
these verbs, you must use past simple.
⮞ Examples:
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct.
Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct.

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

✏ Exercise 16. Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous).
1. The flight attendant ......................... (welcome) the passengers and....(ask)
them to buckle their seatbelts.
2. The TV ........................ (break) during the game so we..........(have) to listen
to the end on the radio.
3. The children .......................... (swim) while the parents..............(talk) by the
poolside.
4. The doctor ............................. (come) in, ........................... (look) at the
wound and
......................(tell) us it wasn’t serious.
5. While one team.................................(prepare) for the final match, the other
team
...........................(participate) in interviews.
6. While we .......................... (sit) on the bench the dogs................(run) about.
7. Patrick ........................ (turn) off the music and....................(begin) to study.
8. Mike ............................ (watch) TV when his parents..............(arrive).

✏ Exercise 17. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (past simple or past
continuous).
1. When Sam ............ (go) to Greece, he.......(visit) the most beautiful beaches.
2. When he .................... (drive) home, he........(see) an amazing sunset.
3. I .................. (not /hear) what they............(fight) about at the party last
night.
4. When she ................... (wash) her car, she..............(discover) the scratch.
5. While the boy .................. (play), his mother................(talk) on the phone.
6. He .................... (drink) some beer and then he...........(eat) a few chips.
7. We ................... (sleep) when we suddenly..............(hear) a loud noise.
8. When my neighbor .......................... (bake) a cake she.. . .(burn) her hand.
9. She ......................... (get) in the car,................(put) her key in the ignition,
and
.................(start) the engine.
10. When it .......................... (begin) to rain, we...............(run) inside.
11. When I ...................... (do) the washing-up, I...............(break) a plate.
12. I ...................... (have) dinner when I suddenly............(hear) a loud bang.
13. When my father ....................... (work) in the garden, an old friend
.................... (pass) by to see him.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

14. She ...................... (go) to school,.............(take) out her textbook and

(begin)
to learn.
15. When it .................... (start) to rain, our dog............(want) to come inside.
16. When Jane ............... (do) a language course in Ireland, she................(visit)
Blarney Castle.
17. When I ...................... (be) on my way home, I............(see) an accident.
18. I ................................. (not / understand) what they.............(talk) about.

▶ PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions show where or when something is in relation to something else.
Prepositions can tell us where one noun is in relation to another (e.g., the
phone is on the table). Prepo- sitions indicate direction, time, location, purpose,
and spatial relationships, as well as other abstract types of relationships.
⮞ Direction: Turn to the left and then you will arrive at her home.
⮞ Time: We have been living for 10 years in Manchester.
⮞ Location: We arrived in Edinburgh last week.
⮞ Purpose: Mark went for a walk.

 Prepositions of Time

Preposition Usage Example

On days of the week. on Tuesday.

months / seasons in October / in

In time of day summer. in the
year evening.
after a certain period of time in 2020.
in an hour.
for night. at night.
At
for weekend. at the
a certain point of time (when?). weekend. at
half past eight.
Since from a certain point of time (past since 1900.
till now).
For over a certain period of time (past till for 5 years.
now).
Ago a certain time in the past. 3 years ago.

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

Preposition Usage Example

Before earlier than a certain point of time. before 2012.

To telling the time. quarter to four (3:45).

Past telling the time. twenty past five (5:30).

To / till / until marking the beginning and end of a

from Monday to/till
period of time.
Friday.

Till / until in the sense of how long something is

He is on holiday until
going to last.
Friday.
I will be back by 6
By in the sense of at the latest.
o’clock. By 11 o’clock,
up to a certain time.
I had read five pages.

 Prepositions of Place

Preposition Usage Example

in the kitchen, in
room, building, street, town, London.
In country. book, paper etc. in the book.
car, taxi. in the car, in a
picture, taxi. in the
world. picture, in the
world.

at the door, at
meaning next to, by an
the station.
At object. for table.
at the table.
for events.
at a concert, at the
place where you are to do
party. at the cinema,
something typical (watch a film,
at school, at work.
study, work).

the picture on the

attached.
wall. London lies on
for a place with a river.
the Thames.
On being on a surface.
on the
for a certain side (left,
table. on
right). for a floor in a
the left.
house.
on the first floor.
for public
on the bus, on a
transport. for
plane. on TV, on the
television, radio.
radio.
by, next to, Jane is standing by /
beside left or right of somebody or
next to / beside the
something.
car.
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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

Preposition Usage Example

Under on the ground, lower than (or the bag is under

covered by) something else. the table.

Below lower than something else but the fish are below
above ground. the surface.

 Other Prepositions in English

Preposition Usage Example

From who gave it. a present from Jane.

Of who/what does it belong to. a page of the

what does it show. book. the picture of
a palace.
By who made it. a book by Mark Twain.

On walking or riding on horseback. on foot, on

entering a public transport horseback. get on
vehicle. the bus.
In entering a car / Taxi. get in the car.
Off leaving a public transport vehicle. get off the train.
out of leaving a car / Taxi. get out of the taxi.

rise or fall of something. prices have risen by 10

By
travelling (other than percent.
walking or horseriding). by car, by bus.

At she learned Russian

for age.
at 45.

About we were talking

for topics, meaning what about.
about you.

✏ Exercise 18. Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.

1. If you want to go .................. bus, you have to go............the bus stop.
2. You look...................the timetable.
3. Then you wait..............your bus.
4. When the bus arrives, you get............the bus.
5. You buy a ticket .............. the driver or show your ticket. . .the driver.

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

6. When you arrive ............ your destination, you get..the bus.

7. Sometimes you even have to change buses.....another bus stop.
8......................the painting, you can see a little girl.
9. I got these photos............my friend Jane.
10. These photos were taken..........her boyfriend.
11...................these pictures you can see a giraffe.
12. So, these are pictures............a giraffe.

✏ Exercise 19. Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.

1. The first McDonald’s restaurant was opened.............Dick and Mac McDonald
.............. the 15th.........May 1940.
2. The best-selling products............their restaurant were hamburgers.
3. So, the McDonald brothers thought........a way to produce hamburgers
more
quickly.
4. This was introduced .................. 1948 and became known........the Speeded
Service System.
5. The first franchised McDonald’s restaurant was opened........1953, and today
you can find McDonald’s restaurants..more than 100 countries.
6. The meats ...... the burgers vary .......... the culture the country.
7. Franchisees and future managers...........McDonald’s restaurants are
trained
.......................... Hamburger University, which is located ................. Oak

Brook, a suburb.Chicago.

8. McDonalds is also known ............... its sponsorship ............ various

international
sport events.

✏ Exercise 20. Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.

1. George Washington was born ............. Virginia......1732.
2. .............. the American Revolutionary War ( ................ 1775 and 1783)
he was the Commander-in-Chief the American forces.
3. Washington played an important role ................. the founding...the US.
4. He became the first President..........the United States.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

5. He was President ........... 1789........1797.

6. George Washington died ................ the age ............. 67, ...............
the 14th ..... December 1799.

7. The capital ........... the United States and one federal state are
named ............... George Washington.

▶ ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: red,
happy, slow, interesting, weird. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few,
thousands, ten.

The adjectives are words that come immediately before the nouns they modify.
In addition, they can also act as verb complements or with the verb to be.
These verbs that are followed by adjectives describe states of being or a
sensory experience (feel, seem, sound).
⮞ My friend is happy.
⮞ It seems a boring task.
⮞ Your proposal sounds good to me.

✏ Exercise 21. Use the adjectives listed below to complete the character descriptions.
honest, reserved, outgoing, frank, tactless, persuasive, trustworthy,
fussy
1. Tina is a very...........................person. She can convince you to do almost
anything
she wants.
2. Sarah can be ......................... on occasion. She often says things that offend
people.
3. Jim is very..........................; he always says exactly what he is thinking.
4. Stephanie is one of the most ........................... people I know; she
would never consider doing anything illegal.
5. My little sister is very ............................. about what she eats; there are
very few foods she likes.
6. Anna is a very................................person who hardly ever lets her feelings show.
7. Mark is extremely............................; when it comes to keeping secrets, he will
nev-
er tell a soul.
8. Annabel is a(n) ............................ person who loves meeting people and
making new friends.

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

In English, there is an established order for the adjectives when there are more than one. The
Royal order of adjectives is the following:
⮞ 1. Determiner: your, our, this, these.
⮞ 2. Quantity: One, two, many, few.
⮞ 3. Opinion: beautiful, useful, delicious.
⮞ 4. Size: big, medium-sized, small, large, long.
⮞ 5. Age: New, old, young, medieval.
⮞ 6. Shape: Square, round, triangular, geometric.
⮞ 7. Color: Blue, Gold, Yellowish, Red.
⮞ 8. Origin/Material: Chinese, Wooden, Wooly, Roman.
⮞ 9. Qualifier: hound (dog), re-usable (bags), fashion (clothes).
⮞ 10. Hound dog, denim skirt, pickup truck, vampire bat.

✏ Exercise 22. Choose the correct adjective order.

1. a new black car
...................................................................................................................
2. interesting an book old
......................................................................................................
3. French food delicious
.........................................................................................................
4. silly an cat old
......................................................................................................................
5. truck a big American red
...................................................................................................
6. shoes red beautiful
............................................................................................................
7. tall a girl
Japanese ...............................................................................................................
8. a round chocolate cake delicious
.....................................................................................
9. oranges big great some
.....................................................................................................
10. new guitar electronic a
......................................................................................................

✏ Exercise 23. Choose the correct order.

1. a(n) ...................... ........................... ...................... lady (American old rich).
2. a....................................................................................spoon (brown soup wooden).
3. a(n).....................................................................................dress (expensive pink summer).
4. a(n).............................................................................book (boring old science).
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5. a............................................................................scarf (Chinese pretty silk).

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

▶ AT THE WORKPLACE
WARM UP: A Job Interview.

✏ Exercise 24. In your opinion, which factors below are important for getting a job? Choose
the five most important. Is there anything missing from the list? Which do you think
are not important? Why?

appearance hobbies/interests experience personality

intelligence marital status qualifications contacts

references age/gender astrological sign handwriting

blood group sickness record family education

background

✏ Exercise 25. Think about jobs you’ve had and interviews you’ve attended. In pairs, ask
each other about your best or worst:

job boss colleague

interview experience interview question interview answer

✏ Exercise 26. Discuss the following statements:

1. At work, appearance is more important than performance.
2. You should keep your private life totally separate from your work.
3. People don’t change much during their working lives.
4. It is best to work for as few companies as possible.
5. Everybody should retire at 50.

✏ Exercise 27. Complete the text with the words and phrases in the box.

Curriculum vitae Application form Probationary period

(CV)/resume
Psychometric test Interview Covering letter

These days, many applicants submit their …………………………………

speculatively to companies they would like to work for. In other words,

they do not apply for an advertised job, but hope the employer will be

interested enough to keep their CV on file and contact them when they

have a vacancy. When replying to an advertisement,

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

candidates often fill in a(n) ………………………………… and write a (n)

………………………………… The employer will then invite the best candidates to

attend a(n) …………………………………. Sometimes candidates will take a(n)

………………………………… before the interview to assess their mental ability

and reasoning skills. These days, it is normal for successful candidates to

have to work a(n)....................................................in a company. This is

usually

three or six months; after that, they are offered a permanent post.

✏ Exercise 28. Match the verbs (1-6) to the nouns (a-f) to make word partnerships.

1. to train. a. a vacancy/post.
2. to shortlist. b. an interview
panel.
3. to advertise.
c. the candidates.
4. to assemble.
d. references.
5. to make.
e. new staff.
6. to check.
f. a job offer.

✏ Exercise 29. Look at the different types of people. Which do you think are the most
desirable for companies to employ?

This type of person:

1. is able to come up with ideas. a. enthusiastic.

2. is respected and listened to by others. b. adaptable.
3. is able to see different points of view. c. methodical.
4. has lots of energy and often gets excited. d. reliable.
5. is concerned with details and getting things e. ambitious.
right even if it takes time.

6. can see how to put ideas into action. f. objective.

7. likes to assess and evaluate. g. creative.
8. is determined to succeed in their career. h. analytical.
9. is able to change with new situations. i. authoritative.

10. is someone you can trust and depend on. j. practical.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

▶ HOW TO WRITE YOUR COVERING LETTER

First Paragraph - Introduction.
State the job you’re applying for.
Where you found out about it and when you’re available to start work.
Second Paragraph - Motivation.
Why you’re interested in that type of
work. Why the company attracts you.
Third Paragraph - CV Highlights / Related Skills.
Summarize your strengths and how they might be an
advantage. Relate your skills to the competencies required
in the job.
Last Paragraph - Closing.
Thank the employer and say you look forward to hearing from
them soon. Say if you have attached your CV, or any other
document.
TIP: If you start with a name (e.g., “Dear Mr. Smith”) you should end with “Yours
sincerely”. If you start with “Dear Sir or Madam” you should end with “Yours
faithfully”.

 Example of Covering Letter

Dear Mrs. Smith, Greeting

I am writing to apply for the sales assistant position at your
Introduction
company, published on 12 October at your profile on LinkedIn.
I first became interested in sales and in the ceramic tile industry
after com- pleting a post-graduate course in business. I
discovered that the ceramic tile industry was significant in our Motivation
region, and my interest in sales confirmed my decision to aim for
a career in this field. In addition, your company is a leader in the
market, and I feel that employees may have the opportunity to
demon- strate their value.
Through my bachelor’s degree, I developed my interest in
language and busi- ness. Later on, I extended my knowledge with
a master’s degree in interna- tional trade, in which I improved my CV Highlights
sales skills along with my marketing and computing skills. In Related Skills
addition, my experience at LMC helped me develop my skills as a
community manager and communication in social networks. My
work at this company was also valuable in teaching me the
importance of ascertaining customers’ needs and providing clear
and accurate information.
I would be most grateful if you could consider me for this
position or any other suitable positions at your company. I will be
Closing
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available for an interview at any time. Please find attached my CV
where you will find further information. Yours sincerely,
Mark Johnston

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 Mission 1. Job Hunting |

✏ Exercise 30. Write a covering letter and apply for one of the following jobs.
Word Length: 200 words.
JOB OFFER#1: Sales Representative

Prometour is actively recruiting talented sales representatives to work on

the Amer- ican educational tours market from our office in Málaga. The
Sales Representative is responsible for the selling of international
educational tours for students, achieving or exceeding goals by
prospecting new business. Each Sales Representative must main- tain
competitive sales figures and will be responsible for sourcing prospective
clients both within the existing database and through additional activities.
The Sales Repre- sentative reports directly to the Sales Manager.
REQUIREMENTS
⮞ Fluent English - all business is conducted in English.
⮞ Strong communication and presentation skills including the ability to work
with all levels of employees and customers in a diplomatic and
professional manner.
⮞ Ability to build strong relationships externally and internally.
⮞ Strong presentation skills on the telephone and in front of prospects.
REQUIRED COMPETENCIES
⮞ Perseverance, Self-motivation, Negotiation/Influencing skills, listening
skills, Ability to handle stress.
Attractive remuneration package.
Please send your CV and cover letter reflecting your relevant experience
and ambitions to [email protected]!

JOB OFFER#2: 1st Grade Teacher: Spanish Language

Language Teacher needed at Connell High School starting the 2015-16
school year. Candidates must have valid teaching certificate, and
experience working with second- ary students preferred.
REQUIREMENTS
⮞ Teaching Certificate.
⮞ Training or experience at appropriate level.
⮞ Advanced language level in both Spanish and English.
⮞ Utilize effective teaching methods and strategies to improve student
learning.
⮞ Communicate regularly with principal and parents.
⮞ Effectively supervise students and maintain efficient classroom
management.
⮞ Self-motivated.
⮞ Computer technology background.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

Conditions of employment:
⮞ The completed application for North Franklin School District will include:
⮞ Online Application through Fast Track (www.nfsd.org/employment).
⮞ Resume (upload attachment).
⮞ Copy of Current Merits: Education and Academic Background.
⮞ Transcripts (required upon hire).
Position open until filled.

▶ THE JOB INTERVIEW

After applying for a job, the next stage consists of facing a job interview. They
can be stressful and need preparation, whereas experience is a plus. Preparing
a job interview consists of practicing a good introduction, anticipating possible
questions, and searching for information about the company which has offered
you the opportunity to be interviewed. Some of the most common questions
are the following:
1. Tell me about yourself.
2. What are your strengths?
3. What are your weaknesses?
4. Why did you leave your last job?
5. Tell us about your education.
6. Where do you see yourself 5 years from now?
7. Why would you like to work here?
8. What kind of salary do you expect?
9. When could you start?
10. Do you have any questions for me/us?

✏ Exercise 31. Prepare a job interview based on one of the previous offers and practice it with
some of your classmates. Then decide who should be hired and explain why.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

MISSION 2. THE WORKSHOP

▶ THE PERFECT ASPECT

The perfect aspect is used to look back from a specific time and talk about
things up to that time or about things that are important at that time. The
perfect aspect expresses a com- pleted action.

 The Present Perfect

The present perfect is used to speak about something that has happened very
recently, or it can still be modified. Notice that the present perfect concerns
actions that happened VERY RECENTLY or that still can be modified in OUR
LIFETIME. For those actions that cannot be modified (except those which has
happened recently), we use the past simple. Therefore, the present perfect
expresses indefinite time (which is unspecific), whereas the past simple refers
to definite time (which is specific).

Indefinite Time Definite Time

Mike has visited my house many times. Mike visited my apartment last week.

I have talked with his parents a few I talked with his parents yesterday.
times.
Sarah has recently changed her Sarah changed her phone
phone number. number last month.

A Question of Life and Death

Elon Musk has been in Spain a

Mozart was in Spain once in his lifetime.
couple of times.

Affirmative Statements

Subject + Have /Has + Past Participle + Objects + Complements.

He has studied English for several years

Negative Statements
Subject + Have /Has + not + Past Participle + Objects + Complements.
She has not started a new career in London.

Questions
Have /Has + Subject + Past Participle + Objects + Complements +?
Has she started a new career?

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 Uses of the Present Perfect in English

USE 1
something that started in the They’ve been married for nearly 50
past and continues in the years. She has lived in Liverpool all her
present. life.

USE 2 I’ve seen that film before. I’ve played

when talking about our the gui- tar ever since I was a teenager.
experience up to the present. He has written three books and he is
working on another one.

USE 3
for something that happened in I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
the past but is important in the Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone
present. shopping.

USE 4
to emphasize that something is It’s been raining for hours. I’m tired out.
still continuing in the present: I’ve been working all day.

✏ Exercise 1. Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect or past simple).
1. A:..............................(you / taste / ever) sushi?
2. B: Yes, I................................(eat) sushi at least five times so far.
3. A: When..............................(you / eat) sushi for the first time?
4. B: I .......................... (eat) sushi for the first time on my dad’s 50th
birthday.

He..................................(invite) the whole family to a Japanese restaurant.

5. A:.....................................(you / like) it?
6. B: Absolutely. In fact, it .......................... (be) so good that we.............(be)

to that restaurant three times. And on my mum’s birthday, we

............................

(order) some sushi and............................(have) it at home.

▶ ADVERBS OF TIME: YET, ALREADY, JUST

Already refers to something that has happened sooner.
I have already had my lunch (Now it’s 3:00 pm, and I had lunch at 2:00 p.m).
Just refers to something that has happened very recently.
I have just been shopping (and I have come back 10 minutes ago).
Yet is used to negate or ask if something that has happened sooner.
Have you had dinner yet? / No, I have not had dinner yet.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

✏ Exercise 2. Fill in the spaces below using either Just, Yet or Already.
1. Don’t come in here with those muddy shoes!! I have......cleaned this floor!!!
2. Have you finished that composition for History class............? You only start-
ed an hour ago!!
3. I don’t want to see “Alien 9” at the cinema again. I’ve..........seen it twice.
4. I’m sorry. You have ..................... missed Katie. She left the office
about three minutes ago!

5. Oh, nothing for me, thank you. I’ve..................eaten. I had dinner less than
an
hour ago.

▶ PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: FOR AND SINCE

The preposition for is used if it is not necessary to calculate the period of time,
because it is in the sentence.

I have lived here for two months.

The preposition since is used if it is necessary to calculate the period of time,

because the sentence only shows the starting point.

I have lived here since 1975.

✏ Exercise 3. Fill in the spaces below using either for or since.

1. I have been living in New York...............1 year.
2. I haven’t seen you.......................a week.
3. I have been waiting...................12:30.
4. I’ve lived here...................5 years.
5. I’ve lived here...................2003.
6.....................she came here I’ve been very nervous.
7. She has been married......................ten years.
8. She has been a doctor......................1998.

!yesterday,
Notice that the present perfect does not contain time complements such as
last week, or last year, these complements concern the past simple
tense.

✏ Exercise 4. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. Last week I ....................... (be) very busy and I............(have not) the time to
do a lot in the household.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

2. On Monday I ................... (work) three hours overtime and..............(come)

home very late in the evening.
3. From Tuesday to Thursday I......................(be) on a business trip.
4. On Friday I.........................(go) to a friend’s birthday party and at the weekend I
......................(visit) my grandparents.
5. Tomorrow some friends are coming over. I...............(see / not) them for
ages
and they.................(be / never) at my place before.
6. I...........................(clean / just) my house so I can show them around. Now
everything
is perfect.

✏ Exercise 5. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Present Perfect).
1. I can’t go skiing because I..........................(not /buy) my new skis yet.
2.............................. (they/spend) their holidays in Marbella last August?
3.............................. (you /ever/climb) Mount Kilimanjaro?
4. She...........................(just/finish) baking a pie.
5. Manuel.........................(already/write) three reports.
6. We............................(move) to Tokyo in 2007.
7. Frank.............................(be) in California twenty years ago.
8. I..................................(not/be) to Croatia yet.
9. But I...............................(already/travel) to Greece on several occasions.
10. Last year, her family.............................(go) Disneyland Paris.

✏ Exercise 6. Put the verb in brackets into the Simple Past or the Present Perfect.
1. Last year Alex................................(travel) to Peru.
2. We..................................(work) all day and now we are exhausted.
3. They.....................................(buy) a new car last month.
4. Allison..................................(stay) at home last night.
5. The credit card bill.................................(arrive) this morning.
6. Max and his girlfriend...................................(live) in Boston for four years.
7. Last night we.........................(go) to the cinema to see the new Woody Allen
movie.
8. The TV show...................................(already start), but you haven´t missed too
much.
9. The twins...................................(phone) us earlier but we weren´t home.
10. Chuck.................................(lose) his watch last night.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

▶ THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another
action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific
time in the past.

Affirmative Statements

Subject + Had + Past Participle + Objects + Complements. He

had studied Engineering before working as a teacher.

Negative Statements

Subject + Had + not + Past Participle + Objects + Complements.

She had not studied English before arriving here.
Questions

Had + Subject + Past Participle + Objects + Complements + ? Had

she started a new career before arriving in London?

 Uses of the Past Perfect in English

USE 1 When George died, he and Anne had

for something that started in the been married for nearly 50 years.
past and continued up to a later She didn’t want to move. She had lived
time in the past. in
Liverpool all her life.
USE 2 My eighteenth birthday was the worst
To report the speaker’s day I
experience up to a point in the had ever had.
past. I was pleased to meet George; I hadn’t
met
him before.
USE 3
for something that happened in I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost
my keys. Teresa wasn’t at home. She
the past and is important at a had gone shopping.
later time in the past.

USE 4
Past perfect continuous: to show Everything was wet. It had been raining
for hours.
that something started in the past
He was a wonderful guitarist. He had
and con- tinued up to a time in been playing ever since he was a
the past or was important at that teenager.
time in the past.

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 THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial
Engineering

✏ Exercise 7. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appro- priate
tenses, past simple or past perfect.

I can’t believe I ................. (get) that apartment. I .................. (submit)

my application last week, but I didn’t think I had a chance of actually
getting it. When I ..................... (show) up to take a look around, there
were at least twenty other people who ........ (arrive) before me. Most of
them...........................................................(fill, already) out their applications
and
were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.

I.......................(try) to fill out the form, but I couldn’t answer half of the
questions.
They...............(want) me to include references, but I didn’t want to list my
previous
landlord because I.................(have) some problems with him in the past and I
knew
he wouldn’t recommend me. I.............(end) up listing my father as a
reference.

It was total luck that he..............(decide) to give me the apartment. It turns

out
that the landlord and my father ................. (go) to high school together.
He decided that I could have the apartment before he (look) at my credit
report. I really
lucked out!

✏ Exercise 8. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appro- priate
tenses, past simple, present perfect or past perfect.

1. When I ....................... (arrive) home last night, I discovered that Jane

.................
(prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.

2. Since I began acting, I......................(perform) in two plays, a television

commercial
and a TV drama. However,...............(speak, never even) publicly before I
came
to Hollywood in 1985.

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting ..................... (begin, already)
without me. My boss .................. (be) furious with me and I (be) fired.

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4. When I ................. (turn) the radio on yesterday, I...........(hear) a song that
was popular when I was in high school. I..........(hear, not) the song in
years,
and it.................(bring) back some great memories.

5. Last week, I ................ (run) into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We .............. (see,

not)
each other in years, and both of us ..................... (change) a great deal. I
...............
(enjoy) talking to her so much that I............(ask) her out on a date. We
are getting together tonight for dinner.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

6. When Jack .................. (enter) the room, I...........(recognize, not) him because
he .................. (lose) so much weight and..............(grow) a beard. He looked
totally different!

7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the

Yucatan; however, their culture ................... (disappear, virtually) by
the time Europeans first (arrive) in the New World.

8. I ...................... (visit) so many beautiful places since I.........(come) to Utah.

Before moving here, I................(hear, never) of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches,
or
Canyonlands.

✏ Exercise
tense.
9. Complete the following questions with the appropriate tenses, use any

1. When Carol ................ (call) last night, I ................ (watch) my favorite

show on television.

2. I.....................(work) for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend
to stay
here until I retire!

3. Sharon ................. (love) to travel. She ................ (go) abroad

almost every
summer. Next year, she plans to go to Peru.

4. Thomas is an author. He...............(write) mystery novels and travel memoirs.

He
....................... (write) since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he...(write)
seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book of poetry.

5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we.....(get)
to the train station, Susan...........(wait) for us for more than two hours.

▶ USED TO/ BE USED TO/ GET USED TO

 Used to + Verb

‘Used to’ introduces past habits and states that are finished at the moment of
speaking. It is followed by an infinitive (i.e.: used to do). ‘Used to’ is not used to
say what, how long, or how many times an activity happened. Some examples
are the following:
⮞ I used to walk every day, but I quit the habit before summer.
⮞ Martha used to play the violin when she was a teenager.

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⮞ My family used to order pizza every Friday for dinner.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 Be used to + -ing

‘Be used to’ describes something that is familiar to the subject. It refers to
actions which an individual has previously experienced and no longer considers
new. They are habits that have already been acquired. Notice that the lexical
verb is introduced as a gerund (-ing).
⮞ She is used to speaking Italian with her customers.
⮞ My cousin is used to driving on the left as he lived three years in the UK.
⮞ John is not used to studying at nights.

 Get used to + -ing

The structure ‘get used to’ describes that an action is becoming familiar to the
subject. In this case, the lexical verb is also introduced as a gerund (-ing).
⮞ I quickly got used to working in a factory after years in an office.
⮞ You should get used to going to bed earlier, so you felt better in the morning.
⮞ It was difficult at the beginning, but I could get used to doing exercise
regularly.

✏ Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences with the correct option.
1. I’ve been waking up early for a year. However, I............to it.
a. am already used.
b. used.
c. use.
d. am still not used.

2. Excuse me, do you mind if I................your telephone?

a. use.
b. get used to.
c. used.
d. am using.

3. After the holidays, it always takes me time to............up early again.

a. to be used to get.
b. to get used to getting.
c. to get used to get.
d. to be used to getting.

4. The queue at the shopping mall...................bad, but now it is terrible.

a. didn’t use to be.
b. didn’t used to be.
c. used.
d. was used.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

5. I.....................every day. Now, I only run twice a week.

a. use to run.
b. got used to running.
c. used to run.
d. was used to running.
6. If you had to live in Japan, you................on the right.
a. will have to get used to drive.
b. would have to get used to driving.
c. will have to use to driving.
d. would have had to get used to driving.

7. Last year, he could barely speak German; but he.............to it now.

a. uses.
b. was used.
c. gets used.
d. is used.

8. David doesn’t practice any sport now, but he............football.

a. plays.
b. used to play.
c. gets used to playing.
d. is used to playing.

9. Peter lived in Nepal for a year. He loved it, but he..............the food there.
a. could never get used to.
b. could ever get used to.
c. wasn’t used to.
d. was using to.

10. Few people...................electric cars now, but everybody will in a few years.
a. isn’t used to using.
b. are used to using.
c. don’t use.
d. aren’t used to using.

✏ Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps with used to, get used to, be used to.
1. Sam....................(have) a motorbike, but now he has got a ban.
2. Mike is new at the company, so he..............(-) how things are done here.
3. When he was younger, he..................(work) in a restaurant.
4. When Mary lived in Scotland, she often............(go) to Portobello beach.
5. She................(play) the guitar when she was 8, but now she plays the
guitar and
the drums.

6. They...................(eat) because they are vegans.

7. She.....................(dress) uniforms, as she went to a religious school.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

8. He......................(not/live) in his new house. He arrived only three days

ago.
9. My mother.........................(wear) glasses, but she decided to have eye
surgery.
10. My neighbors ....................... (spend) their holidays abroad because
they have a caravan.

✏ Exercise 12. Sentence Transformation: Write a sentence using the word given and without
changing the original meaning.
1. The family always spent their holidays climbing in the mountains. Used
.......................................................................................................................................
................
2. It was difficult for Craig to adjust to living in Spain. Used
.......................................................................................................................................
................
3. I went to the old pool every week. Used
.......................................................................................................................................
................
4. When I was a child, we would go to the local park every Saturday
afternoon. Used
.......................................................................................................................................
................
5. We don’t live in Madrid anymore. Used
.......................................................................................................................................
................

▶ THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

The comparative and superlative are used to say how people or things are
different. The comparative adjective shows how two people or things are
different, and the superlative adjective expresses how one person or thing is
different to all the others of its kind. For example: Jane is taller than Mary vs.
Sarah is the tallest person in the family.

 One syllable Adjectives

One syllable adjectives generally form the comparative by adding -er and the
superlative by adding -est, e.g.:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Soft Softer The softest

Cheap Cheaper The cheapest

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Sweet Sweeter The sweetest
Thin Thinner The thinnest

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

⮞ Note that if a one syllable adjective ends in a single vowel letter followed
by a single consonant letter, the consonant letter is doubled, e.g.: thin →
thinner, big → biggest.
⮞ If an adjective ends in -e, this is removed when adding -er/-est, e.g.:
wide →
wider/widest.
⮞ If an adjective ends in a consonant followed by -y, -y is replaced by -i when
adding
-er/-est, e.g.: dry → drier/driest.

 Two syllable Adjectives

Two syllable adjectives which end in -y usually form the comparative by adding -er
and the superlative by adding -est, (note the change of -y to -i in the
comparative/superlative) e.g.:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Lucky luckier The luckiest

Pretty Prettier The prettiest
Tidy Tidier The tidiest

Two syllable adjectives ending in -ed, -ing, -ful, or -less always form the
comparative with more and the superlative with the most, e.g.:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Worried More worried The most worried

Boring More boring The most boring
Careful More careful The most careful
Useless More useless The most useless

 Three or more syllable Adjectives

Adjectives which have three or more syllables always form the comparative
and superlative with MORE and THE MOST, e.g.:
⮞ The only exceptions are some three syllable adjectives which have been
formed by adding the prefix -un to another adjective, especially those
formed from an adjec- tive ending in -y. These adjectives can form
comparatives and superlatives by using more/most or adding -er/-est,
e.g.: unhappy – unhappier – the unhappiest/ the most unhappy.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Dangerous More dangerous The most dangerous

Difficult More difficult The most difficult

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 Irregular Adjectives

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good Better The best

Bad Worse The worst

Far Farther/further The farthest/furthest

 Uses of Comparative Adjectives

Comparatives are very commonly followed by than and a pronoun or noun

group, in order to describe who the other person or thing involved in the
comparison is, e.g.:
⮞ John is taller than me.
⮞ I think that she’s more intelligent than her sister.

 Other Uses of Comparative Adjectives

Comparatives are often qualified by using words and phrases such as much, a lot,
far, a bit/ little, slightly etc., e.g.:
⮞ You should go by train, it would be much cheaper.
⮞ Could you be a bit quieter?
⮞ I’m feeling a lot better.
⮞ Do you have one that’s slightly bigger?
Two comparatives can be contrasted by placing the before them, indicating
that a change in one quality is linked to a change in another, e.g.:
⮞ The smaller the gift, the easier it is to send.
⮞ The more stressed you are, the worse it is for your health.
Two comparatives can also be linked with and to show a continuing increase in a
particular quality, e.g.:
⮞ The sea was getting rougher and rougher.
⮞ Her illness was becoming worse and worse.
⮞ He became more and more tired as the weeks went by.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

 Uses of Superlative Adjectives

Like comparatives, superlatives can be placed before nouns in the attributive

position, or occur after be and other link verbs, e.g.:
⮞ The most delicious chocolate cake I’ve ever eaten.
⮞ Annabel was the youngest.
⮞ This restaurant is the best.
As shown in the second two examples, superlatives are often used on their own
if it is clear what or who is being compared. If you want to be specific about
what you are comparing, you can do this with a noun, or a phrase beginning
with in or of, e.g.:
⮞ Annabel was the youngest child.
⮞ Annabel was the youngest of the children.
⮞ This restaurant is the best in town.

 The negative forms of Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

We use the forms less (the opposite of comparative more), and the least (the
opposite of superlative the most).
⮞ Less is used to indicate that something or someone does not have as much
of a par- ticular quality as someone or something else, e.g.:
⯈ This sofa is less comfortable.
⯈ I’ve always been less patient than my sister.
⮞ The least is used to indicate that something or someone has less of a quality
than any other person or thing of its kind, e.g.:
⯈ It’s the least expensive way to travel.
⯈ She was the least intelligent of the three sisters.

✏ Exercise 13. Complete the chart.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Heavy Heavier heaviest

Good

Fat The fattest

difficult

Funnier

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

Adjective Comparative Superlative

The worst

Thin

Bigger

The most intelligent

✏ Exercise 14. Complete the sentences using the words in brackets.

1. Their house is.............................(+expensive) than ours.
2. This brand is..............................(+cheap) than the one in the supermarket
near
my house.
3. The film was.................................(+interesting) than the one we saw the last
time.
4. Catherine was a..........................(+hardworking) student than her sister.
5. I refuse to go to the.........................(+bad) restaurant.
6. Luis is the..........................(+good) guitar player I know.
7. These are the.........................(+beautiful) colors in the rainbow.
8. This player is.........................(+bad) than his opponent today.

✏ Exercise 15. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or
superlative).
1. My house is (big)...................than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful)............................than that one.
3. This is the (good)........................book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long)...................than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous).........................animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good)......................than a holiday in the
mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive)......................than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich)........................woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad).....................than last summer.
10. He was the (intelligent).......................thief of all.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

▶ READING DRAWINGS
Drawings are used to share visual ideas with others. The description of ideas
verbally is im- portant, but drawings show images of what it represents. In this
sense, there are different types of drawings. The main categories are General
arrangement drawings and Detail draw- ing. On the one hand, general
arrangement drawing shows the layout of a whole assem- bly or structure but
does not give details of smaller individual components. Detail drawing shows
one or more smaller components in detail. Usually, general arrangement
drawings have notes on them, which give references to related detail drawings.
For every general arrangement drawing, there are usually several related detail
drawings.
Working drawing: a scale drawing which serves as a guide for the construction or
manufac- ture of something such as a building or machine.

Elevation: a first angle projection that shows all parts of the building as seen
from a particu- lar direction with the perspective flattened.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

Specification: written documents that describe the materials as well as the

installation methods. They consist of precisely written documentation that
describes a project.

Cross section: a representation of what we would see if an object was vertically

sliced to show the internal section.

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

Schematic: a diagram of an electrical or mechanical system, which intends to explain

how something works.

Exploded View: drawing showing how a product can be assembled and how the
separate parts fit together.

Plan: drawing on a horizontal plane depicting a bird’s eye view of a structure from
above.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 16. Complete the following definitions using the types of drawing in the box:
cross-section, elevation, exploded view, note, plan, schematic,
specification.
1..............................gives a view of the whole deck, from above.
2..............................gives a view of all the panels, from the front.
3..............................gives a deconstructed view of how the panels are fixed
together.
4..............................gives a cutaway view of the joint between two panels.
5..............................gives a simplified representation of a network of air ducts.
6..............................gives a brief description or a reference to another related
drawing.
7..............................gives detailed written technical descriptions of the panels.

Dimensions can be represented in different forms: nouns, adjectives, and

verbs. The most common ones are shown in the list below.

Name of the Dimension Large Dimension Short Dimension

1. length long short

2. width wide narrow

3. height high low

4. thickness thick thin

5. depth deep shallow

The trick to creating verbs is to add the suffix/ending ‘-en’ to adjectives or

nouns. Some examples are ‘shorten’ or ‘lengthen’, but there are others. Have a
look at the following ex- amples.

Size Other

short shorten white whiten weak weaken

wide widen dark darken straight straighten

deep deepen light lighten rough roughen

broad broaden bright brighten tough toughen

length lengthen hard harden loose loosen

height heighten soft soften tight tighten

broad broaden thick thicken worse worsen

quick quicken threat threaten

sharp sharpen strength strengthen

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

✏ Exercise 17. Gap Filling. Write the suitable word in each gap.

Name of the Dimension Large Dimension Short Dimension

1. short

2. width narrow

3. high

4. thickness thin

5. deep

✏ Exercise 18. Use one of the following words to fill the following gaps.

Far-away, broadens, short-cut, shorten, lengthy, lengthened, heightened, deepened, lower,

widen.
1. The authorities have decided to................................the road to allow more
traffic
to use it.
2. Is there a........................................to the town centre? I’m in a hurry.
3. She.................................her trousers because she thought they were too short.
4. The darkness........................................our feeling of loneliness out there on the
sea.
5. He always loves to go to....................................places for his holidays.
6. Could you........................................the sleeves for me? They are much too long.
7. The decision of the government.......................the crisis, and war was
inevitable.
8. Traveling is good for you: it..................................your mind.
9. Getting a visa is a..............................process; it can take up to two months.
10. Could you.................................the mirror please; it’s too high for me.

✏ Exercise 19. Match the following words with its definition.

1. Send out to (cause to) become different. e.g.: She decided to.....her name.
2. Replace to (cause to) become better. e.g.: Their sales seem to be..… - ing.
3. Supersede to modify, rephrase, or change for the better. i.e.: The
company needs to one of its machines.
4. Accept to prepare the preliminary plans for some work
again. e.g.: The engineer.the bridge.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

5. Sign off to bring (something) to a finer state or form by purifying,

polishing, changing, or making it more precise. e.g.: we need to
………………………… some aspects of the project.
6. Amend to change or alter, esp. after thinking about. The plan was
………………………
7. Approve to send an order. e.g.: The goods were..................on Friday.
8. Redesign to sell or supply (merchandise) in an area. e.g.: He...........cars.
9. Issue to send, distribute, or pass from place to place or person
to person. The boss has not. .the minutes of the meeting
yet.
10. Change to distribute or send out (food, clothing, supplies, etc.). e.g.:
The raw material was.........on Tuesday.
11. Distribute to respond or answer affirmatively to something.
e.g.: He
…......................the invitation.
12. Circulate to accept. e.g.: the manager...........................to more flexible work
schedule.
13. Improve to confirm or find something acceptable. The
commission
…......................the proposal.
14. Revise to agree with a written document. e.g.: both parties
………………………… off the deal.
15. Refine to provide a substitute or equivalent for. e.g.: One of the
motors in the machine needs to be ………………………….
16. Agree To replace.

✏ Exercise 20. Put the words in the box into the table to make group of verbs with similar
meanings.
amend, circulate, redesign, revise, supersede, approve, issue, refine, sign off

1 2 3 4

Change Send out Accept Replace

Improve Distribute Agree

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 Mission 2. The Workshop |

▶ DESCRIPTIONS
The description of objects should be accurate and give a clear picture of what is
described. This means it is necessary to give information concerning size and
weight (e.g. tall, small, big, heavy, light, etc.), shape (e.g. rectangular, oval, etc.) pattern
and decoration (e.g. striped, floral, etc.), color (e.g. blue, yellowish, etc.), origin (e.g.
Chinese, Italian, etc.) and material (e.g. cotton, wooden, leather, plastic, woolen, polyester,
silk, etc.) as well as information concerning value, use, quality and special
characteristics (e.g. zip, strap, initials, label, sticker, etc.). In this sense, descriptions of
objects can be found in leaflets, catalogues, advertisements or as part of
letters, stories, reports or articles. To write description, it is necessary to use
a variety of adjectives, which are normally given in the following order:
Opinion, Size/Weight, Age, Shape, Color, Pattern, Origin, Material. It is advisable
not to use all of them one after the other because your description will not
sound natural. Follow this order when you describe objects but give the
information in various sentences, e.g. It’s a beautiful small vase. It is white with a flowery
pattern and it is made of china.

When describing things, we can ask ourselves the following questions:

Asking for Detail Sample Response

What does it look like? It’s small, with eight hairy legs.

How big is it? (What size is it?) It’s 3 meters, by 4 meters, by 5 meters.

How much does it weigh? It weighs 25 kilograms.

What color is it? It’s bright yellow, brighter than a banana.

What’s it made out of? It’s made of plastic and aluminum.

What is it? It’s a musical instrument.

What does it do? It puts a sharp point on wooden pencils.

The purpose of a refrigerator is to keep

What the purpose of (a
food cold so it does not spoil.
refrigerator)?
A peeler is used to remove the skin of
What do you use a (... peeler)
fruits or vegetables.
for?
Water is collected in a large tank and
How does a (... water heater)
heated by either gas or electricity.
work?

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 21. List the words under the correct heading as in the example: spherical, Polish,
platinum, tiny, remarkable, paper, navy blue, enormous, floral, rectangular, wood-
en, Finnish, breathtaking, brand-new, Oriental, medieval, plain, compact, steel, off-white,
antique, heavy, pinkish, woolen, carvings, initials, oval.

Opinion

Size/Weight

Age

Shape

Colour

Pattern

Origin

Material

Noun

Special Characteristics

✏ Exercise 22. Read the following descriptions and underline the adjectives or phrases used to
describe each item or the special characteristics they might have. Where could each
description have been taken from?

A. My overcoat is dark blue and is made of lambswool. It’s fairly old but
should be recognized from the initials J.P. sewn on the lining. Should it
be found please con- tact me on

B. Witnesses reported that the craft appeared to be fifty meters long and
resembled a balloon. It was said to be silver in color with flashing
orange lights all around the bottom.

C. As he passed by the window, the long steel blade flashed in the

moonlight. He kept a firm grip on the heavy, cold handle of the weapon
as he slowly made his way to his victim’s bedroom.

D. This beautiful antique Chinese necklace is guaranteed to enhance even

the most classic of outfits. Made of the finest miniature black and white
pearls, this master- piece of craftsmanship is a must for any serious
jewelry collector.

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 Example of a description

An oven is a device for baking, grilling, heating, etc. It is an electric device. It

has a see- through glass door to view the food being cooked. There are
stainless steel black heating elements at the top and the bottom of the oven.
They are controlled by a thermostat to pro- vide uniform temperature inside
the oven. We can see these through the glass door. There is a wire grill inside
the oven. The glass door is a drop-down front door, which gives you easy
access to the interior of the oven. On the top right-hand side, there is a black
knob for tem- perature control. Below that there is a heater selection knob.
There are heater indication lights also. It is a very useful device in the kitchen.
We can use it for toasting bread. It can grill the sandwiches for us. It can also
be used to fry groundnuts, or similar stuff.

✏ Exercise 23. Describe an item that you have recently bought (100 – 120 words).

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................
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.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

MISSION 3. BUILDING UP!

Linking words are words that connect ideas. The purpose of linking words is to
show that some ideas are related in some way, or to provide supporting
information. The linking words are usually placed at the start of the paragraphs
to show connection among them, but also in the middle of sentences to
connect two ideas together. This unit introduces some of the most usual ones
in English.

▶ LINKING WORDS

 Expressing reason

Because, because of

Because is followed by a subject + verb.

Because of is followed by a noun.

⮞ The game was cancelled because of the rain.
⮞ The game was cancelled because it was raining.

Since, as
Since and as are more informal, and they are followed by a subject + verb.
⮞ I’m going to bed at 10 PM since I need to get up early tomorrow morning.
⮞ I didn’t go to the gym today, as I had a lot of homework to do.

Due to, owing to

Due to and owing to are also followed by a noun, and they are more formal.
⮞ There’s a lot of traffic today due to the upcoming holiday.
⮞ The after-school program was cancelled owing to lack of interest from the
students.

Due to the fact that, owing to the fact that

These phrases are used before a subject + verb. These phrases are a little more formal.
⮞ Many people are still unemployed due to the fact that the economic
recovery has been slower than anticipated.
⮞ The publisher rejected the author’s latest work owing to the fact that
the manuscript was full of errors.

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 Expressing result

Therefore, consequently, as a result

These words are followed by a comma. They are more commonly used in written
English.
⮞ Our company’s profits have increased 150% in the past year. Therefore, we’re
going to invest in new equipment and training programs.
⮞ The tennis player had knee surgery mid-October; consequently, she took
the rest of the season off.
⮞ There have been heavy rains throughout the interior of the state. As a
result, several areas have experienced flooding.
So

It is more informal, and more commonly used in spoken English.

⮞ We were sleepy, so we stopped at a café for a coffee.

 Expressing purpose

For
It describes what something is used for. It is followed by a gerund form or a noun.
⮞ This button is for starting the engine.
⮞ This is for the lights.

Infinitive of purpose

We can also use to to express purpose. The subject of the main clause and of the
purpose clause must be the same.
⮞ John went to the States to study engineering. (NOT for to study)

If the two subjects are different, to can’t be used. We have to use so that.
⮞ John went to the States so that his brother would have some help working in
the club.

In order to, so as to

Formal ways of expressing purpose.

⮞ Engineers used only local materials, in order to save money.

⮞ The Policewomen moved at night, so as not to alarm the residents.

Their negative forms: in order not to, so as not to.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

So that

We can use so that to express purpose (the reason why someone does
something). So that is usually followed by can, could, will or would.
⮞ The Police locked the door so that no-one could get in.

 Expressing contrast

But, however
But is more informal than however.
However can be used at the beginning of a sentence, but but can’t be used but at the
begin- ning of a sentence (in written English).
⮞ I tried to lift the box, but it was too heavy for me.
⮞ I tried to lift the box. However, it was too heavy for me.

Although, even though

They are both followed by a subject + verb. Although can be placed at the beginning
or in the middle of a sentence.
⮞ Although I exercise every day, I can’t seem to lose any weight.
⮞ She still loves him, even though he treated her very badly.

While, whereas, unlike

They are used to making contrasts.

While and whereas are usually used between two complete phrases.

Unlike is typically used with only a subject.

⮞ I like tennis, while my brother prefers bowling.
⮞ This cell phone plan costs $0.05 per minute, whereas that one gives you
up to 800 minutes per month for a fixed price.
⮞ His boss allows him to work from home, unlike mine.
⮞ She’s very friendly, unlike her sister.

Despite, in spite of
They are followed by a noun or a gerund. Their meaning is the same.
⮞ Our plane arrived on time in spite of the delay during takeoff.
⮞ We won the game despite having three fewer players.

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Despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that

They are followed by a subject + verb.
⮞ Our plane arrived on time, in spite of the fact that it left 30 minutes late.
⮞ We won the game despite the fact that we had two fewer players.

 Addition

In addition, moreover, furthermore

These are usually used at the beginning of a sentence to add another idea or
further devel- op the previous point. These expressions are used in formal
English, whereas in informal spoken English, plus, what’s more and besides, are
used instead.
⮞ People who exercise regularly have more energy during the day and sleep
better at night. In addition, they tend to live longer.
⮞ Construction on the new subway has been delayed for months due to
budget short- falls. Moreover, the workers are threatening to go on
strike.
⮞ Our sales are expected to rise 30% in the next year. Furthermore, purchase
of new equipment will help cut manufacturing costs and increase profits.

Also, too
Also can go in the middle of a sentence.
Too is typically used at the end.
⮞ We did a lot of sightseeing on our holiday. We also bought a number of
souvenirs.
⮞ We did a lot of sightseeing on our holiday. We bought a number of souvenirs,
too.

As well, as well as
As well is used at the end of the sentence (similarly to
too). As well as must be followed by another word.
⮞ She’s not only extremely successful, she’s beautiful as well.
⮞ She’s beautiful as well as being extremely successful.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct linking words from the box. There are three extra
words that you do not need to use.

as well as during because which

so that then however such as

either…or neither…nor when although

unless so despite while

1........................................Mum comes home from work she has to lie down on the
sofa
...........................she feels exhausted.

2. Jenny had a bad headache yesterday,.................she couldn’t come to her

bas-
ketball training session.
3. This is Jennifer’s new motorbike,..........................he got from his brother.
She
locks it up every night....................nobody can steal it.
4. ................................ Susan was feeling tired, she was watching TV
until well after midnight.
5. Cut out the pictures,.......................paste them into your picture book.
6. I would like to learn French.................I don’t know anyone who can teach
me.
7. ................................ we were driving through the countryside, we
saw many picturesque villages.
8. The Prestons are our neighbors....................our friends.
9. You can have ........................ coffee.........................tea for breakfast.
10.............................being a great surfer, only few people outside the U.S.
know her.

✏ Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct linking words from the list below. There are
some extra words that you do not need to use.

although / as well as / both / despite / due to / during / even though / however /

in addition / in order to / neither nor / so that / therefore / whereas / which / while

1. This mobile phone tax costs 4 cents per minute,...........the other one offers
a flat rate.
2...............................my brother likes rock music, he hardly listens to it on the
radio.
3...............................to the four airbags, the jeep also has a built-in security
system.
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4. The company manufactures planes..................vessels.

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 Mission 3. Building up! |

5...............................we hadn’t eaten for over ten hours, we weren’t starving.

6. My cousin invited me to her baby-shower party. ....................... , I was so
busy at work I had to tell her I couldn’t come.
7. I arrived late for the rehearsal.................a traffic jam on the main road.
8. She spent most of her time singing with her friends. ............................ ,
she didn’t have enough time to study for her final test.

✏ Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with a suitable linking word. There may be more than one
correct answer.
1. Ocean levels will probably rise in the next few decades .............................
of global warming.
2. She should drive carefully, ......................... she may have problems on
such a slippery road.
3. The vice-president was not a very popular leader. .......................... , her
renounce- ment was not surprising.
4. My neighbours’ economy will not improve this month. ........................ ,
all projec- tions show that it will get worse in the upcoming days.
5. They broke up their marriage a few days ago................, they are still living
together because of the kids they have in common.
6........................................it was a great place to go surfing, not many people found
their
way there.

✏ Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with one of the following linking words from the box. Be careful,
more than one answer is possible in some sentences.

despite due to because nevertheless however

in spite as long as therefore in case even though

1. Take your webcam with you, just.................mine doesn’t work, and I need
it
for the virtual conference next week.
2...............................having muscle problems, the defender was able to play.
3. You should bring an umbrella with you.................it rains tomorrow.
4. Surfing is a safe sport............................you obey the rules on the slope.
5. Molly has been living in the city her whole life. ........................... , she has
decided she wants a change and plans on moving to a house in the middle
of the mountains.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

6. My parent had a wonderful time in London. ......................... ,

transport
workers were on
strike, so they couldn’t use the underground.
7. You might go out with your friends tonight, .......................... you never
go alone and stay with them all the time.
8. I already knew a lot about cyberbullying and mobbing. ........................ ,
the lecture was very interesting and useful for my professional future.

▶ INFINITIVE VERBS
1. Infinitives are the “to” form of the verb. The infinitive form of “learn” is “to learn.” You can also
use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
⮞ To learn is important. SUBJECT OF SENTENCE

⮞ The most important thing is to learn. COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE

⮞ He wants to learn. OBJECT OF SENTENCE

2. Infinitives can be made negative by adding “not.”

⮞ I decided not to go.
⮞ The most important thing is not to give up.

3. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. < List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives >
⮞ She wants to go to a film.
⮞ Mary needs to talk about her problems.

4. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some situations, the noun is
required. In other situations, the noun is optional. < List of Verbs Followed by a
Noun
+ an Infinitive >
⮞ The police ordered the man to stop. NOUN IS REQUIRED

⮞ She asked to leave. NOUN IS OPTIONAL

⮞ She asked him to leave. NOUN IS OPTIONAL

5. There are many “be + adjective” combinations that are commonly followed by infini-
tives. < List of Be + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives >
⮞ They were anxious to begin.
⮞ She was delighted to receive such good feedback.
⮞ He is lucky to have such good friends.

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6. There are also many nouns that are commonly followed by infinitives. < List of Nouns
Followed by Infinitives >
⮞ It was a good decision to move to San Francisco.
⮞ His wish to become an actor was well known.
⮞ Laura’s desire to improve impressed me.

7. Infinitives are sometimes used to express the idea of “in order to do something.”
⮞ He bought the English dictionary to look up difficult words. IN ORDER TO LOOK UP

⮞ Janine sold her car to get the money that she needed. IN ORDER TO GET

⮞ Juan uses Englishpage.com to learn English. IN ORDER TO LEARN

This idea of “in order to do something” is found in many English patterns.

8. Too + adjective/adverb + infinitive

⮞ The box is too heavy to carry.
⮞ The television is too expensive to buy.
⮞ Fiona ran too slowly to win the race.
⮞ We arrived too late to see the beginning of the film.

9. Adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive

⮞ She is tall enough to reach the book on the shelf.
⮞ Brian was smart enough to enter college at the age of 12.
⮞ Linda runs quickly enough to win the race.

10. Enough + noun(s) + infinitive

⮞ He has enough money to buy his own car.
⮞ Cheryl owns enough books to start her own library!
⮞ Diane needs enough time to finish writing her book.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 REMEMBER…

Infinitive forms

SIMPLE The teacher wants to teach.

PROGRESSIVE Mr. Smith would like to be teaching his class.

PASSIVE The students want to be taught.

PERFECT The teacher was expecting to have taught that already.

PASSIVE + PROGRESSIVE The students would like to be being taught by Mr Smith.

PASSIVE + PERFECT The students were expecting to have been taught that by
now.

✏ Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences with a suitable infinitive verb.

1. There was a horrific traffic jam, but we finally managed
............................ to
the railway station in time.
2. We were all afraid to speak. Nobody dared................anything.
3. We couldn’t afford...........................in New York. It’s too expensive.
4. Don’t forget.....................all the windows from the backyard when you go
out.
5. Richard didn’t know what had happened. I decided not...........him.
6. They’ve got a new digital platform in our computer. They haven’t learnt
………………
............it yet.

✏ Exercise 6. Write a suitable sentence by using the following verbs from the box be- low.
Remember that these verbs have the structure verb + object + to…

remind / order / get (=persuade) / teach / suggest / advise

1. .................................................................................................................................
...............

2. .................................................................................................................................
...............

3. .................................................................................................................................
...............

4. .................................................................................................................................
...............

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5. .................................................................................................................................
...............

6. .................................................................................................................................
...............

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 Mission 3. Building up! |

✏ Exercise 7. Complete the sentences to make them meaningful.

1. My teacher allowed
............................................................................................................
2. She couldn’t expect
............................................................................................................
3. Sarah persuaded
................................................................................................................
4. Having a driving licence allows
.........................................................................................
5. My mother advised
............................................................................................................
6. I was warned
.......................................................................................................................

✏ Exercise
“to”).
8. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (with or without

1. Students are not allowed....................along the central aisle in class. (walk)

2. My parents made me ............................ at home after school because
I did not obey them. (stay)
3. I was shocked....................such a good theatre performance. (see)
4. The doctor advised me ......................... some proper pills with me when
I go to Egypt. (take)
5. The film was so sad that made me...................(cry)
6. My mum won’t let me....................her new crochet top. (wear)
7. I finally convinced her..........................with me to Tina’s birthday party. (come)
8. I’m really not sure whether he likes me. “What makes you.....that?” (think)

▶ FIXING THINGS AND TOOLS - GIVING INSTRUCTIONS

Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, analysis, and control of
production and service operations and systems. In the past, an industrial
engineer worked in a manu- facturing plant and was involved with the
operating efficiency of workers and machines. To- day, industrial engineers are
more broadly concerned with productivity and all the technical problems of
production management and control. They work in various branches of com-
panies: manufacturing, distribution, transportation, mercantile, and service.
Their respon- sibilities range from the design of unit operations to controlling
complete production and service systems. They integrate the physical,
financial, economic, and human components of such systems to attain
specified goals. Industrial engineering includes tasks like produc- tion planning
and control; quality control; inventory, equipment, warehouse, and materials
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management; plant layout; and job and workstation design. Full knowledge of
fixing differ- ent tools and things, as well as giving instructions on the
procedure of doing those tasks, becomes relevant for any industrial engineer.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

Wrench Ratchet Screwdriver Pliers Funnel Hammer

Car Jack Air Compressor Jump Starter Mechanics Gloves Zip Ties

Pressure Tape
Flashlight Safety Glasses Wrecking Bar Utility Knife
Washer Measure

Level Power Drill Saw Bolts Nails

WRENCH: used to tighten bolts and nuts.

RATCHET: used to fasten or loosen nuts and bolts.

SCREWDRIVER: used to turn screws with slotted

heads.

PLIERS: used to hold and grip small articles.

FUNNEL: used to guide liquid or powder

into a small opening.

HAMMER: used to drive nails.

CAR JACK: used to lift heavy loads.

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 Mission 3. Building up! |

AIR COMPRESSOR: used to chill the air.

JUMP STARTER: used to jump start vehicles.

MECHANICS GLOVES: used to protect hands.

ZIP TIES: used to bundle cables, wires and

tools together.

FLASHLIGHT: used to provide a light source.

SAFETY GLASSES: used to provide eye protection.

WRECKING BAR: used to pen nailed wooden crates.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

PRESSURE WASHER: used to clean dirt from

surfaces and objects.

TAPE MEASURE: used to measure the length of a

room.

UTILITY KNIFE: used to cut materials.

LEVEL: used to determine whether a surface

is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb).

POWER DRILL: used to make holes in

material or surface.

SAW: used to cut through material.

BOLTS: used to hold two objects.

NAILS: used to join pieces of different materials,

usually timber.

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 Mission 3. Building up! |

✏ Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences with the correct tool from the box.

hammer screwdriver bolts nails pliers wrench

1. The.........................................is used to drive nails.

2. The.........................................are used to hold and grip small articles.
3. The........................................is used to tighten bolts and nuts.
4. The.........................................is used to turn screws with slotted heads.
5. The..........................are used to hold two objects.
6. The..........................are used to join pieces of different materials (usually
timber).

✏ Exercise 10. Match the object(s) with their corresponding function.

1. The hammer .......... (a) is used to jump start vehicles.

2. The wrench ............ (b) are used to protect hands.

3. The ratchet ........... (c) is used to lift heavy loads.

4. The screwdriver ........... (d) is used to guide liquid or power into a

small opening.

5. The pliers .............. (e) are used to hold and grip small articles.

6. The funnel ............. (f) is used to drive nails.

7. The car Jack .......... (g) is used to turn screws with slotted heads.

8. The air compressor ......... (h) is used to fasten or loosen nuts and bolts.

9. The jump starter ............. (i) is used to tighten bolts and nuts.

10. The mechanics gloves ........... (j) is used to chill the air.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 11. Look at the pictures and write the name of the correct tool right below the
picture.

......................................... .........................................
.........................................

......................................... .........................................
.........................................

✏ Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences explaining the different functions of the
underlined tools provided.
1. The zip ties are used
to.......................................................................................................
2. The flashlight is used
to......................................................................................................
3. The safety glasses are used
to...........................................................................................
4. The wrecking bar is used to
...............................................................................................
5. The pressure washer is used to
........................................................................................
6. The tape measure is used to
.............................................................................................

✏ Exercise 13. Join the two halves to make complete sentences.

1. We’ve got the problem (a) we will need the automatic

here, screwdriver.
2. To do that, … (b) we need to open the door on the
bottom.
3. Next, … (c) we can see the inside of the machine.

4. Firstly, … (d) we need to remove the cover.

5. After doing that, … (e) Let’s check that the machine is

disconnected.
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6. Once we have removed the (f) It seems that the belt is broken and a
cover, … part of it is snagged on the rollers. We
will need to dismantle it. I will need the
wrench.

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 Mission 3. Building up! |

✏ Exercise
machine.
14. Put the following actions into the correct order to fix the problem of the

At last, let’s put the cover and the bolts using the automatic screwdriver again. [
……… ]

The next step is to add a new belt. We must introduce the rollers within the
belt in each extreme and place them on each side of the machine. [ ……… ]

The last thing is to connect the machine and check if it works. [ ……… ]

Now, we must loosen the bolts and take off the rollers. [ ……… ]

Once the rollers are off, we must extract the belt and clean it. [ ……… ]

Voilà! It works perfectly. Good job! [ ……… ]

We’ve got the problem here. It seems that the belt is broken and a part of
it is snagged on the rollers. We will need to dismantle it. I will need the
wrench. [ ……… ]

Once the rollers are in, we must put the bolts and tighten them. [ ……… ]

✏ Exercise 15. Use the words from the box below to make complete the sentences.

machine belt take off introduce on each side

loosen dismantle extract wrench

• After removing the cover of the machine, we are able to see the
inside of the ....................... .

• It seems that the problem is that the...........is broken. Additionally, a part

of
it is snagged on the rollers. Therefore, we will need to.......it and in order
to do that we will need the ....................... .

• We must ................... the bolts, ..................... the rollers, and .................

the belt to clean it.

• If we want to add a new belt, we must..............the rollers within the belt

in
each extreme and place them............of the machine.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

▶ EXPRESSING OPINIONS
To give your opinion on a subject, you must basically say if you agree or
disagree with the statement given. However, you can also be told to discuss
both the advantages and disad- vantages of the topic given.
⮞ Read the question carefully, underlining the points you must deal with.
⮞ Decide on how you are going to organize your essay.
⮞ Make a plan with the main ideas for each paragraph.
⮞ Think of the vocabulary you want to use and write it down.
⮞ Write following your plan.

 Paragraph 1 (Introduction)

Present the topic of discussion and express your opinion. You must imagine
that whoever reads your essay has no idea what the topic is. You must also
show clearly that you’ll be expressing one opinion, either in favor or against. In
other words, answer the question exactly.

 Paragraph 2

Explain your first reason for your opinion. Talk about possible consequences
and give ex- amples, or vice versa.

 Paragraph 3

Explain your second reason and maybe a third one, but only if it is closely
related. Mention possible consequences and give examples, or vice versa.

 Paragraph 4 (Conclusion)

Summarize your reasons and / or talk about possible consequences if nothing is

done. You must clearly state your opinion in this part, but don’t include new
arguments or ideas be- cause you won’t be able to support them with
reasons or examples.

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 Mission 3. Building up! |

USEFUL LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS OPINIONS

INTRODUCTION

- There are people who claim/ believe/ say/ think (that)

- There is no doubt that
- I feel
- According to... /...a new research…
- It is believed... / said (that)
- It is believed by experts / scientists (that)
- It seems / appears that
BODY (Paragraphs 2-3)
To state your first / main reason

- I think that
- Firstly/ first of all / to start with
- I think there are two aspects of... The first is
To give an example/ examples

- For example / for instance

To talk about consequences

- As a result,
- Therefore,
- Consequently,
- In this case,
- The second aspect is
- Secondly,
- Another reason why
- We should also consider the fact that
- Another matter/ aspect to consider
- Let us not forget
CONCLUSION (Paragraphs 3-4)

In
short,
In
brief,
To conclude,
In
conclusion,

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Rhetoric question

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

FINAL TASK

✏ Exercise 16. Write an opinion essay on the following topic: “Machines will run the
world in 2200” (100-150 words). Make sure you check the text carefully (appropriate
vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and structure).

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

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 Mission 4. Safety |

MISSION 4. SAFETY

▶ RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses are used to give additional information about something

without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative
clause, the text becomes more fluent, and the repetition of certain words can
be avoided.

 How to Form Relative Clauses

Word Use Example

Relative Pronoun

I told you about the woman who

who subject or object pronoun for lives next door.
people
subject or object pronoun for Do you see the cat which is lying on
which the roof?
ani- mals and things

which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which surprised me.

possession for people animals Do you know the boy whose mother is
whose a nurse?
and things

object pronoun for people,

whom especial- ly in non-defining I was invited by the professor whom I
met at the conference.
relative clauses (in defining
relative clauses we colloqui- ally
prefer who)

subject or object pronoun for

that people, animals and things in I don’t like the table that stands in
the kitchen.
defining rel- ative clauses (who or
which are also possible)
Relative Adverb

when refers to a time expression the day when we met him

where refers to a place the place where we met him

why refers to a reason the reason why we met him

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses)
give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining
relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Maria is in a room with five men. One man is talking to Maria, and you
ask some- body whether she knows this man. Here the relative clause defines
which of the five men you mean: Do you know the man who is talking to Maria?

In addition, defining relative clauses are often used in definitions, as shown in

the following example: A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can also be dropped. These sentences
with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses: The
boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive

relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-
defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, John is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other
and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is
non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean: Do you
know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that. Notice
that ob- ject pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used: Jim, who/whom
we met yester- day, is very nice.

✏ Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with relative clauses in simple present. Use who
or which.
1. This is the man.................works at the station.
2. The tree..............grows in the garden is an apple tree.
3. The man.............goes jogging every Friday is my neighbor.
4. The elephants...............live in Africa have big ears.
5. Turn left at the yellow house.........is opposite the petrol station.

✏ Exercise
or not).
2. Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas

1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.

2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.

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3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.

4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.

✏ Exercise 3. Use a suitable word to fill in the following relative clauses.

1. The woman ..................... is sitting at the desk is Mr. Winter’s secretary.
2. I cannot remember the reason.................he wanted us to leave.
3. Jane,..............mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
4. She didn’t see the snake...........was lying on the ground.
5. Do you know the shop...............Andrew picked me up?
6. I was born in 1939,...............World War II started.
7. I know an exciting place............you and your boyfriend can go on holidays.
8. He is the guy...............car is parked in front of your house.
9. The woman...................lives here is always complaining.
10. The flat he’s rented,...................is in central London, is really expensive.

✏ Exercise 4. Join the two sentences by using a relative pronoun.

1. John Grisham’s new novel is brilliant. It was published last week.
2. This is the hospital. Agatha Christie worked here.
3. Have you got the book? I lent it to you last week.
4. Nicole Kidman is a famous actress. Her ex-husband was Tom Cruise.
5. The headmaster of your school is an old friend of mine. I am writing a
letter to him.
6. The car runs quite well. Bill sold it to us.
7. That is the song. I heard it on the radio this morning.
8. That’s the student. Shen won the competition prize.
9. Sharon is my best friend. I’ve known her for a long time.
10. The theater is about 200 meters from my house. It is the oldest building in
town.
11. My grandparents still live in the village. I was born there.
12. The bar is open all night. We’ve had lunch there.

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▶ MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verbs which show possibility, intent, ability,
or necessity. They are used together with the main verb of the sentence
(lexical verb), which appears in the infinitive form without ‘to’ (bare infinitive).
The most frequent ones include can, may, might, could, should, would, will and
must.

Function Explanation

Likelihood Some things seem likely, but they are not known
for sure. In these cases, the modal verbs ‘should’ and
‘must’ to show probability without certainty can be used:
Her parents must be proud.
My brother should be asleep by now.

Possibility In situations when something is possible but not

certain, use the modal verbs ‘could’, ‘may’, or ‘might’.
It might rain today.
She may become the best soccer player ever.

Ability The modal verb ‘can’ shows whether or not the subject is able
to do something, such as perform an action or demonstrate an
ability. Likewise, the negative form, ‘cannot’ or ‘can’t’,
shows that the subject is unable to do something.
She can speak three languages.
You can’t make coffee as good as Luca does.

Asking permission To ask permission to do something, the modal verbs

‘can’, ‘may’, or ‘could’ are used. Traditionally, in more
formal and polite usage, ‘may’ is better for permission
May I leave early today?
Could I go with them too?

Request To ask someone else to do something, the speaker

can start a question with ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘can’, or
‘could’.
Could you help me with my housework?
Would you turn that music down?
Suggestion/advice To give suggestions or advice without ordering
someone around, you can use the modal verb ‘should’.
You should try the lasagna.
That guy should wear less cologne.

Command If a speaker wants to command someone, they

should use the modal verb ‘must’, or semi-modals
‘have to’, or ‘need to’. You must wash your hands before
cooking.

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Function Explanation

Obligation or necessity Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as

an obligation, duty, or requirement. Likewise, the
negative form expresses that an action is not
necessary. Use the same modal verbs as with
commands: ‘must’, ‘have to’, or ‘need to’.
We have to wait for our boss to arrive before we open.
You don’t need to come if you don’t want to.

Habit To show an ongoing or habitual action, the modal

verbs ‘would’ for the past tense and ‘will’ for the
present and future can be used. The phrase ‘used to’ is
also acceptable for a habit that no longer exists.
When I lived alone, I would fall asleep with music.
I will arrive early and leave late to every meeting.

✏ Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with ‘can’ / ‘can’t’ / ‘could’ / ‘couldn’t’/ and /be able to’
in the correct tense.
1.................................you swim when you were 10?
2. We.............................get to the meeting on time yesterday because the
train was
delayed by one hour.
3. He.............................arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train,
so he
was very pleased.
4. He’s amazing. He.........................speak 5 languages including Chinese.
5. I...........................drive a car until I was 34, then I moved to the countryside, so
I had
to learn.

✏ Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with one of the options given (‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’ and
‘might’).
1. They (can/might)..........................be away for the weekend but I’m not sure.
2. You (may/might)...........................leave now if you wish.
3. (Could/May).............................you open the window a bit, please?
4. He (can/could)...............................be French, judging by his accent.
5. (May/Can)................................you play the piano?

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs: ‘must’, ‘mustn’t’ or
‘needn’t’.
1. It’s very warm outside. You......................take a coat with you.
2. You...........................speak with a full mouth. That’s very impolite.
3. The doctor said I.........................smoke so much.
4. In England you..............................drive on the left side of the road but in other
Euro-
pean countries you ............................... .
5. Students.............................be late for school.

✏ Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with will or would.

1. My dog and I....................go for walks when she was younger.
2. I...........................buy new shoes if I had enough money.
3. I am feeling tired. I think I..................go to sleep now.
4. I...........................like more milk when you get a chance.
5. I don’t think we...........................ever win the game.

✏ Exercise 9. Use a suitable modal verb in each sentence.

1. You...........................be exhausted after your long trip. Come in and have a
drink.
2. John................................have taken your car keys. He hasn’t even left the
house.
3. I won’t go out this afternoon because the weather forecast is not very
good, and I
......................get wet.
4. You...........................to apply for the job yet. You can do it later this week.
5. I...........................left my wallet in the car. I can’t find it anywhere.
6. That..........................be Jake. It’s impossible. He said he was going to Spain.
7. You...........................step into the headmaster’s office without permission.
8. Tell your sister she...........................stay the night here if she wants to.
9. You have already drunk a glass of wine. You.................not drive. Let me.
10. You...............................see the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre when you go to
Paris.
11. I...............................to take orders from you. You’re not my boss!
12. When I was younger, I.......................run very fast.
13. Your cold is getting worse, and you have a runny nose. You ....................
to
see the doctor.

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14. My husband is preparing dinner. He’s not a good cook so

you ............................ expect anything special.
15. Don’t leave your window open at night. Someone.................climb in.
16. Brenda ....................... be over thirty. She graduated a year after me and I’m
only 26.
17. You.........................to come with me. I can manage on my own.
18. She.........................got lost. Otherwise, she’d be here by now.
19. You must be more careful. You ..................... been killed crossing
the street without looking.
20. I didn’t........................to buy more groceries. We already had enough.

▶ ADVICE AND SUGGESTION

As part of the lesson on modal verbs. The use of advice and suggestions is
important in the professional field. You can use the following words and
expressions in conversations to make suggestions and give advice to people.

 Suggestions

should

“You should try to practice English.” “You shouldn’t translate too much.”

Why don’t you

“Why don’t you join an English club?”

ought to

“You ought to read more.”

If I were you, I’d…

“If I were you, I’d watch more television.”

*All these expressions are followed by a verb, without to. For example: “He
should visit the Eiffel Tower.” (Not “he should to visit the Eiffel Tower.”)

 Suggest and recommend

Either use a verb + ing “I suggest visiting the Eiffel Tower.” (We should all go.)
OR use that + a verb without to “I suggest that you visit the Eiffel Tower.” (I’m not
going.)
OR use a noun “I recommend the lasagne.” (It’s a very good dish to choose in this
restau- rant.)

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

 Advice

Remember the difference between the verb and the noun form of this word.
advise (verb).
“I advise you to buy a good dictionary.” (The pronunciation is ad – vaiz).
advice (noun).
“Can you give me some advice?” (The pronunciation is ad – vais).

Advice is an uncountable noun. This means that we can’t say an advice. Instead,
we say
some advice or a piece of advice.

“Let me give you some advice.” “She gave me a very useful piece of advice: to
buy a good dictionary.”

Speaking tip
Many people don’t like getting advice if they haven’t asked for it! To avoid giving
the wrong impression, you can try some of these expressions:

“You could always…”

“Have you

considered…” “Perhaps

we could…”

“Do you think it’s a good idea to…”

“Have you thought about…”

“In your position, I would…”

“You should perhaps…”

✏ Exercise 10. You should give advice and suggest possible solutions to the following situations.
Practice and discuss your answers with a partner.
1. “I’m concerned about the final exam”.
2. “I’m worried about gaining weight”.
3. “My boyfriend/girlfriend is cheating on me”.
4. “I’m broke”.
5. “Somebody has stolen my wallet”.
6. “I am stressed out”.
7. “I have a boyfriend/girlfriend but I feel attracted by another person”.

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8. (You receive a call) “I’m in the highway and my car’s got a puncture”.
9. (You receive a call) “I’ve just found a bag in the street with $10.000”.
10. Your own concern (Discuss it with your partner).

▶ SAFETY AT WORK

✏ Exercise 11. Match the items with their category and then match them with their
name.

Safety Clothing Face and Eye Protection Respiratory Protection

1. Gloves 1. Welding Mask Full-face Mask
2. Vest 2. Safety Glasses Disposable Dust
3. Safety Jacket 3. Protective Face Mask Reusable Dust
4. Waterproof Shields Mask Powered air
Working Boots purifying respirator

Hearing Protection Head Protection

1. Earmuffs 1. Helmet
2. Earplugs

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 12. Match the synonyms from the two columns.

Boss ⦿ ⦿ To be aware
Repair ⦿ ⦿ Take Part
Hazard ⦿ ⦿ Danger
How we do ⦿ ⦿ Work it out
things
Indicate ⦿ ⦿ Procedure
Participate ⦿ ⦿ Maintain
Prevent ⦿ ⦿ Employee
Solve the ⦿ ⦿ Make sure it doesn’t
problem happen
To know about ⦿ ⦿ Employer
Worker ⦿ ⦿ Point out

✏ Exercise 13. Match the two halves and add a suitable relative pronoun/adverb that
connects the two halves.

is crucial for the welfare of the

A tool board is the person who
employees.
to look after a company or
A factory is the person who organization’s accounts,
controls the company’s
money.
Safety at to lead the team, is the person
a place where
the who has the greatest
company responsibility.
to guarantee that employees get
An engineer is a place where
on time.
a storage
A workshop is finds the solution to an existing
environment in
problem or an anticipated
which
problem.

A mechanic is the time when you can hang different tools.

8.00 a.m. is whose function is employees start to work.

raw materials are used to

The reason whose function is
produce a series of products.
The why there is an
work is carried out.
accountant entrance control is
,
which is
The manager, executes the solution devised by
controlled by the
the engineer.
safety manager,
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✏ Exercise 14. Match the following terms with their definitions.

one who by possession of a recognized degree,

certificate, or professional standing, or who by
Audit extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has
successfully demonstrated his or her ability to
solve or resolve problems relating to the subject
matter, the work, or the project.

any substance or material that is capable of posing

Compliance an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property
when transported in commerce.

the act by a regulatory authority of conducting an

Corrective
official review of documents, facilities, records, and
Actions
any other resources related to the company.

Dangerous conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health

goods and preventing disease.

the steps taken by the employers to ensure the

Hazard
prevention of hazards likely to be faced by their
employees.

an official inspection of an organization’s accounts,

Hygiene
typically by an independent body.

The activities in which the employees are engaged or

Inspection
involved and include unauthorized use or operation
of equipment.

Policy payment for individuals who have suffered a job-

Development related injury or illness.

Qualified An individual charged with managing safety within a

Person workplace.

the process of deciding what should be achieved,

Safety
what should be done to achieve it, how to do it
Coordinator
efficiently and economically, or who should do it,
among others.

a process, phenomenon, or human activity that

Unsafe acts may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property
damage, social and economic disruption, or
environmental degradation.

Worker’s plans are designed and implemented to address and

Compensation correct issues or deficiencies.

Workplace
the action or fact of complying with a wish or command.
safety

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

▶ LETTERS OF COMPLAINT
Letters/Emails of complaint are written documents that are used to inform a
problem with a product or a thing to the person or company who is responsible
for it. They are normally written in a formal style. However, Mild or strong
language can be used depending on the feelings of the writer or the /
seriousness of the complaint, but abusive language must never be used.
⮞ Mild Complaint: I am writing to complain about a damaged videotape I bought
at your shop. I hope you will deal with this matter/resolve this matter
quickly.
⮞ Strong Complaint: I am writing to express my disgust at the appalling
treatment I re- ceived while staying at your hotel. I insist upon full
compensation, or I will be forced to take this matter further.

It is necessary to start a new paragraph for each different aspect of the topic. In the
first par- agraph, the writer should state the reason for the complaint. Any
complaints should be sup- ported with some justification. Complaints and
justification can be linked together as follows:
⮞ I still haven’t received the goods I ordered in spite of/despite the fact that
I sent you a cheque three weeks ago.
⮞ Although/Even though I have only used the automatic tin-opener once, it
no longer works. I have written to you twice but you have not taken any
action.

Structure

Introduction
Paragraph 1: Reason for Writing.
Main Body
Paragraphs 2-3: Complaints and Justification.
Conclusion
- Final Paragraph: Suggested action/s to be taken.
- Closing remarks.
- Full Name.

✏ Exercise 15. Match the complaints with the justification using appropriate linking
words.

Complaint Justification

1. My 2-year-old daughter cut a) I sent you a cheque to renew it a

herself on the toy. month ago.
2. When we received the bill, we
b) I informed you of my change of
realized we had been charged
business address.
the full price.
3. The top rack of the dishwasher c) I booked a room with a private
has broken. bathroom.

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 Mission 4. Safety |

Complaint Justification

4. You still keep delivering

d) I have only used it three times.
equipment to the wrong
address.
5. I received a letter saying my e) You claim it is safe for children
license has expired. over 18 months.

f) The label states that it

6. The shirt’s bright red collar has
can be washed at high
turned pink.
temperatures without the
colors fading.
7. I had to share a bathroom g) We were told there would be a
with other guests. 20% discount if we ordered
before June.

 Useful Language for Letters/Emails of Complaint

Opening Remarks:
⮞ (Mild) I am writing to complain about/ regarding/on account of/because
of/on the subject of.../I am writing to draw your attention to.../I am writing to
you in connection with... etc.
⮞ (Strong) I was appalled at/l want to express my strong dissatisfaction
with/l feel I must protest/complain about, etc.
Closing Remarks:
⮞ (Mild) I hope/assume you will replace/l trust the situation will improve/l
hope the mat- ter will be resolved/l hope we can sort this matter out
amicably, etc.
⮞ (Strong) I insist you replace the item at once/l demand a full refund/l hope
that I will not be forced to take further action, etc.

✏ Exercise 16. Read the letter and state the topic of each paragraph. Then list the complaints
and the justification.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I want to express my strong dissatisfaction with the service I received during a visit to your
restaurant on December 12th. Firstly, I had booked a table for my wife and myself for
8:30, but it was 9 o’clock before we were seated. Such a delay seems to me inexcusable.
Then, in spite of the fact that I had repeated our order to check that the waiter had heard
me correctly, he proceeded to bring us the wrong starters. Such careless service should
not be tolerated in a restaurant which charges such high prices.
To make matters worse, the chocolate gateau we were served for dessert was quite stale.
The menu claimed, though, that all desserts were freshly prepared that day.
My wife and I will not be dining in your restaurant again; however, as manager, you would
be wise to guard against such appalling treatment of your customers in future.
Yours faithfully,

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Larry Dunman.

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

✏ Exercise 17. Read the letter and underline the correct linking words in brackets. Is the
language mild or strong?

Dear Mrs. Brosnan,

I am writing to complain about a waterproof jacket I purchased from your shop last week.
1) (However/Although) the jacket was supposed to be completely waterproof, I got
soaked the first time I wore it in wet weather. 2) (Furthermore/But), when I tried to take the
jacket off, the zip wouldn’t open and when I tried to get it unstuck, the jacket tore.
I sent the jacket back to your shop after having been assured by one of the assistants that I
would be sent a refund. 3) (However /In addition), I still have not received one.
As a regular customer of yours, I feel disappointed with the way I have been treated and
hope that steps will be taken to rectify the situation.
I trust this matter will receive your immediate attention.
Yours sincerely,
John Wells.

✏ Exercise 18. Write one of the following letters in the appropriate style using 120 - 180 words.
1. You stayed at a holiday resort recommended by your travel agent.
However, you did not enjoy your stay due to a number of difficulties.
Write an email describing them and asking for action to be taken.
2. You have recently bought a new laptop but it does not work properly.
Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the shop where you
bought it.

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 Mission 4. Safety |

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

▶ LETTERS OF APOLOGY
A letter/An email of apology is a written document that is used to apologize
when a person has made a mistake, failed to perform a duty or is not able to
fulfil a promise. This document can be formal or informal, depending on whom
the letter is addressed to. The main body should contain reasons for the
inconvenience caused, and the final paragraph should be used to express the
writer’s hope to improve the situation or promise to make up for any problems
that have been caused.

Structure

Introduction
Paragraph 1: Reason for Writing (To Apologize for something).

Main Body
Paragraph 2 & 3: reasons to explain the inconvenience caused.

Conclusion
Final Paragraph: express understanding/regret or promise to make up for the
situation
Closing remarks: Full name.

✏ Exercise 19. Read the email below and divide it into paragraphs.

Dear Mr. Grace, on behalf of sunrise travel, please accept my sincere

apologies for your dissatisfaction with your Caribbean holiday in February.
Due to a computer error, we were forced to change your accommodation at
the last minute to what we had been led to believe was a hotel of equally
high standard. Sadly, it was not until later that we discovered the hotel in
question did not meet the requirements demanded of Sunrise Travel
Accommodation. As a long-established travel company, we are well aware
of the upset that can be caused by problems experienced while on holiday.
For this reason, we would like to offer you a weekend for two in Paris at a
top-class hotel as compen- sation. Once again, our sincerest apologies for
the inconvenience caused. We look for- ward to hearing from you. Yours
sincerely, Mark Griffiths.

 Useful Language for Letters/Emails of Apology

Opening Remarks:
⮞ (Formal) I am writing to apologize for/l must apologize for/Please accept
my sincerest apologies for/How can I apologize enough for/l must
apologize profusely for, etc.
⮞ (Informal) I hope you will understand when I say that/What can I say,
except I’m sorry that/I’m sorry for/1 owe you an apology/l’m so sorry if I

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upset you in any way/ I can’t describe how sorry I am and how guilty I
feel, etc.

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 Mission 4. Safety |

Closing Remarks:
⮞ (Formal) Once again, sincerest apologies for/l hope you will accept my
apologies/I hope my apologies will be/are accepted, etc.
⮞ (Informal) I hope you believe me when I say how sorry I am/l can’t tell you
how sorry I am/1 beg you to forgive me for/There is no excuse for... and I
hope you’ll forgive me, etc.

✏ Exercise
list.
20. Read the two letters below and fill in the gaps with expressions from the

1. to apologize/ to say how sorry I am 6. but/However

2. bad behavior/disgraceful conduct 7. severely reprimanded/properly
3. I know/I realize told off
4. sort out the problem/resolve the 8. be sure/rest assured
matter 9. what happened/this incident
5. Due to my absence/Because I wasn’t 10. put you off/deter you
there

Letter A

Dear Mr. Johnson,

I am writing to you 1) ........................................... for the 2)............................of
a member of our staff towards you on Saturday April 23rd. 3)
......................................
how much this must have upset you, and I hope that we can
4) .................................. agreeably.
5).................................... at the time, l was unable to apologize to you in person.
6).....
.......................I always take such incidents extremely seriously and, following
your
letter of complaint, the member of staff has been 7)......................... You can 8)
..........
......................that he will be treating our customers quite differently in future.
I hope that 9)................................. will not 10)...................from using our store in
future, in an attempt to make up for the inconvenience caused, we are
sending you a complimentary gift.
Yours sincerely,
Peter Brown (Manager).

Letter B
Dear Belinda,
I’m writing 1) ....................................... for my son’s 2) ......................................

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last week.
3)......................................how upset you were and I thought I’d write to you to
try and
4).........................................

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THE ENGINEER. English Language for Industrial Engineering

5).......................................when you called round, I didn’t realize what had

happened
straight away, 6 )......................................when I got your letter, I promise you
that
he got 7)......................................... You can 8)..........................he’ll never speak to
you like that again.
I hope 9)............................................... won’t 10)........................................... coming
round
to our house again. I’d like to make up for my son’s behavior by inviting
you to dinner on Thursday so that he can have the chance to say how sorry
he is himself.
Love,
Joanne
.

✏ Exercise 21. Write the following in the appropriate style using 120-180 words.
1. You have promised your boss that you will work some extra hours next
weekend. Due to a family problem, you will be unable to fulfil your
promise. Write a letter of apology to your boss explaining your reasons
and promising to make it up to him/her.
2. Your friend let you spend the weekend at his seaside cottage. While
staying there you accidentally stained an expensive Persian rug. Write
an email apologizing for the damage and offering to get it cleaned.

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 Mission 5. On the Phone |

MISSION 5. ON THE PHONE

▶ CONDITIONALS
Conditionals are structures used to talk about something that is pending on a
given situa- tion. There are different forms that involve past, present, and
future.
Zero Conditional: General or scientific facts and definitions.
If + simple present, simple present

If you pour oil into water, it flows.

If you heat water at 100 degrees, it boils.

First Conditional: Real or likely situations in the present or future and their results in
the present and future.

If + present tense, will + infinitive

If the weather is nice, we will go to the beach.

I will not go on a trip if I fail my exams.

! Notice: For instructions, the imperative can be used “if you decide to come
to the party, call me!”

✏ Exercise 1. Fill the gaps with the first conditional.

1. If I (not/be) busy, I (come) with you.
2. If it (rain), we (stay) at home.
3. I (call) you if I (have) time.
4. If she (not/study) hard, she (pass) the test.
5. If the weather (be) nice, we (go) to the beach.
6. You (get) fat if you (not/stop) eating so much.

Second Conditional: Unreal or unlikely situations in the present of future and

their result in the present or future.

If + simple past or past continuous, would + infinitive

If I had a million Euro, I would travel the world.

I would street at night if I were you.

! Notice: the verb to be as a conditional form “was” is rare in English; the form
‘were’ is used instead. Ex: What would he do if he were rich?

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✏ Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences. Use the second conditional.

1. I do not have any money, so I will not catch the bus to go home.
2. Pigs do not have wings, so they do not fly.
3. His marks are not good because he does not work hard.
4. I am busy, so I will not come with you.
5. They do not know her, so they will not invite her to their party.
6. I will not call him because I do not have his phone number.

Third Conditional: Hypothetical conditions in the past that did not happen.
If + past perfect (simple or continuous), would + infinitive present perfect

If my father had known all about the school, he would never have sent us there to study.

If he had not gone to Paris, they would never have met.

✏ Exercise 3. Rewrite the sentences. Use the third conditional.

1. I did not say hello because I did not see her.
2. We did not go out to dinner because dad finished work late.
3. She was anger because you did not call her.
4. We did not hear about the accident because we did not watch the news.
5. You dropped the vase because you were not careful.
6. He did not pass the exam because he was nervous.

✏ Exercise 4. Use the conditionals to complete the following sentences.

1. If the teacher....................(speak) louder, we would understand more.
2. If Alicia........................(not drive) us to the airport, we will take a taxi.
3. Even if my parents had the money, they....................(not move) from their
neighborhood.
4. If she had gone out with friends, she......................(leave) a note.
5. If Joe and Mike.............................(come) over, we will play karaoke tonight.
6. If I............................(know) about the menu, I would have never gone to
that
restaurant.
7. If James.............................(speak) English better, he would have more
fun in
London.

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8. Would they mind if I............................(invite) another friend to join us?

9. If I............................(wake up) earlier, I would not have arrived so late.
10. Melanie.............................(try) to leave work early if I come to town.

✏ Exercise 5. Rephrase the following situations using a conditional sentence.

1. I did not pass the exam, because I did not study.
................................................................................................................................
...............
2. They want to go to Australia next holidays, but they do not have enough
money.

................................................................................................................................
...............
3. We need to hurry. We are going to miss the train.

............................................................................................................................................
...
4. Mark did not go to the party so that he did not see Martha with her new
boyfriend.

................................................................................................................................
...............
5. I did not lock the car properly. A thief stole my sunglasses.

................................................................................................................................
...............
6. You have to smoke less, and you will save more money.

................................................................................................................................
...............

✏ Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps using the correct conditional form.

1. If you .......................... (be) late again for training today, I..............you play
in tomorrow’s match (play).
2. I .............................. all August in Thailand (spend) if I................the time and
the money. Maybe next year (have).
3. I .............................. angry (be) if you...................my chocolate mousse (eat).
4. If just one person ....................... my birthday (remember), I.........sad (be).
5. You ........................ sorry (be) if you...............for your exam (revise).
6. I ....................... that umbrella inside the house (open) if I.............you (be).
7. We ......................... (eat out) if there..................no food at home (be).
8. The holidays .......................... great (be) if the weather..............better (be).

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9. I .............................. with him (go out) even if you.............me (pay).
10. If you ........................ me about the concert (tell) I..............(go).

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 Other forms to express condition

Form Meaning Example

Unless If not / Except We will enjoy the party unless it rains.

In case Because they We should take our umbrellas in case it

might… rains.

As/so long as Only if As long as I can have a walk, I will be

happy.

Provided If Provided (that) you come, we will dine

(that) out.

✏ Exercise 7. Choose the right form.

1. This time next year I will be going to college unless / as long as I fail my
entry exams.

2. You can go to the part in case / as long as you come home before 3 o’clock.
3. Unless / provided (that) you pass all the subjects, you cannot go on holiday
in summer.

4. Do what you want provided / in case you are sure about your decision.
5. We should leave early in the morning in case / as long as there is heavy
traffic to go after the holidays.

▶ REPORTED SPEECH
The purpose of the reported speech or indirect speech is to report what another
person has previously said. The opposite of this is direct speech, which refers
to the speaker’s exact words. When reporting somebody else’s words, the
original words need to be changed in terms of tense, person, place, and time.
The structure of reported speech varies depending on whether the speaker
transforms a statement, question, or request.

In reported speech, it is usually necessary to change the tense if the

introductory clause refers to a past action. This is called backshift. Example: He
said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

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Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Progressive Past Progressive

Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Progressive

Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Future I (going to) was / were going to

Future I (will)
Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)

In the same way, it is also necessary to refer to the original place and time as a
past thing in a different place. See some examples.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

today that day

now then

yesterday the day before

… days ago …days before

last week the week before

next year the following year

tomorrow the next day / the following day

here there

this that

these those

When transforming questions, the narrator also changes pronouns, tense,

and place and time expressions. In addition, they also need to transform the
question into an indirect question, use the interrogative or if / whether.

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✏ Exercise 8. Change the following sentence into reported speech.

1. The spokesman said: “I can’t understand why billiards has been
prohibited”.

................................................................................................................................
...............
2. Gihan exclaimed: “We have had too many prohibitions.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
3. The young lady said: “I did not make such a mistake.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
4. She said: “We’ll go and get some food.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
5. Winston Churchill said: “I wake up at six every day.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
6. A company representative said: “This probably won’t happen.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
7. A farmer said: “If the situation goes on like this, we will lose the
consumers’ confi- dence forever.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
8. She said: “I think the amount of immigrants right now is OK, but I don’t
think we need any more.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
9. He said: “In Japan paper-folding was valued for its decorative function.”

................................................................................................................................
...............
10. If I don’t win this game, I will retire,” Kasparov said.

................................................................................................................................
...............

✏ Exercise 9. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.

1. “We’re playing tennis tomorrow”, Mike said.
................................................................................................................................
...............
2. “We’ve been to Paris three times”, Rose responded.
................................................................................................................................
...............
3. “Is John going to take his driving test tomorrow?”, Mary asked Joe.
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............................................................................................................................................
...
4. “Please don’t be late tomorrow Philip, or we’ll miss our bus”, Philip’s mother
claimed.
............................................................................................................................................
...
5. “What is Samuel doing today?” said Fred to Pete.
................................................................................................................................
...............

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6. “Paul, go to the supermarket and buy some milk”, his mother said.
................................................................................................................................
...............
7. “We can buy phones with colored covers”, she said.
................................................................................................................................
...............
8. “Where did you go last month?”, said Grant.
................................................................................................................................
...............
9. “I’ve just been playing football”, said John.
................................................................................................................................
...............
10. “Don’t forget that tomorrow is Susie’s birthday”, said Maggie.
................................................................................................................................
...............
11. “How are you?”, Martin asked us.
................................................................................................................................
...............
12. He asked, “Do I have to do it?”
................................................................................................................................
...............
13. “Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter.
................................................................................................................................
...............
14. “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend.
................................................................................................................................
...............
15. “Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.
................................................................................................................................
...............

▶ COMMUNICATING ON THE PHONE

Communicating on the phone is one of the most feared tasks for non-native
speakers. Tele- phoning is difficult as the two parts cannot see the other face
and movements. In addition, some people feel embarrassed to ask for
repetition or clarification, and pressure for having to respond without delay.

All in all, telephone communication is one of the most important forms of

communication within a company. Although today its use is being replaced by
other forms of communica- tion (such as email, or instant messaging), phone
use is one of the most common means by which to materialize both internal
and external communications. It is very important in business because it is the
medium through which the first contact with, or from the com- pany is made.

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So, before any personal contact, the usual thing is to make a phone call to
arrange an interview or to specify any matter or topic. The interlocutor at the
other end of the line will form an idea about the company depending on the
impression after this first telephone contact.

Preparation is one of the things that can help you when making a phone call.
Read infor- mation from the other company, write previous notes, establish
your objectives, or practice

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suitable starts and endings can be some useful techniques. In addition, training
your listen- ing skills is also necessary to fully understand the other part.
Studying and learning related vocabulary and expressions is another strategy
that may help communicate better on the telephone in a foreign language.

 English Telephone Phrasal Verbs

To call back: to telephone someone (again) later. To ring back or to phone back are
syno- nyms. Ex. “I am sorry, but this number is engaged. Would you like to call
back later?”
To call up: to telephone someone. We can also say to ring up or to phone up. Ex. “I
called up to cancel my gym membership”.
To cut off: to lose a telephone connection. Ex. “Sorry, I ran out of credit, and we got
cut off”.
To get back to someone: to telephone someone later. Ex. “Sorry, I am in the meeting
right now, can I get back to you in twenty minutes?”
To get through: to get a telephone connection with someone. Ex. “I can’t get
through to Dad, he doesn’t answer his phone”.
To hang up: end a telephone conversation (often abruptly). Ex. “I am not sure
what hap- pened, Jane just hung up in the middle of the conversation!”
To put someone through: to connect with someone on the phone. Ex. “Could you put
me through to Mr. White, please, on extension 316?”
To hold on: wait (for a short time). Ex. “Please hold on, I’ll put you through”.
To pick up: to answer a phone call. Ex. “I tried calling her last night, but she didn’t
pick up”.
To get off (the phone): to finish talking on the phone. Ex. “I should get off the
phone, I have so much to do”.
To switch/turn off: to disconnect using the power button. Ex. “You should switch off
your laptop during take-off and landing”.
To switch/turn on: to connect using the power button. Ex. “You shouldn’t switch on
your mobile phone after landing until you are in the terminal building”.
To speak up: to speak louder. Ex. “I’m afraid I didn’t hear you very well, the line is
very bad. Could you speak up a little please?”
To break up: the line is quite bad, and you can’t hear a person on a call clearly.
“Ex. Sorry, you are breaking up, I didn’t hear that very well”.
To ring off: to finish a telephone conversation. Ex. “I have to ring off now, but
I’ll give you a call tomorrow”.
To put down (the phone): to end a telephone conversation. Ex. “Put your phone
down and do your homework!”
To pass on (a message): to convey a message to someone. Ex. “I’m sorry, John is not
availa- ble. I’ll pass the message on as soon as he comes back”.

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 Telephone Expressions

Answering the phone. - Company X, this is Mike. How may I help you?
- Good morning/afternoon, Company X. How may I help
you?
- Purchasing department at Company X, Mike speaking.
Getting the name of - May I have your name please?
the caller.
- Who am I speaking with?
- May I ask who’s calling?

Responding to a caller’s - Sure, let me check on that.

request.
- Let me see if she’s available.
- Sure, one moment please.

Asking someone to - Can I put you on hold for a minute?

wait on the line.
- Do you mind holding while I check on that?
- Could you please hold on?
- Hold the line please, I will put you through.

Informing somebody Mr. Smith is not available right now.

is not available.
- Mr. Smith can’t take your call at this moment.
- Mr. Smith can’t come to the phone right now.
- Mr. Smith is talking on the other line.

Taking a message. - Would you like to leave a message?

- Can I take a message?

Dealing with bad - I’m sorry, I’m afraid we have a bad connection. Could
connections/wrong
numbers. you give me your number and I’ll call you right back?
- I think we have a bad connection. Could you speak a
little louder, please?
- I’m sorry, could you repeat that?
- I’m sorry, you have the wrong number.

Ending the call. - Is there anything else I can help you with? …Okay,
thanks for calling. Have a great day.
- Is there anything else I can do for you? …Okay, have a
good day.
Asking for - Excuse me? - What was that again?
Repetition or
Clarification. - Pardon? - Sorry, I didn’t catch that.
- What did you say? Could you speak up please?
- Your name was…? - Could you speak a little louder?
- Did you say… ? How do you spell your name?
- Can you repeat - Could you say that again
that? please?

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✏ Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps as if you were responding to a phone call. Your role is the
secretary of a company who receives a phone call.

Caller: (phone ringing)

You: ...............................................................................................................................
................

Caller: Hi Good morning, may talk to Mr. Smith, please?

You: ...............................................................................................................................
................

Caller: My name is James Russell from Johnson Tiles in Exeter.

You: ...............................................................................................................................
................

(Mr. Smith is not available at the moment)

You: ...............................................................................................................................
................

Caller: Yes, please tell Mr. Smith to call me back. My phone number is 667-

889-123. You:

...........................................................................................................................................

....

Caller: I need to speak to him in order to talk about a new business proposal.

You: ...............................................................................................................................
................

Caller: No, thank you. Have a nice day.

You: ...............................................................................................................................
................

✏ Exercise 11. Work in pairs, one is the secretary and the other is the client. Practice the
previous conversation with.

Making - Are you free next Tuesday afternoon?

Arrangements
- Are you available next Tuesday afternoon?
- What time would you like to meet? When
would be convenient for you?
- Could you please let me know when it’s fine for
you to meet?

✏ Exercise 12. Design an agenda from Monday to Friday with your real appointments. Role-
play a phone conversation in which you and your partner try to make an ar- rangement
for a 1-hour business meeting based on your availability. You will have
one minute to agree on a specific time this week. Talk to each person, and then you will get
a new partner. The class will be divided into two halves: the callers and the receivers. The
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goal of this task is to try to make arrangements with as many people as possible.

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▶ EXPLAINING RESULTS
Explaining results is necessary among engineers, who are usually in contact
with research, data, and figures that need to be described. In this sense,
speakers need to describe the data shown in graphics or tables. In the same
way, the use of conditionals is useful as they help to introduce actions and their
possible consequences.

Actions related to increase:

⮞ Verbs: To increase (v) / an increase (n), to rise, to go up to / by…, to grow
steadily, to climb, to rocket, to skyrocket, to boom, to peak.
⮞ Adjectives that usually accompany the word increase: dramatic, huge,
marked, mas- sive, sharp, significant, substantial.
⮞ Adverbs that usually accompany the word increase: dramatically,
substantially, stead- ily, moderately, slightly, sharply, considerably, little
by little, gradually, suddenly, sig- nificantly, step by step gently,
drastically, noticeably, and steeply.
⮞ Other verbs usually connected to increase: achieve, cause, produce,
receive, report, represent, and show.

Actions related to
decrease:
⮞ Verbs: to decrease, to fall, to go down, to decline, to drop, to plunge, to
plummet, to dwindle.

To describe the speed of change, we can use the adjectives: rapid, steady, slow,
quick, grad- ual, swift, or sudden. In addition, these adjectives can be transformed
into adverbs just by adding the suffix –ly.

At last, if there is no change, the following expressions can be used:

⮞ remained the same.
⮞ remained constant.
⮞ stabilized.
⮞ levelled off.

✏ Exercise 13. Match actions with consequences.

Action Consequences

If your products are successful in the we could invest more.

national market,

If the company increases the results would have been better

productivity, with us.
If we hire more people, they wouldn’t have cancelled the
order.

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Action Consequences

If we had millions of dollars, we will try to introduce them into

other international markets.

If we always had a well-thought-out more employees will be necessary.

Plan B,
If we had fewer meetings, we could have bid for the contract.

If we had informed the client of the perhaps, our employees would take
delay in time, them more seriously.

If we hadn’t taken so long planning, we could avoid some unnecessary

problems.

If he had observed other company’s we’ll need more space.

situation,

✏ Exercise 14. Explain the following graphic using the vocabulary and expressions shown in
this lesson. It shows the evolution of Bitcoin since 2018.

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

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 Mission 5. On the Phone |

▶ NARRATIVES
A narrative text is any story or narration that tells a certain anecdote, which involve
a succession of actions in a limited period. The function of narrative text can be
related to literature or com- municative purposes. In addition, it consists of
characters (protagonists, antagonists, primary, secondary, etc.) that interact with
each other through dialogues and actions, and the story has a narrator, which is
the voice that tells the story from a specific point of view and using specific
language. This type of writing can be found in novels, articles, and witness
statements, among others.

Structure

Introduction
Paragraph 1: Set the Scene (Who, Where, When, What).

Main Body
Paragraphs 2-4: Development (Describe the incidents leading up to the main
event and the event itself in detail).

Conclusion
Final Paragraph: End the Story (Refer to moods, consequences, People’s reaction,
feel- ings, comments).

 Tips to Consider

⮞ Decide your plot before start writing.

⮞ The sequence of events is very important. Use time words such as: at first,
before, until, while, during, then, after, finally, etc.
⮞ Use various adjectives (disgusting, exhilarating…) and adverbs (fearlessly,
surprising- ly) to describe feelings and actions, as well as use of direct
speech, as variety of verbs will make your story more exciting to read.
⮞ Most stories are related to the past time. Use the past continuous to set
the scene (e.g., it was raining hard, and the wind was blowing as
Jonathan drove towards the small cottage), the past simple to describe
the main events of the story, or past per- fect to give the background of
the story (e.g. Jonathan had been planning to visit the old cottage for
months before he was able to do so).
⮞ Descriptions of people, places, objects or events and descriptive
techniques can be used in a narrative when you want to emphasize
specific parts of your narration. Use linking words or phrases to join the
ideas and make your story flow.
⮞ Use direct speech.
⮞ Create mystery and suspense.

⮞ Use rich vocabulary.

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⮞ ADJECTIVES: Delightful, enormous, entire, horrible, massive, superb,

terrific, horrify- ing, gigantic, huge, tiny, nasty, disgusting, terrible,
wonderful, unpleasant, fabulous.

⮞ ADVERBS: Sarcastically, angrily, threateningly, frantically, hurriedly,

miserably, confi- dently, suddenly, urgently, nervously, patiently, calmly.

Example:

Introduction “Sleep tight, Scottie,” his mother said as she kissed him
good night and turned off the light. As soon as she had
closed the door be- hind her, Scott was fast asleep. He was
completely exhausted af- ter spending the whole afternoon
assembling his new train set and then watching it go
around the tracks and through the tunnels. Sud- denly, a
ball of brilliant yellow light shot past the window. Scott
woke with a start when the ball entered his room. The light
was so bright that he had to shut his eyes.

Body When he opened them, he saw a strange, little man,

Paragraph 1 about a foot tall, with orange skin and huge blue eyes.
Scott, not the least bit frightened, said in a friendly voice,
“Hello, I’m Scott. Who are you?“ The miniature man said
nothing, but picked up a battery from the untidy heap of
toys on the floor. He started running around the room,
pointing urgently at the rest of Scott’s toys. “What do
you want?” asked Scott, who was puzzled.

Body The man began shaking the battery frantically, and Scott
Paragraph 2 realized that that was what he wanted. Scott opened all his
toys, took out the batteries and piled them on the floor.
Immediately gathering up all the batteries, the little man
leapt onto the windowsill, smiled warmly at Scott and
disappeared.

Conclusion When Scott woke up the next morning, he thought about

his unusu- al dream. He stared at his train set before
jumping out of bed and trying to switch it on. Nothing
happened. Then Scott realized that it had no batteries...
and there were no batteries in any of his other toys,
either.”

✏ Exercise 15. Write a narrative on any of the possible topics (using between 150 and 180
words).

1. Write a story ending with the words: “I suddenly realized they had
mistaken me for someone else”.
2. Write a story starting with the words: “I was in my room when I
suddenly saw a strange flash in the sky through my window”.

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3. A magazine is running a competition for the best short story entitled “A

catastroph- ic evening”. Write your story.

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........
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............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

............................................................................................................................................
...........

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MISSION 6. THE ENGINEERING BUSINESS

▶ PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is a grammatical expression used to emphasize the person or
object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that
performs the action. The pas- sive voice is made with the verb ‘to be’ into any
tense and then adding the past participle. For example, the past participle of
the verbs ‘to make’ or ‘to play’ are ‘made’ and ‘played’ respectively.

Affirmative Statements

Subject + Verb to Be + Past Participle + Objects + Complements.

My money has been deposited in the bank.
Negative Statements

Subject + Verb to Be + not + Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements.

The order was not delivered on time.
Questions

Verb to Be + Subject + Lexical Verb + Objects + Complements + ?

Was the order delivered on time?

In some sentences, there are two objects (direct and indirect), and so two
different passive sentences too. For example, in ‘He gave me the book’ (Active). It
is possible to emphasize the direct object ‘book’ or the indirect object ‘me’:
⮞ I was given the book.
⮞ The book was given to me.

Passive sentences do not focus on the ‘doer’ of the action; however, this
information can be relevant in some cases. To this purpose, the preposition by (for
people and objects) and with (for objects) are used to inform about the doer of
an action in passive sentences.

 Uses of the Passive Voice in English

USE 1 My wallet has been stolen.

When we don’t know who or what
did something.

USE 2 Privacy reform laws were introduced into

When the action is more important Parliament.
than who did it.

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 Mission 6. The Engineering Business |

USE 3 The robber has been arrested.

When it is obvious who or what did
some- thing.

The passive voice is normally used in formal, academic, or scientific writing.

Passive form is not possible with intransitive verbs and not very typical
with stative verbs (to belong, to believe, to want, to have...:
I have a car / * I car has had by me (wrong).

✏ Exercise 1. Active or Passive Voice: Choose the correct form.

1. The president was / has criticized for his unpopular decisions.
2. The teacher was / has told the students not to take any books for the trip.
3. Somebody was / has stolen my car.
4. Hamlet was / has written by Shakespeare.
5. The project should be / have completed by Thursday evening.
6. I’m living at my parents’ house this week as my house is being painted / has
been
painting.
7. Mark has / was left his backpack at the office.
8. When we got to the airport, we found out our flight was / has been cancelled.
9. The telephone was / has invented by Alexander G. Bell.
10. The Godfather was / has awarded three Academy Awards 40 years ago.

✏ Exercise 2. Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice) using Simple Present.
1. He (sell)........................cars.
2. The blue car (sell) ............................ .
3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat).................than in winter.
4. She (call)......................her grandparents every Friday.
5. The letters (type) ............................. .
6. He (take)......................his medicine every day.
7. Jane (take / not).....................to school by her father.
8. We (go).........................to school by bus.
9. She (work / not)....................for a bank.
10. Milk (keep).......................in the refrigerator.

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✏ Exercise 3. Put the sentences in the passive voice. In some cases, there is more than one
possible answer.

1. Somebody broke into their van last week.

................................................................................................................................
...............
2. The old lady told us a story.
................................................................................................................................
...............
3. They will meet Timmy at the airport.
................................................................................................................................
...............
4. Nina has not sent me a birthday gift.
................................................................................................................................
...............
5. They don’t speak French in this country.
................................................................................................................................
...............
6. Tracy made a decision.
................................................................................................................................
...............
7. Somebody built a new cabin on the lake.
................................................................................................................................
...............
8. She gave Ryan a new car.
................................................................................................................................
...............
9. Terri will look after our dog.
................................................................................................................................
...............
10. Their waiter brought us some wonderful soup.
................................................................................................................................
...............

▶ RAW AND PROCESSED MATERIALS

Materials can be raw or processed. On the one hand, raw materials are
materials or sub- stances used in the primary production or manufacturing
of goods, which have not been previously modified. On the contrary, processed
materials have been modified from natural materials.

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✏ Exercise 4. Match the following words with their corresponding objects.

Aluminum, clay, coal, cotton, concrete, copper, gasoline, glass, iron, gold, marble, natural
gas, silver,steel, stainless steel, oil, plastic, rubber, wood.

……………………………… ……………………………… ……………………………… ………………………………

……………………………… ……………………………… ……………………………… ………………………………

……………………………… ……………………………… ……………………………… ………………………………

……………………………… ……………………………… ……………………………… ………………………………

……………………………… ……………………………… ………………………………

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✏ Exercise 5. Gap Filling. Read the following sentences and write the name of the ma- terials.

Definition Key

A hard, strong grey or a bluish-grey alloy of iron with

carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural
and fabricating mate- rial.

A black rock combustible from plant matter, mainly found in

under- ground seams and used as fuel.

A precios yellowish metal.

A stiff, sticky fine-grained earth that can be molded when

wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks, pottery, and
ceramics.

a tough elastic polymeric substance made from the latex of

a tropi- cal plant or synthetically.

a red-brown metal.

a building material made from a mixture of broken stone or

gravel, sand, cement, and water, which can be spread or
poured into molds and forms a mass resembling stone on
hardening.

a strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical

element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for
construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of
steel.

▶ READING FORMULAS

 How to read ordinal and Cardinal Numbers

A Cardinal Number is a number that says how many of something there are,
such as one, two, three, four, five. An Ordinal Number is a number that tells
the position of something in a list, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th etc. Most
ordinal numbers end in “th” except for one, two, and three (first: 1st; second:
2nd, third: 3rd).

Zero /nought 0
One 1 First 1st
Two 2 Second 2nd
Three 3 Third 3rd

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Four 4 Fourth 4th

Five 5 Fifth 5th
Six 6 Sixth 6th
Seven 7 Seventh 7th
Eight 8 Eighth 8th
Nine 9 Ninth 9th
Ten 10 Tenth 10th
Eleven 11 Eleventh 11th
Twelve 12 Twelfth 12th
Thirteen 13 Thirteenth 13th
Fourteen 14 Fourteenth 14th
Fifteen 15 Fifteenth 15th
Sixteen 16 Sixteenth 16th
Seventeen 17 Seventeenth 17th
Eighteen 18 Eighteenth 18th
Nineteen 19 Nineteenth 19th
Twenty 20 Twentieth 20th
Twenty-one 21 Twenty-first 21st
Twenty-two 22 Twenty-second 22nd
Twenty-three 23 Twenty-third 23rd
Twenty-four 24 Twenty-fourth 24th
Twenty-five 25 Twenty-fifth 25th
Twenty-six 26 Twenty-sixth 26th
Twenty-seven 27 Twenty-seventh 27th
Twenty-eight 28 Twenty-eighth 28th
Twenty-nine 29 Twenty-ninth 29th
Thirty 30 Thirtieth 30th
Thirty-one 31 Thirty-first 31st
Forty 40 Fortieth 40th
Fifty 50 Fiftieth 50th
Sixty 60 Sixtieth 60th
Seventy 70 Seventieth 70th
Eighty 80 Eightieth 80th

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Ninety 90 Ninetieth 90th

One hundred 100 One hundredth 100th
One hundred and one 101 One hundred and first 101st
One thousand 1,000 One thousandth 1,000th
One thousand and one 1,001 One thousand and first 1,001st
One thousand five One thousand five
1,540 1,540th
hun- dred and forty hundred and fortieth
One million 1,000,000 One millionth 1,000,000th

✏ Exercise 6. Write the numbers that they represent.

Text Key Text Key

Zero /nought
One First
Two Second
Three Third
Four Fourth
Five Fifth
Six Sixth
Seven Seventh
Eight Eighth
Nine Ninth
Ten Tenth
Eleven Eleventh
Twelve Twelfth
Thirteen Thirteenth
Fourteen Fourteenth
Fifteen Fifteenth
Sixteen Sixteenth
Seventeen Seventeenth
Eighteen Eighteenth
Nineteen Nineteenth
Twenty Twentieth

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✏ Exercise 7. Write the ordinal numbers and words that they represent.

# Key # Key

Five Seventy-four

Thirteen Ninety-two

Ten Three hundred and seventy-

two
Twenty-six Seven hundred and fifty-five

Twenty Two hundred and twenty

Twelve Three hundred and sixty-four

Seventy-six Four thousand and eleven

Fifty-two

# Key

11

18

25

39

44

57

63

88

179

433

586

971

2,623

3,052

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✏ Exercise 8. Write the cardinal numbers and words that they represent.

# Keys # Keys

Third Ninety-first

Sixth Thirty-seventh

Thirteenth Seven hundred and fifty-nineth

Twentieth Two hundred and twentieth

Twenty-sixth Three hundred and sixty-fourth

Ninety-second Four thousand and eleventh

One thousand and two

Fifty-third
hundred and sixty-eighth

Seventy-fourth

# Keys

1st
2nd
15th
31st
47th
83rd
100th
200th
69th
321st
456th
777th
1,031st
2,222nd
7,538th

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 How to read numbers with decimals

Decimal numbers are used in situations in which we look for precision beyond
whole num- bers. Decimal numbers are read with each figure separately. We
use a full stop (called “point”), not a comma, before the decimal places. You
can also read the full number after the decimal point and then say the word for
the last place value.
Examples:
2.34 → two point three four or two point thirty-four.

3.375 → three point three seven five or three point three hundred and
seventy-five.

0.75 → (nought or zero) point seven five or seventy-five.

✏ Exercise 9. Write the following numbers with decimals.

0.0089
0.054
0.54
0.77
5.7254
34.76
453.897
5,542.678
8,275.4
21.456
700,560.2
120,000.321

 Math Symbols

+ Add /Plus () Brackets / Parentheses

- Minus / Subtract [] Squared Brackets
X Times / Multiply {} Braces
÷ Divide ∞ Infinite
= Equal * Not Equal

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< less than ≈ is approximately equal to

> greater than % percent
¼ Fractions (one fourth) 92 Squared

√ Square root 93 Cubed

90° degrees 1.666 Point (Decimals)

f function π Pi (3.14)

+ Addition

Plus / Add
1 + 2 = 3 One plus two equals three
2 + 2 = 4 Two plus two is four
1 + 5 = 6 One and five equals seven
5+5=10 Five add five is ten

– Subtraction

Minus / Subtract / Take Away

5 - 4 = 1 Five minus four equals one
6 - 2 = 4 Six minus two is four
20 - 5 = 15 Twenty subtract five is fifteen
8 - 3= 5 Eight take away three is five

x Multiplication

Times / Multiply
4 x 3 = 12 Four times three equals twelve
3 x 3 = 9 Three times three is nine
5 x 8 = 40 Five multiplied by eight is forty
5 x 5 = 25 Multiply five by five equals twenty-five

÷ Division

Divide
8 ÷ 2 = 4 Eight divided by two equals four
10 ÷ 2 = 5 Divide ten by two equals five
20 ÷ 2 = 10 Twenty divided by two is ten

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✏ Exercise 10. Gap Filling. Write the formulas in the gaps, using either numbers or words
when necessary.

Key Key

Five plus three equals

Ten plus twelve equals
Five minus three equals
Seven minus two equals
Three multiplied by six equals
Five multiplied by seven equals
Ten divided by two equals
Forty divided by four equals
3 + 6 equals
53 + 21 equals
23 – 7 equals
51 – 5 equals
14 x 5 equals
13 x 3 equals
36 ÷ 6 equals
81 ÷ 9 equals

 Fractions
When we read a fraction, we read the top number first (the numerator - how many)
then the bottom number (the denominator - what type).
⮞ There are special words for some fractions:

1/2 = one half.

1/4 = quarter.
3/4 = three
quarters.
1/3 = one third.

⮞ For the rest, we put -ths at the end of the

number: 5/6 = five sixths.
2/17 = two seventeenths.
Example 1: 1/7 = one sevenths.
Example 2: three fifteenths = 3/15.

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✏ Exercise 11. Write the following fractions in both letter and numbers.

Key Key

One half 3/4

Two quarters 1/3

Two thirds 5/7

Four fifths 9/10

Five eights 13/21

Nine elevenths 36/40

Thirty-five sixty-nineths 75/100

Seventy-five one-hundreds 2/132

 Exponentiation

An exponent refers to the number of times a number is multiplied by itself.

For example, 2 to the 3rd (written like this: 23) means: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8.
⮞ Two and three are called squared and cubed.
52 = «5 to the power 2» or «5 to the second power», or «5 squared.»

8 3
= «8 to the power 3» or «8 to the third power», or «8 cubed.»
⮞ Four or beyond are referred in the following way:
64 = «6 to the fourth power» or «6 to the power 4» or simply «6

to the 4th. 910 = «9 to the tenth power» or «9 to the power 10» or

simply «9 to the 10th.

⮞ Exponentiation can also be negative:

3-2 = “3 negative squared” «3 to the minus/negative second power», «3

to the power minus/negative 2» or «6 to the minus/negative 2 th.”

4-3 = “4 negative cubed”, «4 to the minus/negative third power», «4 to

the minus/ negative power 3» or «4 to the minus/negative 3 rd.”

5-4 = “5 to the minus/negative fourth power» or «5 to the

minus/negative power 4» or «5 to the minus/negative 4th.”

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✏ Exercise 12. Read the following numbers.

Keys Keys

Nine Squared 622

Seven Cubed 53
Eight to the fifth power 129

Six to the eighty-eight power 2165

Three to the negative fifth 8-4
power

✏ Exercise 13. Solve the following problem and read them aloud.

Price = √(6 – 2)² + (6 – 3)²

Price² = (7² - 6²) + (92 / 4)

Price = √ (π x 4²) – [(1,116/9) / 102]

Price 2 = [34 – (82 + 1)]

✏ Exercise 14. Problem-Solving. Solve the following formulas. The result is the average price
per unit among different products; thus, the lowest result will be the most convenient
supplier.

Blue Tiger Price =√(6 – 2)² + (6 – 3)²

Purple Elephant Price ² = (7² - 6²) + (92 / 4)

Green Wolf Price = √ (π x 4²) – [(1,116/9) /

(102)]
Orange Whale Price 2 = [34 – (82 + 1)]

✏ Exercise 15. Test – Multiple Choice (A, B, C, D). If you want to get promoted and get the
permanent contract, you must answer the following questions and obtain a score of at
least 70%.
1. What is the symbol of the square root?
a. 92 b. √ c. 93 d. f
2. What is the equivalent of π?
a. 3.12 b. 3.13 c. 3.14 d. 3.15

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3. Complete the sentence: Eight to the fifth .........................

a. squared b. cubed c. potent d. power
4. What is the following: 4/5?
a. two numbers b. a fraction c. a division d. both b and c are
correct
5. A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually
other ele- ments, used as a structural and fabricating material.
a. steel b. gold c. silver d.
aluminum
6. How is this read: 0.0089?
a. Zero point zero and zero and eighty-nine.
b. Zero point zero and eighty-nine.
c. Zero comma zero and zero and eighty-nine.
d. Zero comma zero and eighty-nine.
7. How is this read: 13/21?
a. Twenty-ones b. Thirteen twenty-
one
c. Thirteen twenty- d. Thirteen twenty-
firsts first
8. How is this written: 200th?
a. Two hundred b. Two hundredth
c. Two hundredths d. Two and
hundredths

▶ BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

 Placing an order

Orders are one of the most important documents that firms should deal with.
They are usually written on a company’s official order form, and they are
accompanied by a covering letter/email. Both documents should have a date
and a reference number, which must be quoted in any correspondence related
to the order. They are necessary in order to avoid any kind of legal problems
between companies when things do not work out as expected. Additionally, and
thanks to the new technologies that have been implemented in the busi- ness
world in recent years, most of these letters are often sent by electronic mail,
and the order forms are also enclosed as attached documents.

To start with, the letter could be divided into the following parts:
1. An opening paragraph in which we should indicate that there is an
official order form.

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2. A second paragraph explaining the discounts and type of payment that
should be applied to the order being placed.

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3. A third paragraph explaining the method of delivery that should be

used in order to dispatch the goods.
4. A final paragraph, closing the letter politely.

We can obviously include special comments regarding deadlines or similar

specifications, which would always be helpful when dealing with international
companies. If you decide to include such specifications, do it just before the
closing paragraph. Therefore, the order form should always include the
following items:
I. Sender’s name and address.
II. Receiver’s name and address.
III. Order number.
IV. Signature.
V. Date.
VI. Quantity of products required.
VII. Item description.
VIII. Catalogue numbers.
IX. Price.
X. Comments.

There are some expressions that tend to be used when writing order letters.
This is a brief list of some of those expressions:
Explaining that there is an order form within the envelope.
Please find enclosed our order No. for …
Enclosed you will find our official order No. for
…

Confirming terms of payment.

We would like to confirm that payment is to be made by…
Payments, as agreed, would be made by…

Sending documents to the bank.

The documents should be sent to our bank at…
Could you please send all the relevant documents to…
Confirming discounts.
We would like to thank you for the % trade discount.
The …% discount is fairly/quite/rather satisfactory to
us… We agree on the …% discount you offered.

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Confirming delivery deadlines.

We would like to remind you that goods should reach us by…

Goods should be delivered by…

We need the shipment to reach us by…

It is essential that the goods are delivered

before… Delivery before is a firm condition of

this order.

Choosing methods of delivery.

Remember that the goods should be sent by air/sea/plane.

Could you please send the goods by scheduled freighter?

We advise delivery by air/sea/plane.

Closing.
We hope that this will be the first of many orders we place with you.

I look forward to receiving your /advice /shipment /acknowledgement /confirmation.

 Replying to an order letter

Those companies receiving an order form from a prospective buyer have to

respond by acknowledging an order as well as specifying shipping advice:

Confirmation (Acknowledging an order).

It tells the customer that the order has been received and everything is being
prepared. The writer simply confirms the order and offers information about
further dispatch. The selling company should not write any complicated
document, as the only purpose of this kind of letter is to let the buyer know
that all the products are in stock, confirming their availability. For instance,
‘Thank you for your order which we received today. We are now dealing with it and you
may expect delivery within the next three weeks’.

Shipping Advice (advice of dispatch).

It should state the means of transportation to be used, the name of the vessel
of it is sent by sea, the expected date of arrival, and the necessary steps to be
followed in order to settle payments. Once again, no more information than
that strictly needed should be included in the letter. For example, ‘Your order No.
D/154/T is already on board the SS Mitsu Maru, sailing from Kobe on 16 May and arriving
Tilbury, London, on 11 June. The shipping documents have been forwarded to your bank in
London for collection’.

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Points to remember.
1. Not only use an official order form when placing an order, but also
specify and confirm terms of payment, discounts, delivery and packing.
2. Orders should be acknowledged as soon as they are received.
3. If there is a problem with delivery, tell your customer immediately what
you intend to do to correct it. Apologize for the inconvenience.

✏ Activity 16. Place the correct word or phrase in each blank: grateful, goods, by air,
documents, before, order form, in stock, complete.
1. Please confirm that you can ............................ the order before the
end of
November, as we need the......................in time for the Christmas rush.
2. Could you please send the products.........................., in order to avoid
any
delay? If you could do so, we would be very .................................... .
3. As agreed, you will send the.........................to our bank.
4. Enclosed you will find our official ...................................... , in which we
ask for 700 sweaters, in assorted colors and sizes. Please let us know if
you have all the items ...................................... . We need them 15
September.

✏ Activity 17. Fill in the gaps the following order letter.

19 March 2023
Dear Mr. Smith,
Your letter of 15 March convinced me to (1)....................at least a trial order
for
some of your toys. Enclosed you will find our official (2) ..............................
No. HP 4589 for assorted toys.
We have decided to accept the 10% trade (3) ..................................... that you
offered,
as well as the terms of (4)...................................that you suggested
(documents
against payment), but we would like these terms reviewed in the near
future. We will send the shipping (5)...and sight draft to NatWest Bank.
We would appreciate delivery (6)............................the next three weeks, as
we
need the items for Christmas. Please send them perfectly wrapped in
water-proof pa- per, and then packed in wooden or iron crates.
We look (7)..............................to receiving your confirmation.
Yours (8)................................,

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Signature: Mike Smith.
Chief Buyer.
Enc: (9) ..........................................

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✏ Exercise 18. Write an email to an imaginary company and place an order for 100 computers
(100 – 150 words).

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

.......................................................................................................................................
................

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 Keys | MISSION 1

KEYS
MISSION 1

✏ Exercise 1
1. I go (go) shopping with my brother.
2. We sometimes use (use) a dictionary in class.
3. My friends study (study) Italian at their school.
4. School finishes (finish) at three o’clock.
5. He likes (like) rap music.
6. She does (do) her homework before dinner.

✏ Exercise 2
1. I don’t study French.
2. School doesn’t finish at two o´ clock.
3. She doesn’t copy from other students.
4. We don’t think English is easy.
5. My friend doesn’t play volleyball.

✏ Exercise 3
1. Does he live at school?
2. Do the students eat in the canteen?
3. Does my brother go to school on Saturdays?
4. Do you live near your friends?
5. Does school finish at three o’clock?

✏ Exercise 6
1. I always visit my grandparents on Sunday afternoons.
2. She often watches TV on weekends.
3. I am never busy on Monday mornings.
4. They usually go to the club on Saturdays.
5. I sometimes go to work by car.
6. He always plays football on Sundays.
7. I’m sometimes late for work.
8. Have you ever been to London?

✏ Exercise 8
1. That dress looks / is looking nice on you.
2. Paul listens / is listening to a new record in his room.
3. If you don’t look / aren’t looking at that comic book, I’d like to see it.
4. Joan weighs / is weighing 50 kilos.
5. Mary is / is being very naughty.
6. Anna is Italian. She is coming / comes from Italy.
7. I don’t know / am not knowing where she keeps the keys.

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8. Why are you feeling / do you feel your pockets? Have you lost anything?
9. I´m sleeping / sleep on Niko´ s sofa until I find a place on my own.
10. His only bad habit is that he talks / is talking too loudly.
11. RECIPE: You make / are making goulash using meat, vegetables and paprika.
12. I’m thinking of doing a postgraduate degree – what do you think / are you
thinking? Is it a good idea?

✏ Exercise 9
1. Andrea lives is living with us until the workers complete the refurbishment.
2. These days John is always getting late at work. ✔
3. I’m not having don’t have enough money for a long holiday this year.
4. Everyone needs someone who can listen to them when necessary. ✔
5. I’m liking like a fantastic dinner tonight.
6. I must gain weight - I’m only weighing weigh 40 pounds.
7. Chris and Olga are going go to the football stadium twice a month.
8. What are you doing at work these days? ✔

✏ Exercise 10
1. knows.
2. are you wearing.
3. smells.
4. doesn’t fit.
5. are you thinking.
6. do you see / are looking.
7. are you doing.
8. prefer.

✏ Exercise 12
1. Catherine moved to a different house.
2. They taught English.
3. He didn’t do the necessary work.
4. She sold diamonds.
5. Did he travel to China?

✏ Exercise 13
Last night I was walking home next to the river Thames, when something strange
happened
(happen) to me. It was (be) late at night and I felt (feel) tired after a long and difficult day
at work. There was (be) a large full moon in the sky and everything was (be) quiet. I
felt (feel) tired and lonely and I’d just had a few pints of beer in my local pub, so I
decided (decide) to stop by the riverside and look at the moon for a while. I sat (sit) on
some steps very close to the water’s edge and looked (look) up at the big yellow moon
and wondered (wonder) if it really was made of cheese. I felt (feel) very tired so I
closed (close) my eyes and after a few minutes, I fell (fall) asleep.

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 Keys | MISSION 1

✏ Exercise 15
1. I studied (study) English last night.
2. I bought (buy) a present for my husband but I think (think) he didn’t like (not like)
it.
3. I had (have) long hair when I was (be) a little child, but now my hair is (be) very short.
4. Janet wrote (write) a letter to George last night.
5. Ellie brushes (brush) her teeth twice a day.
6. I took (take) too much alcohol yesterday evening, so I have (have) a terrible
headache now.
7. Alex could (can) play the piano when she was 12; now she can (can) play both the
piano and the violin.
8. Mary and Jane go (go) on holiday every year, last year they visited (visit) India.

✏ Exercise 16
1. The flight attendant welcomed (welcome) the passengers and asked (ask) them to
buckle their seatbelts.
2. The TV broke (break) during the game so we had (have) to listen to the end on the
radio.
3. The children were swimming (swim) while the parents were talking (talk) by the
poolside.
4. The doctor came (come) in, looked (look) at the wound and told (tell) us it wasn´ t
serious.
5. While one team was preparing (prepare) for the final match, the other team
was participating (participate) in interviews.
6. While we were sitting (sit) on the bench the dogs were running (run) about.
7. Patrick turned (turn) off the music and began (begin) to study.
8. Mike was watching (watch) TV when his parents arrived (arrive).

✏ Exercise 17
1. When Sam went (go) to Greece, he visited (visit) the most beautiful beaches.
2. When he was driving (drive) home, he saw (see) an amazing sunset.
3. I didn’t hear (not /hear) what they were fighting (fight) about at the party last night.
4. When she was washing (wash) her car, she discovered (discover) the scratch.
5. While the boy was playing (play), his mother was talking (talk) on the phone.
6. He drunk (drink) some beer and then he ate (eat) a few chips.
7. We were sleeping (sleep) when we suddenly heard (hear) a loud noise.
8. When my neighbor was baking (bake) a cake she burned (burn) her hand.
9. She got (get) in the car, put (put) her key in the ignition, and started (start) the
engine.
10. When it began (begin) to rain, we ran (run) inside.
11. When I was doing (do) the washing-up, I broke (break) a plate.
12. I was having (have) dinner when I suddenly heard (hear) a loud bang.
13. When my father was working (work) in the garden, an old friend passed
(pass) by to see him.
14. She went (go) to school, took (take) out her textbook and (begin) to learn.
15. When it started (start) to rain, our dog wanted (want) to come inside.
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16. When Jane was doing (do) a language course in Ireland, she visited (visit) Blarney
Castle.
17. When I was (be) on my way home, I saw (see) an accident.
18. I didn’t understand (not / understand) what they were talking (talk) about.

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✏ Exercise 18
1. If you want to go by bus, you have to go to the bus stop.
2. You look at the timetable.
3. Then you wait for your bus.
4. When the bus arrives, you get on the bus.
5. You buy a ticket from the driver or show your ticket to the driver.
6. When you arrive at your destination, you get off the bus.
7. Sometimes you even have to change buses at another bus stop.
8. In the painting, you can see a little girl.
9. I got these photos from my friend Jane.
10. These photos were taken by her boyfriend.
11. In these pictures you can see a giraffe.
12. So, these are pictures of a giraffe.

✏ Exercise 19
1. The first McDonald’s restaurant was opened by Dick and Mac McDonald on the 15th of
May 1940.
2. The best-selling products at their restaurant were hamburgers.
3. So, the McDonald brothers thought in a way to produce hamburgers more quickly.
4. This was introduced in 1948 and became known as the Speeded Service System.
5. The first franchised McDonald’s restaurant was opened in 1953, and today you can
find McDonald’s restaurants in more than 100 countries.
6. The meats for the burgers vary with the culture of the country.
7. Franchisees and future managers of McDonald’s restaurants are trained at
Hamburger University, which is located in Oak Brook, a suburb of Chicago.
8. McDonalds is also known for its sponsorship in various international sport events.

✏ Exercise 20
1. George Washington was born in Virginia in 1732.
2. In the American Revolutionary War (between 1775 and 1783) he was the
Commander- in-Chief of the American forces.
3. Washington played an important role in the founding of the US.
4. He became the first President of the United States.
5. He was President from 1789 to 1797.
6. George Washington died at the age of 67, on the 14th of December 1799.
7. The capital of the United States and one federal state are named after
George Washington.

✏ Exercise 21
1. Tina is a very persuasive person. She can convince you to do almost anything she wants.
2. Sarah can be tactless on occasion. She often says things that offend people.
3. Jim is very frank; he always says exactly what he is thinking.
4. Stephanie is one of the most honest people I know; she would never consider doing
anything illegal.

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5. My little sister is very fussy about what she eats; there are very few foods she likes.
6. Anna is a very reserved person who hardly ever lets her feelings show.
7. Mark is extremely trustworthy when it comes to keeping secrets, he will never tell a soul.
8. Annabel is an outgoing person who loves meeting people and making new friends.

✏ Exercise 22
1. a new black car.
2. an interesting old book.
3. delicious French food.
4. an old silly cat.
5. a big red American truck.
6. beautiful red shoes.
7. a tall Japanese girl.
8. a chocolate delicious round cake.
9. some big great oranges.
10. a new electronic guitar.

✏ Exercise 23
1. an American rich old lady.
2. a brown wooden soup spoon.
3. an expensive pink summer dress.
4. a(n) boring old science book.
5. a pretty Chinese silk scarf.

✏ Exercise 27
These days, many applicants submit their Curriculum vitae (CV)/resume speculatively
to
companies they would like to work for. In other words, they do not apply for an advertised
job, but hope the employer will be interested enough to keep their CV on file and contact
them when they have a vacancy. When replying to an advertisement, candidates often fill
in a(n) Application form and write a (n) Covering letter. The employer will then
invite the best candidates to attend a(n) Interview. Sometimes candidates will take a(n)
Psychometric test before the interview to assess their mental ability and reasoning
skills. These days, it is normal for successful candidates to have to work a(n)
Probationary period in a company. This is usually three or six months; after that,
they are offered a permanent post.

✏ Exercise 28
1. to train e) new staff.
2. to shortlist c) the candidates.
3. to advertise a) a vacancy/post.
4. to assemble b) an interview panel.
5. to make f) a job offer.
6. to check d) references.

✏ Exercise 29
1. is able to come up with ideas. g) creative.
2. is respected and listened to by others. i) authoritative.
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3. is able to see different points of view. f) objective.

4. has lots of energy and often gets excited. a) enthusiastic.
5. is concerned with details and getting things right even if it takes time. c) methodical.
6. can see how to put ideas into action. j) practical.
7. likes to assess and evaluate. h) analytical.
8. is determined to succeed in their career. e) ambitious.
9. is able to change with new situations. b) adaptable.
10. is someone you can trust and depend on. d) reliable.

MISSION 2

✏ Exercise 1
1. A: Have you ever tasted sushi?
2. B: Yes, I have eaten sushi at least five times so far.
3. A: When did you eat sushi for the first time?
4. B: I ate sushi for the first time on my dad’s 50th birthday. He invited the whole
family to a Japanese restaurant.
5. A: Did you like it?
6. B: Absolutely. In fact, it was so good that we have been to that restaurant three
times. And on my mum’s birthday, we ordered some sushi and had it at home.

✏ Exercise 2
1. Don’t come in here with those muddy shoes!! I have just cleaned this floor!!!
2. Have you finished that composition for History class yet? You only started an hour ago!!
3. I don’t want to see “Alien 9” at the cinema again. I’ve already seen it twice.
4. I’m sorry. You have just missed Katie. She left the office about three minutes ago!
5. Oh, nothing for me, thank you. I’ve just/already eaten. I had dinner less than an hour
ago.

✏ Exercise 3
1. I have been living in New York for 1 year.
2. I haven’t seen you for a week.
3. I have been waiting since 12:30.
4. I’ve lived here for 5 years.
5. I’ve lived here since 2003.
6. Since she came here I’ve been very nervous.
7. She has been married for ten years.
8. She has been a doctor since 1998.

✏ Exercise 4
1. Last week I was very busy and I did not the time to do a lot in the household.
2. On Monday I worked three hours overtime and came home very late in the evening.

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3. From Tuesday to Thursday I was on a business trip.

4. On Friday I went to a friend’s birthday party and at the weekend I visited my
grandparents.
5. Tomorrow some friends are coming over. I have not seen them for ages and they
have never been at my place before.
6. I have just cleaned my house so I can show them around. Now everything is perfect.

✏ Exercise 5
1. I can’t go skiing because I haven’t bought my new skis yet.
2. Did they spend their holidays in Marbella last August?
3. Have you ever climbed Mount Kilimanjaro?
4. She has just finished baking a pie.
5. Manuel has already written three reports.
6. We moved to Tokyo in 2007.
7. Frank was in California twenty years ago.
8. I have not been to Croatia yet.
9. But I have already travelled to Greece on several occasions.
10. Last year, her family went to Disneyland Paris.

✏ Exercise 6
1. Last year Alex travelled to Peru.
2. We have worked all day and now we are exhausted.
3. They bought a new car last month.
4. Allison stayed at home last night.
5. The credit card bill arrived this morning.
6. Max and his girlfriend have lived in Boston for four years.
7. Last night we went to the cinema to see the new Woody Allen movie.
8. The TV show has already started, but you haven´ t missed too much.
9. The twins phoned us earlier but we weren´ t home.
10. Chuck lost his watch last night.

✏ Exercise 7
I can’t believe I got that apartment. I submitted my application last week, but I didn’t think
I had a chance of actually getting it. When I showed up to take a look around, there
were at least twenty other people who had arrived before me. Most of them had
already filled (fill, already) out their applications and were already leaving. The
landlord said I could still apply, so I did.
I tried to fill out the form, but I couldn’t answer half of the questions. They wanted me
to include references, but I didn’t want to list my previous landlord because I had had
some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn’t recommend me. I ended up
listing my father as a reference. It was total luck that he decided to give me the
apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father had gone to high school together.
He decided that I could have the apartment before he looked at my credit report. I really
lucked out!

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✏ Exercise 8
1. When I arrived home last night, I discovered that Jane had prepared a beautiful
can-
dlelight dinner.
2. Since I began acting, I have performed in two plays, a television commercial and
a TV drama. However, I had never even spoken publicly before I came to
Hollywood in 1985.
3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting had already begun without me. My boss
was
furious with me and I was fired.
4. When I turned the radio on yesterday, I heard a song that was popular when I was
in high school. I hadn’t heard the song for years, and it brought back some
great mem- ories.
5. Last week, I ran into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We hadn’t seen each other for
years, and both of us had changed a great deal. I enjoyed talking to her so much
that I asked her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner.
6. Jack entered the room, I didn’t recognize him because he had lost so much weight
and
had grown a beard. He looked totally different!
7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; how-
ever, their culture had virtually disappeared by the time Europeans first
arrived in the New World.
8. I have visited so many beautiful places since I came to Utah. Before moving
here, I had never heard of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands.

✏ Exercise 9
1. When Carol called last night, I was watching my favorite show on television.
2. I have worked for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here
until I retire!
3. Sharon loves to travel. She goes abroad almost every summer. Next year, she
plans to go to Peru.
4. Thomas is an author. He writes mystery novels and travel memoirs. He has been
writ- ing since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he has written seven novels,
three collections of short stories and a book of poetry.
5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we got to the train
station, Susan had been waiting for us for more than two hours.

✏ Exercise 10
1. d. am still not used.
2. a. use.
3. b. to get used to getting.
4. b. didn’t use to be.
5. c. used to run.
6. b. would have to get used to driving.
7. d. is used.
8. b. used to play.
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10. b. are used to using.

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✏ Exercise 11
1. Sam used to have a motorbike, but now he has got a ban.
2. Mike is new at the company, so he is getting used to how things are done here.
3. When he was younger, he used to work in a restaurant.
4. When Mary lived in Scotland, she often used to go to Portobello beach.
5. She used to play the guitar when she was 8, but now she plays the guitar and the
drums.
6. They were used to eating (eat) because they are vegans.
7. She used to dress (dress) uniforms, as she went to a religious school.
8. He is not used to living in his new house. He arrived only three days ago.
9. My mother was used to wearing glasses, but she decided to have eye surgery.
10. My neighbors are used to spending their holidays abroad because they have a
caravan.

✏ Exercise 12
1. The family’s holidays used to be spent climbing in the mountains.
2. Craig couldn’t get used to living in Spain.
3. I used to go to the old pool every week
4. When I was a child, we used to go to the local park every Saturday afternoon.
5. We used to live in Madrid.

✏ Exercise 13
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Good Better Best

Fat Fatter The fattest

Difficult More Difficult The Most Difficult
Fun Funnier The Funniest
Bad Worse The worst
Thin Thinner The Thinnest
Big Bigger The Biggest
Intelligent More Intelligent The most intelligent

✏ Exercise 14
1. Their house is more expensive than ours.
2. This brand is cheaper than the one in the supermarket near my house.
3. The film was more interesting than the one we saw the last time.
4. Catherine was a more hardworking student than her sister.
5. I refuse to go to the worst restaurant.
6. Luis is the best guitar player I know.
7. These are the most beautiful colors in the rainbow.
8. This player is worse than his opponent today.

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✏ Exercise 15
1. My house is bigger than yours.
2. This flower is more beautiful than that one.
3. This is the best book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live longer than smokers.
5. Which is the most dangerous animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is better than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is more expensive than a beer.
8. Who is the richest woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even worse than last summer.
10. He was the most intelligent thief of all.

✏ Exercise 16
1. Plan: gives a view of the whole deck, from above.
2. Elevation: gives a view of all the panels, from the front.
3. Exploded View: gives a deconstructed view of how the panels are fixed together.
4. Cross-Section: gives a cutaway view of the joint between two panels.
5. Schematic: gives a simplified representation of a network of air ducts.
6. Note: gives a brief description or a reference to another related drawing.
7. Specification: gives detailed written technical descriptions of the panels.

✏ Exercise 17

1. length long short

2. width wide narrow

3. height high low

4. thickness thick thin

5. depth deep Shallow

✏ Exercise 18
1. The authorities have decided to widen the road to allow more traffic to use it.
2. Is there a short-cut to the town center? I’m in a hurry.
3. She lengthened her trousers because she thought they were too short.
4. The darkness heightened our feeling of loneliness out there on the sea.
5. He always loves to go to far-away places for his holidays.
6. Could you shorten the sleeves for me? They are much too long.
7. The decision of the government deepened the crisis, and war was inevitable.
8. Traveling is good for you: it broadens your mind.
9. Getting a visa is a lengthy process; it can take up to two months.
10. Could you lower the mirror please; it’s too high for me.

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✏ Exercise 19

Change to (cause to) become different. e.g.: She decided to her name.

Improve to (cause to) become better. e.g.: Their sales seem to be - ing.

to modify, rephrase, or change for the better. i.e: The company needs
Amend
to one of its machines.

to prepare the preliminary plans for some work again. e.g.: The engineer
Redesign
the bridge.

to bring (something) to a finer state or form by purifying, polishing,

Refine changing, or making it more precise. e.g.: we need to some
aspects of the project.

Revise to change or alter, esp. after thinking about. The plan was

Send out to send an order. e.g.: The goods were on Friday.

Distribute to sell or supply (merchandise) in an area. e.g.: He cars.

to send, distribute, or pass from place to place or person to person.

Circulate
The boss has not the minutes of the meeting yet.

to distribute or send out (food, clothing, supplies, etc.). e.g.: The raw
Issue
material was on Tuesday.

to respond or answer affirmatively to something. e.g.: He the

Accept
invitation.

Agree To accept. e.g.: the manager to more flexible work schedule

To confirm or find something acceptable. The commission the

Approve
proposal.

Sign off To agree with a written document. e.g.: both parties off the deal.

to provide a substitute or equivalent for. e.g.: One of the motors in the

Replace
machine needs to be .

Supersede To replace

✏ Exercise 20
Change Send out Accept Replace
Improve Distribute Agree Supersede
Amend Circulate Approve
Redesign Issue Sign off
Refine, Revise

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✏ Exercise 21
Opinion remarkable, breathtaking
Size/Weight tiny, enormous, compact, heavy
Age brand-new, medieval, antique
Shape spherical, rectangular, oval
Colour navy blue, off-white, pinkish
Pattern floral, plain
Origin Polish, Finnish, Oriental
Material platinum, paper, wooden, steel, heavy, woolen
Special characteristics carvings, initials

MISSION 3

✏ Exercise 1
1. When.
2. so.
3. which / so that.
4. although.
5. then.
6. However.
7. While/When.
8. as well as.
9. either… or.
10. Despite.

✏ Exercise 2
1. whereas/however/while.
2. Although/Even though.
3. In addition.
4. as well as.
5. Even though/Although.
6. However.
7. due to.
8. Therefore/In addition.

✏ Exercise 3
1. as a result.
2. otherwise.
3. Therefore.

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4. On the contrary.
5. However.
6. Although.

✏ Exercise 4
1. in case.
2. Despite.
3. in case.
4. as long as.
5. Nevertheless.
6. However.
7. as long as.
8. Nevertheless.

✏ Exercise 5
1. There was a horrific traffic jam, but we finally managed to get to the railway station
in time.
2. We were all afraid to speak. Nobody dared to say anything.
3. We couldn’t afford living in New York. It’s too expensive.
4. Don’t forget to close all the windows from the backyard when you go out.
5. Richard didn’t know what had happened. I decided not to ask him.
6. They’ve got a new digital platform in our computer. They haven’t learnt to use it yet.

✏ Exercise 7
1. My teacher allowed drinking in class / the students to drink in class.
2. She couldn’t expect him doing that.
3. Sarah persuaded him to stay.
4. Having a driving licence allows travelling with autonomy.
5. My mother advised him not to go.
6. I was warned to avoid that street.

✏ Exercise 8
1. Students are not allowed to walk along the central aisle in class. (walk)
2. My parents made me stay at home after school because I did not obey them. (stay)
3. I was shocked to see such a good theatre performance. (see)
4. The doctor advised me to take some proper pills with me when I go to Egypt. (take)
5. The film was so sad that made me cry (cry)
6. My mum won’t let me wear her new crochet top. (wear)
7. I finally convinced her to come with me to Tina’s birthday party. (come)
8. I’m really not sure whether he likes me. “What makes you think that?” (think)

✏ Exercise 9
1. The hammer is used to drive nails.
2. The Pliers are used to hold and grip small articles.
3. The wrench is used to tighten bolts and nuts.

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4. The Screwdriver is used to turn screws with slotted heads.

5. The bolts are used to hold two objects.
6. The Nails are used to join pieces of different materials (usually timber).

✏ Exercise 10
1. The hammer (f) is used to drive nails.
2. The wrench (i) is used to tighten bolts and nuts.
3. The ratchet (h) is used to fasten or loosen nuts and bolts.
4. The screwdriver (g) is used to turn screws with slotted heads.
5. The pliers (e) are used to hold and grip small articles.
6. The funnel d) is used to guide liquid or power into a small opening.
7. The car Jack (c) is used to lift heavy loads.
8. The air compressor (j) is used to chill the air.
9. The jump starter(a) is used to jump start vehicles.
10. The mechanics gloves (b) are used to protect hands …

✏ Exercise 11

Bolts Power Drill Level

Nails Utility Knife Saw

✏ Exercise 12
1. The zip ties are used to bundle cables, wires and tools together.
2. The flashlight is used to provide a light source.
3. The safety glasses are used to provide eye protection.
4. The wrecking bar is used to pen nailed wooden crates.
5. The pressure washer is used to clean dirt from surfaces and objects.
6. The tape measure is used to measure the length of a room.

✏ Exercise 13

(f) It seems that the belt is broken and a part of

1. We’ve got the problem here, it is snagged on the rollers. We will need to
dis- mantle it. I will need the wrench.

2. To do that, … (a) we will need the automatic screwdriver.

3. Next, … (e) Let’s check that the machine is disconnected.

4. Firstly, … (d) we need to remove the cover.

5. After doing that, … (b) we need to open the door on the bottom.

6. Once we have removed the cov-

(c) we can see the inside of the machine.
er, …

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✏ Exercise 14
• At last, let’s put the cover and the bolts using the automatic screwdriver again. [ 6 ]
• The next step is to add a new belt. We must introduce the rollers within the belt in
each extreme and place them on each side of the machine. [ 4 ]
• The last thing is to connect the machine and check if it works. [ 7 ]
• Now, we must loosen the bolts and take off the rollers. [ 2 ]
• Once the rollers are off, we must extract the belt and clean it. [ 3 ]
• Voilà! It works perfectly. Good job! [ 8 ]
• We’ve got the problem here. It seems that the belt is broken and a part of it is
snagged on the rollers. We will need to dismantle it. I will need the wrench. [ 1 ]
• Once the rollers are in, we must put the bolts and tighten them. [ 5 ]

✏ Exercise 15. Use the words from the box below to make complete the

sentences.
• After removing the cover of the machine, we are able to see the inside of the machine.
• It seems that the problem is that the belt is broken. Additionally, a part of it is
snagged on the rollers. Therefore, we will need to dismantle it and in order to do
that we will need the wrench.
• We must loosen the bolts, take off the rollers, and extract the belt to clean it.
• If we want to add a new belt, we must introduce the rollers within the belt in each
ex- treme and place them on each side of the machine.

MISSION 4

✏ Exercise 1
1. This is the man who works at the station.
2. The tree which grows in the garden is an apple tree.
3. The man who goes jogging every Friday is my neighbor.
4. The elephants which live in Africa have big ears.
5. Turn left at the yellow house which is opposite the petrol station.

✏ Exercise 2
1. A monk is a man who has devoted his life to God.
2. I have one black cat whose name is Blacky.
3. A herbivore is an animal which feeds upon vegetation.
4. Carol, who is only 9 years old, plays the piano brilliantly.
5. Sydney, which is not the capital of Australia, is the largest Australian city.

✏ Exercise 3
1. The woman who is sitting at the desk is Mr. Winter’s secretary.
2. I cannot remember the reason why he wanted us to leave.
3. Jane, whose mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
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4. She didn’t see the snake which was lying on the ground.
5. Do you know the shop where Andrew picked me up?
6. I was born in 1939, when World War II started.
7. I know an exciting place where you and your boyfriend can go on holidays.
8. He is the guy whose car is parked in front of your house.
9. The woman who lives here is always complaining.
10. The flat he’s rented, which is in central London, is really expensive.

✏ Exercise 4
1. John Grisham’s new novel, which was published, last week is brilliant.
2. This is the hospital where Agatha Christie worked.
3. Have you got the book which I lent you last week.
4. Nicole Kidman, whose ex-husband was Tom Cruise, is a famous actress.
5. The headmaster of your school, whom I am writing a letter to, is an old friend of mine.
6. The car, which Bill sold to us, runs quite well.
7. That is the song which I heard on the radio this morning.
8. That’s the student who won the competition prize.
9. Sharon, who I’ve known for a long time, is my best friend.
10. The theater, which is the oldest building in town, is about 200 meters from my house.
11. My grandparents still live in the village where I was born.
12. The bar, where we’ve had lunch, is open all night.

✏ Exercise 5
1. Could you swim when you were 10?
2. We couldn’t get to the meeting on time yesterday because the train was delayed by
one hour.
3. He could arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train, so he was very pleased.
4. He’s amazing. He can speak 5 languages including Chinese.
5. I wasn’t able to drive a car until I was 34, then I moved to the countryside, so I
had to learn.

✏ Exercise 6
1. They (can/might) might be away for the weekend but I’m not sure.
2. You (may/might) may leave now if you wish.
3. (Could/May) Could you open the window a bit, please?
4. He (can/could) could be French, judging by his accent.
5. (May/Can) Can you play the piano?

✏ Exercise 7
1. It’s very warm outside. You needn’t take a coat with you.
2. You mustn’t speak with a full mouth. That’s very impolite.
3. The doctor said I mustn’t smoke so much.
4. In England you must drive on the left side of the road but in other European
countries you mustn’t.
5. Students mustn’t be late for school.

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✏ Exercise 8
1. My dog and I would go for walks when she was younger.
2. I would buy new shoes if I had enough money.
3. I am feeling tired. I think I will go to sleep now.
4. I would like more milk when you get a chance.
5. I don’t think we will ever win the game.

✏ Exercise 9
1. You must be exhausted after your long trip. Come in and have a drink.
2. John can’t have taken your car keys. He hasn’t even left the house.
3. I won’t go out this afternoon because the weather forecast is not very good, and I could
get wet.
4. You don’t have to apply for the job yet. You can do it later this week.
5. I must have left my wallet in the car. I can’t find it anywhere.
6. That can’t be Jake. It’s impossible. He said he was going to Spain.
7. You mustn’t/can’t step into the headmaster’s office without permission.
8. Tell your sister she can stay the night here if she wants to.
9. You have already drunk a glass of wine. You should/had better not drive. Let me.
10. You must see the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre when you go to Paris.
11. I don’t have to take orders from you. You’re not my boss!
12. When I was younger, I could run very fast.
13. Your cold is getting worse, and you have a runny nose. You ought to see the doctor.
14. My husband is preparing dinner. He’s not a good cook so you shouldn’t
expect anything special.
15. Don’t leave your window open at night. Someone might/could climb in.
16. Brenda can’t be over thirty. She graduated a year after me and I’m only 26.
17. You don’t have to come with me. I can manage on my own.
18. She must have got lost. Otherwise, she’d be here by now.
19. You must be more careful. You could have been killed crossing the street without
looking.
20. I didn’t need to buy more groceries. We already had enough.

✏ Exercise 12
Boss Employer Participate Take Part
Repair Maintain Prevent Make sure it doesn’t happen
Hazard Danger Solve the problem Work it out
How we do things Procedure To know about To be aware
Indicate Point out Worker Employee

✏ Exercise 13
executes the solution devised by the
A mechanic is the person who
engineer.
finds the solution to an existing
An engineer is the person who
problem or an anticipated problem.

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raw materials are used to produce a

A factory is a place where
series of products.

A workshop is a place where work is carried out.

a storage environment in
A tool board is you can hang different tools.
which

8.00 a.m. is the time when employees start to work.

to lead the team, is the person who

The manager, whose function is
has the greatest responsibility.
to look after a company or
The accountant, whose function is organization’s accounts, controls the
company’s money.
why there is an entrance to guarantee that employees get on
The reason
control is time.
Safety at the which is controlled by the is crucial for the welfare of the
company safety manager, employees.

✏ Exercise 14
one who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or
professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and
Qualified Person experience, has successfully demonstrated his or her ability to
solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or
the project.
Dangerous any substance or material that is capable of posing an unreasonable
goods risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce.
the act by a regulatory authority of conducting an official review of
Audit documents, facilities, records, and any other resources related to
the company.
conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and
Hygiene
preventing disease.
Workplace the steps taken by the employers to ensure the prevention of hazards
safety likely to be faced by their employees.
an official inspection of an organization’s accounts, typically by an
Inspection
independent body.
The activities in which the employees are engaged or involved and
Unsafe acts
include unauthorized use or operation of equipment.
Worker’s payment for individuals who have suffered a job-related injury or
Compensation illness.
Safety
An individual charged with managing safety within a workplace.
Coordinator

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the process of deciding what should be achieved, what should be

Policy
done to achieve it, how to do it efficiently and economically, or who
Development
should do it, among others.
a process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss of
Hazard life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and
economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
Corrective plans are designed and implemented to address and correct issues
Actions or deficiencies.
Compliance the action or fact of complying with a wish or command.

✏ Exercise 15
Complaint Justification
1. My 2-year-old daughter cut herself e) You claim it is safe for children over
on the toy. 18 months.
2. When we received the bill, we g) We were told there would be a 20%
realized we had been charged the discount if we ordered before June.
full price.
3. The top rack of the dishwasher has
d) I have only used it three times.
broken.
4. You still keep delivering equipment to b) I informed you of my change of busi-
the wrong address. ness address.
5. I received a letter saying my license a) I sent you a cheque to renew it a
has expired. month ago.
f) The label states that it can be washed
6. The shirt’s bright red collar has
at high temperatures without the
turned pink.
colors fading.
7. I had to share a bathroom with other c) I booked a room with a private bath-
guests. room.

MISSION 5

✏ Exercise 1
1. If I am not (not/be) busy, I will come (come) with you.
2. If it rains (rain), we will stay (stay) at home.
3. I will call (call) you if I have (have) time.
4. If she does not study (not/study) hard, she will not pass (pass) the test.
5. If the weather is (be) nice, we will go (go) to the beach.
6. You will get (get) fat if you do not stop (not/stop) eating so much.

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✏ Exercise 2
1. If I had some money, I would catch the bus to go home.
2. If Pigs had wings, they would fly.
3. His marks would be good if he worked hard.
4. If I were not busy, I would come with you.
5. If they knew her, they would invite her to their party.
6. I would call him if I had his phone number.

✏ Exercise 3
1. I would have said hello if I had seen her.
2. We would have gone out to dinner if dad had finished work late.
3. She would not have been anger if you had called her.
4. We would have heard about the accident if he had watched the news.
5. You would not have dropped the vase if you had been careful.
6. He would have passed the exam if he had not been nervous.

✏ Exercise 4
1. If the teacher spoke (speak) louder, we would understand more.
2. If Alicia does not drive (not drive) us to the airport, we will take a taxi.
3. Even if my parents had the money, they would not move (not move) from their
neigh- borhood.
4. If she had gone out with friends, she would have left a note.
5. If Joe and Mike come (come) over, we will play karaoke tonight.
6. If had known (know) about the menu, I would have never gone to that restaurant.
7. If James spoke (speak) English better, he would have more fun in London.
8. Would they mind if I invited (invite) another friend to join us?
9. If I had waken (wake up) earlier, I would not have arrived so late.
10. Melanie will try (try) to leave work early if I come to town.

✏ Exercise 5
1. I would have passed the exam if I had studied.
2. They would go to Australia next holidays if they had enough money.
3. If we hurry, we will catch the train.
4. If Mark had gone to the party, he would have seen Martha with her new boyfriend.
5. If I had locked the car properly, a thief would not have stolen my sunglasses.
6. If you smoked less, you would save more money.

✏ Exercise 6
1. If you had been late again for training today (be), I would not have let you play in
to-
morrow’s match (let).
2. I would have spent all August in Thailand (spend) if I had had the time and the
money. Maybe next year (have).
3. I would have been angry (be) if you had eaten my chocolate mousse (eat).
4. If just one person remembers my birthday (remember), I will not be sad (be).
5. You would not have been sorry (be) if you had revised for your exam (revise).

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6. I would not open that umbrella inside the house (open) if I were you (be)
7. We will eat out (eat out) if there were no food at home (be).
8. The holidays would have been great (be) if the weather had been better (be).
9. I would not go out with him (go out) even if you paid me (pay).
10. If you had told me about the concert (tell) I would have gone (go).

✏ Exercise 7
1. This time next year I will be going to college unless / as long as I fail my entry exams.
2. You can go to the part in case / as long as you come home before 3 o’clock.
3. Unless / provided (that) you pass all the subjects, you cannot go on holidays in
summer.
4. Do what you want provided / in case you are sure about your decision.
5. We should leave early in the morning in case / as long as there is heavy traffic to
go after the holidays.

✏ Exercise 8
1. The spokesman said that he couldn’t understand why billiards had been prohibited.
2. Gihan exclaimed that they had had too many prohibitions.
3. The young lady said that she had not made such a mistake.
4. She said that they would go and get some food.
5. Winston Churchill said that they woke up at six every day.
6. A company representative said that that probably wouldn’t happen.
7. A farmer said that if the situation went on like that, they would lose the consumers’
confidence forever.
8. She said that she thought the amount of immigrants then was OK, but they didn’t think
they needed any more.
9. He said that in Japan paper-folding had been valued for its decorative function.
10. Kasparov said that if he didn’t win that game, he would retire.

✏ Exercise 9
1. Mike said that they were playing tennis the following day.
2. Rose responded that they had been to Paris three times.
3. Mary asked Joe if John was going to take his driving test the following day.
4. Philip’s mother claimed him not to be late the following day, or they would miss their bus.
5. Fred asked Pete what Samuel was doing that day.
6. His mother asked Paul to go to the supermarket and buy some milk.
7. She said that they could buy phones with colored covers.
8. Grant asked where he had gone the previous month.
9. John said that he had just been playing football.
10. Maggie warned not to forget Susie’s birthday the following day.
11. Martin asked us how we were.
12. He asked if he had to do it.
13. The mother asked her daughter where she had been.
14. She asked her boyfriend which dress he liked best.
15. He asked me if I was going to the cinema.

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✏ Exercise 10
Caller: (phone ringing)
You: Good morning, (Your name) speaking, how may I help you?
Caller: Hi Good morning, may talk to Mr. Smith, please?
You: Could I have your name, please?
Caller: My name is James Russell from Johnson Tiles in Exeter.
You: Please, hold on. I will check if he is available.
(Mr. Smith is not available at the moment)
You: Mr. Russell, I am afraid that Mr. Smith is not available at the
moment.
Caller: Yes, please tell Mr. Smith to call me back. My phone number is 667-889-123
You: Could I ask you what it is about?
Caller: I need to speak to him in order to talk about a new business proposal.
You: Is there anything else I could help you with?
Caller: No, thank you. Have a nice day.
You: Thanks for calling. Have a nice day.

✏ Exercise 13
Action Consequences
If your products are successful in the we will try to introduce them into other
national market, international markets.
If the company increases productivity, more employees will be necessary.
If we hire more people, we’ll need more space.
If we had millions of dollars, we could invest more.
we could avoid some unnecessary
If we always had a well-thought-out Plan B,
problems.
perhaps, our employees would take them
If we had fewer meetings,
more seriously.
If we had informed the client of the delay
they wouldn’t have cancelled the order.
in time,
If we hadn’t taken so long planning, we could have bid for the contract.
If he had observed other
the results would have been better with us.
company’s situation,

MISSION 6

✏ Exercise 1
1. The president was / has criticized for his unpopular decisions.
2. The teacher was / has told the students not to take any books for the trip.
3. Somebody was / has stolen my car.

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4. Hamlet was / has written by Shakespeare.

5. The project should be / have completed by Thursday evening.
6. I’m living at my parents’ house this week as my house is being painted / has
been
painting.
7. Mark has / was left his backpack at the office.
8. When we got to the airport, we found out our flight was / has been cancelled.
9. The telephone was / has invented by Alexander G. Bell.
10. The Godfather was / has awarded three Academy Awards 40 years ago.

✏ Exercise 2
1. He (sell) sells cars.
2. The blue car (sell) is sold.
3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat) is eaten than in winter.
4. She (call) calls her grandparents every Friday.
5. The letters (type) is typed.
6. He (take) takes his medicine every day.
7. Jane (take / not) is not taken to school by her
father. We (go) go to school by bus.
8. She (work / not) does not work for a bank.
9. Milk (keep) is kept in the refrigerator.

✏ Exercise 3
1. Their van was broken into last week.
2. We were told a story / A story was told to us.
3. Timmy will be met at the airport.
4. I have not been sent a birthday gift by Nina / A birthday gift has not been sent to us
by Nina.
5. French is not spoken in this country.
6. A decision was made by Tracy.
7. A new cabin was built on the lake.
8. Ryan was given a new car.
9. Our dog will be looked after by Terri.
10. We were brought some wonderful soup / Some wonderful was brought to us.

✏ Exercise 4

Aluminum Iron Steel Stainless steel

Gold Silver Copper Oil

Gasoline Plastic Gass Coal

Concrete Clay Glass Rubber

Marble Wood Cotton

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✏ Exercise 5
Definition Key
A hard, strong grey or a bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually
Steal
other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.

A black rock combustible from plant matter, mainly found in underground

Coal
seams and used as fuel.

A precios yellowish metal. Gold

A stiff, sticky fine-grained earth that can be molded when wet, and is dried
Clay
and baked to make bricks, pottery, and ceramics.

a tough elastic polymeric substance made from the latex of a tropical plant
Rubber
or synthetically.

a red-brown metal. Copper

a building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand,
cement, and water, which can be spread or poured into molds and forms a Concrete
mass resembling stone on hardening.

a strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic

number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, Iron
especially in the form of steel.

✏ Exercise 6
Text Key Text Key Text Key Text Key
Zero /nought 0
One 1 Eleven 11 First 1st Eleventh 11th
Two 2 Twelve 12 Second 2nd Twelfth 12th
Three 3 Thirteen 13 Third 3rd Thirteenth 13th
Four 4 Fourteen 14 Fourth 4th Fourteenth 14th
Five 5 Fifteen 15 Fifth 5th Fifteenth 15th
Six 6 Sixteen 16 Sixth 6th Sixteenth 16th
Seven 7 Seventeen 17 Seventh 7th Seventeenth 17th
Eight 8 Eighteen 18 Eighth 8th Eighteenth 18th
Nine 9 Nineteen 19 Ninth 9th Nineteenth 19th
Ten 10 Twenty 20 Tenth 10th Twentieth 20th

✏ Exercise 7
# Key # Key
Five 5 4 Four
Thirteen 13 11 Eleven
Ten 10 18 Eighteen

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 Keys | MISSION 6

# Key # Key
Twenty-six 26 25 Twenty-five
Twenty 20 39 Thirty-nine
Twelve 12 44 Forty-four
Seventy-six 76 57 Fifty-seven
Fifty-two 52 63 Sixty-three
Seventy-four 74 88 Eighty-eight
Ninety-two 92 179 One hundred and seventy-nine
Three hundred and seventy-two 372 433 Four hundred and thirty-three
Seven hundred and fifty-five 755 586 Five hundred and eighty-six
Two hundred and twenty 220 971 Nine hundred and seventy-one
Two Thousand and six hundred and
Three hundred and sixty-four 364 2,623
twenty-three
Four thousand and eleven 4011 3,052 Three thousand and fifty-two

✏ Exercise 8
# Keys # Keys
Third 3rd 1st First
Sixth 6th 2nd Second
Thirteenth 13th 15th Fifteenth
Twentieth 20th 31st Thirty-first
Twenty-sixth 26th 47th Forty-seventh
Ninety-second 92nd 83rd Eighty-third
Fifty-third 53rd 100th One hundredth
Seventy-fourth 74th 200th Two hundredth
Ninety-first 91st 69th Sixty-nineth
Thirty-seventh 37th 321st Three hundred and twenty-first
Seven hundred and fifty-nineth 759th 456th Four hundred and fifty-sixth
Two hundred and twentieth 220th 777th Seven hundred seventy-seventh
Three hundred and sixty-fourth 364th 1,031st One thousand and thirty-first
Two thousand and two hundred
Four thousand and eleventh 4011th 2,222nd
and twenty-second
One thousand and two hundred Seven thousand and
1,268th 7,538th
and sixty-eighth five hundred and thirty-
eight

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✏ Exercise 9
0.0089 Zero point zero and zero and eighty-nine
0.054 Zero point zero and fifty-four
0.54 Zero point fifty-four
0.77 Zero point seventy-seven
5.7254 Five point and seven thousand and two hundred and fifty-four
34.76 Thirty-four point seventy six
453.897 Four hundred and fifty-three point eight hundred and ninety-seven
Five thousand and five hundred and forty-two point six hundred and
5,542.678
seventy-eight
8,275.4 Eight thousand and two hundred and seventy-five point four
21.456 Twenty-one thousand point four hundred and fifty-six
700,560.2 Seven hundred thousand and five hundred and sixty point two
120,000.321 One hundred and twenty thousand point three hundred and twenty-one

✏ Exercise 10
Key Key
Five plus three 5 + 3 equals 8
Ten plus twelve 10 + 12 equals 22
Five minus three 5 – 3 equals 2
Seven minus two 7 - 2 equals 5
Three multiplied by six 3x6 equals 18
Five multiplied by seven 5x7 equals 35
Ten divided by two 10 ÷ 2 equals 5
Forty divided by four 40 ÷ 4 equals 10
3 + 6 Three plus six equals 9
53 + 21 Fifty-three plus twenty-one equals 74
23 – 7 Twenty-three minus seven equals 16
51 – 5 Fifty-one minus five equals 46
14 x 5 Fourteen multiplied by five equals 70
13 x 3 Thirteen multiplied by 3 equals 39
36 ÷ 6 Thirty-six divided by six equals 6
81 ÷ 9 Eighty-one divided by nine equals 9

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✏ Exercise 11
Key Key
One half 1/2 3/4 Three quarters
Two quarters 2/4 1/3 One third
Two thirds 2/3 5/7 Five sevenths
Four fifths 4/5 9/10 Nine tenths
Five eights 5/8 13/21 Thirteen twenty-firsts
Nine elevenths 9/11 36/40 Thirty-six forties
Thirty-five sixty-nineths 35/69 75/100 Seventy-five one hundredths
Seventy-five one-hundreds 75/100 2/132 two one hundred and thirty-second

✏ Exercise 12

Keys Keys
Nine Squared 92 62 2
Sixty-two squared

Seven Cubed 73 53 Five cubed

Eight to the fifth power 85 12 9

Twelve to the nineth power

Six to the eighty-eight power 688 2165 Twenty-one to the sixty-fifth power

Three to the negative fifth power 3-5 8-4 Eight to the negative fourth power

✏ Exercise 13

Price is the squared root of (open parenthesis) six

Price = √(6 – 2)² + (6 – 3)² mi- nus two (close parenthesis) squared plus (open
paren- thesis) six minus three (close parenthesis)
squared.
Price equals squared equals (open parenthesis)
seven squared minus six squared (close
Price² = (7² - 6²) + (92 / 4)
parenthesis) plus (open parenthesis) ninety-two
divided by four (close parenthesis).

Price equals the squared root of (open parenthesis)

PI multiplied by four squared (close parenthesis)
Price = √ (π x 4²) – [(1,116/9) / 102] minus (open brackets) (open parenthesis) one
thousand and one hundred and sixteen (close
parenthesis) divided by ten squared (close brackets).

Price squared is (open brackets) three to the fourth

Price 2 = [34 – (82 + 1)] power minus (open parenthesis) eight squared plus
one (close parenthesis) (close brackets).

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✏ Exercise 14

Blue p = √ (6 – 2)² + (6 – 3)² p = √ (4)² + (3)² p

Price =√(6 – 2)² + (6 – 3)² =
Tiger
√ 16 + 9 p = √ 25 p = 5
Purple p² = (7² - 6²) + (92 / 4) p² = (49 – 36) + 23
Price² = (7² - 6²) + (92 / 4)
Elephant p² = 13 + 23 p² = 36 p = √36 p = 6

p = √ (π x 4²) – [(1,116/9) /
Green
Price = √ (π x 4²) – [(1,116/9) / (102)] (102)] p = √ (π x 16) – (124
Wolf
/100)
p = √ 50.24 – 1.24 p = √ 49 p = 7
Orange p2 = [34 – (82 + 1)] p2 = 81 – 65 p2 = 16 p
Price2 = [34 – (82 + 1)] =
Whale
√16 p = √16 p = 4

✏ Exercise 16
1. Please confirm that you can complete the order before the end of November, as we
need the goods in time for the Christmas rush.
2. Could you please send the products by air in order to avoid any delay? If you could
do so, we would be very grateful.
3. As agreed, you will send the documents to our bank.
4. Enclosed you will find our official order form in which we ask for 700 sweaters, in
assort- ed colors and sizes. Please let us know if you have all the items in stock. We
need them before 15 September.

✏ Exercise 15
1. b. √2.
2. c. 3.14
3. d. power.
4. d. both b and c are correct.
5. d. aluminum.
6. a. Zero point zero and zero and eighty-nine.
7. c. Thirteen twenty-firsts.
8. b. two hundredth.

✏ Activity 17
19 March 2023
Dear Mr. Smith,
Your letter of 15 March convinced me to (1) Place at least a trial order for some of your toys.
Enclosed you will find our official (2) order form No. HP 4589 for assorted toys.
We have decided to accept the 10% trade (3) discount that you offered, as well as the
terms of (4) payment that you suggested (documents against payment), but we would
like these

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 Keys | MISSION 6

terms reviewed in the near future. We will send the shipping (5) advice and sight draft to
NatWest Bank.
We would appreciate delivery (6) within the next three weeks, as we need the items for
Christmas. Please send them perfectly wrapped in water-proof paper, and then packed in
wooden or iron crates.
We look (7) forward to receiving your
confirmation. Yours (8) sincerely,
Signature: Mike Smith.
Chief Buyer.
Enc: (9) order form No. HP 4589

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