RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Unit - 1
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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Module 1
RESEARCH PREPARATION, PLANNING AND RESOURCES
Syllabus :
 Introduction

 Research – objectives, definitions – knowledge economy

 Perspectives of stakeholders

 Types of Research

 Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking.

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 Generating Research Topic

 Identifying Broad Research Question and Objectives – Design of Questionnaire

 Characteristics of a Good Research – Research Design

 Methods of scientific enquiry – theoretical, experimental and empirical.

 Hypothesis – Formulation and Testing

 Sources of Information – ICT enabled tools

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Module 1
RESEARCH PREPARATION, PLANNING AND RESOURCES
Syllabus :
 Databases, Repositories, Public and Private Sources, Indexes.

 Literature Search – Keyword

 Back ward and Forward Search

 Quality Measurement Tools – Journal Metrics, Author Level Metrics

 Meta Analysis of Research Findings

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 Literature Review – Grouping, Analyzing and Comparison – Identification of Research

Methods

 Intellectual Property Rights

 Copyright – Patent – Geographical Indication – Industrial Designs – Technology

Transfer.

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 DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

Research :
Research = Re + Search

 ‘Re’ means again and again and ‘search’ means to find out something.

 The word research is combination of “re” and “search,” which means a

systematic investigation to gain new knowledge from already existing facts.

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 The following is the process,
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 RESEARCH

 The economy of a country is controlled by several factors, viz., population

size, industrial activities, agriculture, policies of its government, culture of the

people, educational system, infrastructure facilities, etc.

 In the process of satisfying the basic needs (food, shelter and clothing) people

engage themselves in various activities such as agriculture, housing and textile

industries.
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 Each of the above industries is backed by various other industries.

 For example, a textile industry is supported by machine tool, agriculture and

chemical industries.

 Major portion of the product of each of the industries is consumed by the

public and a portion of it is fed as raw materials / equipment's to other

industries.
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 RESEARCH

 Over and above these industrial activities, education and training of required

manpower for these industries are taken care by educational institutions.

 In addition to these activities, there are many service organizations viz.,

health, transportation, postal, legal, insurance, banking, etc., catering to the

needs of the society.
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 Policies and guidelines of the central government and state governments
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facilitate the integration, coordination and control of all the activities of the
nation with the objective of maximizing the growth of the nation.

 The above discussion makes it clear that each entity of the nation is forced to

have competitive role to maximize its productivity for its survival.

 The productivity of different organizations can be improved through several

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 RESEARCH

Research :
 It is basically search for truth.

 Research contributes significantly to the progress of the nation as well as an

individual with commercial, social, and educational advantages.

 Research is an important parameter to judge the development of any nation.

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 Research is an important component of private and government sectors.
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 Nowadays, interdisciplinary research is at high demand.

 Research should always aim at providing efficient solutions to routine

problems.

 Researchers should carefully choose the appropriate research method and

follow a research process by referring to existing theories.

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 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

Objectives of Research:

 The main purpose of research is to find solutions to unsolved problems using

scientific procedures and also to understand various phenomena scientifically.

 In addition, one of the major objectives of research is to find out a hidden,

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undiscovered truth.
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 There are various objectives behind undertaking research by individuals as

well as various organizations.

 Propose and test certain hypotheses that provide fundamental relationships

between variables.

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 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

Objectives of Research:

 Discover and establish the existence of relationship, association, and

independence between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.

(Such studies are known as correlational studies)

 Understand different phenomena and develop new perceptions about it

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 Test reported findings and conclusions on new data and novel conclusions on

previously reported data

 Study the frequency of research that is connected with unspecified study. (This

type of study/research is known as diagnostic research)

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 MOTIVATION BEHIND RESEARCH

 Research is a long process, so the main driving factor is motivation.

 For some researchers and post-graduate students, the main objective behind

the research is to earn a degree.

 For organizations including defence and research laboratories, research is an

important aspect.
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 Initially the research is a random walk (research scholar is not sure about

topic/ research problem), but one need to systematically continue to get the
destination.

 Failure is an inevitable step in the research phase, for example, failure in

getting results, publications, and so on.

 But the researcher’s passion and motivation helps in such situations.

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 IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS FOR RESEARCH

 Creativity, good written and verbal communication skills and in-depth

knowledge of the subject are essential for successful completion of research

work.

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 IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS FOR RESEARCH

 A researcher should have sound fundamental knowledge of the domain to be

undertaken.

 A querying attitude is one of the important factors.

 Anything and everything is questionable; this questioning attitude is essence

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of research and invention.

 Practical intelligence is the ability to adopt day-to-day requirements.

 One should always challenge conventional solutions to a problem.

 Analyzing a situation in a different way is also creativity

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 RESEARCH PROCESS

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 FEATURE OF A GOOD RESEARCH

 Good research should clearly define the methodologies used, which should be

replicable.

 It should be time-bound and realistic.

 Good research should have systematically chosen methodologies and datasets

to prove the proposed hypothesis.

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 Validity and reliability of data should be checked and researchers should

consider an sufficient amount of data.

 Good research should be creative and valid in the longer term.

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 FEATURE OF A GOOD RESEARCH

 Research purpose should be clearly defined

 Procedure for the research should be detailed sufficiently which should help

the other to continue the work by referencing our work

 Research work should be carefully planned to get the results in related to the

specified objectives
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 Reports should be created by a researcher stating that what was the procedure

adopted for completing the work which should also include errors in their
findings.

 Conclusions should be confident to those justified by the data of research

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Pure Research (or) Basic (or) Fundamental (or) Theoretical Research.

 There is no immediate need, but new theories can be added to the

knowledge cluster.

 This type of research may solve problems but may not have practical

applications.
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 It has a broader scope compared to applied research.

 Theories in basic sciences and mathematics are examples of basic research.

Example: Newton’s laws of motion.

 This has been applied in many product design and testing.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Applied Research:

 Applied Research tries to solve an immediate specific problem faced by

industry or society.

 The obtained solution can be deployed to solve the problem.

 The duration of applied research is shorter as a quick solution is expected.

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 The outcome of the applied research either address the unsolved problem or

improve the existing solution.

Example:

 “Analysis of cell/body organ behavior in cancer”

 A researcher may use data analytics, image processing, algorithms, and

knowledge of the medical industry.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Descriptive Research :

 Descriptive research is generally used in business analysis or social problems.

 This type of research does not have any control over the parameters or

variables.

 It just tries to represent or analyze the previous and or current facts.

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Example:

 An analysis of customer purchase patterns, that is, purchases from the mall,

online, or retailer, as well as the study of travel mode used by people.

 All kinds of correlational methods, survey methods, and comparative studies

are descriptive research.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Analytical Research :

 Analytical research uses existing information to explain a complex

phenomenon or to perform a critical evaluation.

 The identified hypothesis can be accepted or rejected depending on the

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analysis; from experience the hypothesis can be redefined.

 Analytical research is observed in historical study, forensic work, food, in the

medical domain, and so on.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Correlational Research :

 Correlational research focuses on exploring the relationship or association

between incidences, variables, and so on.

Example:

“To study the effect of a modern lifestyle on obesity” :

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 A modern lifestyle and obesity are two variables and researchers should study

a group of people living both a modern lifestyle and a non modern lifestyle.

 The groups should be segregated on the basis of obesity para meters.

 Collected data may be analyzed to establish the relationship between two

variables: “obesity” and “modern” lifestyle.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Qualitative Research :

 Qualitative research mainly deals with the quality or the types of the

parameters considered for the research.

 Here, it is assumed that the world is unstable and differences in the parameter

may occur with time.

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Example:

 Research related to human behaviour.

 Everybody can react to the situation differently and it is difficult to propose

the predictive conclusions.

 This type of research is more complicated and requires more guidance.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Quantitative Research :

 Quantitative research involves measurements of quantities of characteristics

that can be used as features for the research study.

 Statistical quantities that can be measured are involved in quantitative

research.
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 Example:

 To conduct a survey every weekend and a random question is been asked,

“Who is your favorite actor?” and response of this questions is self-controlled

by providing a multiple choice question.

 The outcomes are provided briefly in judgment form with statistical

respective.
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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Experimental Research :

 Experimental research focuses on the fieldwork and experiments that can

control the independent variable.

 Example:
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 Medicine Domain:

 Study of the effect of the new drug on a specific group of people or animal

is an example of experimental research in medicine domain.

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Explanatory Research (or) Fundamental Research :

 Explanatory research tries to analyze and justify the reason behind the

occurrence of particular phenomenon or association between the variables.

 It basically answers the “Why” type of questions.

 It aims to explain why a relationship, association, or inter dependence exist.

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 Three important components like time-to-time sequences which will occur

before the effect, concomitant variations, where the variations will be

systematic between two variables.

Example:

 1. Why the modernization creates health problem?

 2. Which company will be more effective and why?

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 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND ITS GOALS

Exploratory Research :

 This kind of research generally explores the areas that have required

attention or it is for checking the possibility of research in the particular

domain or area.

 Depending on outcomes of exploratory study, domain is further explored for

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in depth research on the specific topic.

 Exploratory studies are also conducted to develop, refine and test

procedures, policies, and tools.

 Example:

 Why product sales are reduced, due to already existing data or the products

which have been acquired recently for the agricultural company?

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 CRITICAL THINKING

 Critical thinking is thinking about thinking in order to make it better

 Critical thinking is a self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored and self-

corrective thinking process by which we take deliberate steps to think at the

highest level of quality.

 The purposeful and reflective judgment about what to believe and what to
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do in response to the observations, experience, verbal or written expressions

or arguments.

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 CRITICAL THINKING

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 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Scientific Enquiry:

 The scientific enquiry is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena,

acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous

knowledge.
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 To be termed scientific, a method of enquiry must be systematic, controlled
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and based on empirical and measurable evidence.

 The goal of a scientific enquiry is to obtain knowledge in the form of

testable explanations that can predict the results of future experiments.

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 METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY

Objectives of Scientific Enquiry:

 Identify a problem that defines the goal of research.

 Make a prediction that, if confirmed, resolves the problem.

 Gather data relevant to this prediction.

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 Analyze and interpret the data to see if it supports the prediction and

resolves the question that initiated the research.

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 METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY

Elements of Scientific Enquiry:

 Characterizations (Observations, definitions, and measurements of the

subject of inquiry)

 Hypotheses (theoretical, hypothetical explanations of observations and

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measurements of the subject)
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 Predictions (reasoning including logical deduction from the hypothesis or

theory)

 Experiments (tests of all of the above)

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 STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY

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 TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN DESIGNING A QUESTIONAIRE

Designing Questionnaire:

 Characterizations

(Observations, definitions, and measurements of the subject of inquiry)

 Questionnaire – indirect enquiry

 A questionnaire is form containing series of questions and providing

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space for reply to be filled in by the respondent itself.

 A questionnaire is a formalized set of questions to generate the data

necessary for a accomplishing a research project’s objectives.

Schedule:

 A schedule is the name usually given to a set of questions which are asked

and filled by a interviewer in a face to face to situations.

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 TEN POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
DESIGNING QUESTIONAIRE

 Must be initially related to final objectives of the investigations

 Specify the information needed

 Questions must follow logical sequences

 Arrange the questions in proper order

 Specify the type of interviewing method

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 Biased questions should be avoided

 Proper structuring of the question is must

 Decide on the question structure

 Should be brief, clear and simple

 Determine the content of individual questions

 Determine the question wording

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 TEN POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGNING
QUESTIONAIRE

 Reproduce the questionnaire

 Question should have appropriate and to it

 Eliminate bugs by pretesting

 Conflict between interviewer and respondent should be avoided

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 Questions outside the respondents experience should not ask
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 To overcome the respondent’s unwillingness to answer

 Questions should not touch memory of the respondent

 To overcome the respondent’s inability to answer

 Identify the form and layout

 To gather factual data

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 TECHNIQUES FOR GENERATING RESEARCH TOPICS

What is a research problem?

 Research problem refers to some difficulty / need which a researcher

experiences in the context of either theoretical or practical situation and

wants to obtain a solution for the same

 The first step in the research process – Identification / selection and

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formulation of the research problem

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 RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATIN - STEPS

1. Statement of the problem in a general way

2. Understanding the nature of the problem

3. Surveying the available literature

4. Developing ideas through discussions

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5.
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 PROCESS OF JUSTIFYING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

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  Study population – they provide information or researcher collect

information about them

 People – Individuals, organizations, groups, communities

 Subject area – information that researcher need to collect to find answers to

research question
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 Problems – issues, situations, associations, needs, profiles

 Program – content, structure, outcome, attributes, satisfactions, consumers,

service providers, etc.

 Phenomenon – cause and effect relationships, they study of phenomenon

itself

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 TOPIC SELECTION CRITERIA

Internal / Personal criteria

 Researcher’s interest and inclination must be matched by competence

before researcher can decide the area of research.

 Competence can be cultivated and learning new techniques is a part of any

research program
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External criteria or factors

 Researchability of the problem, Importance and urgency, Novelty of the

Problem, Feasibility, Facilities, Usefulness and Social Relevance, Research

Personnel

Rational thinking and Creative thinking are recommended along with above
criteria
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 TOPIC SELECTION CRITERIA

Points to be considered in Topic Selection

1. Once the main area of research is decided upon the next step is to narrow
down the topic

2. Research supervisor has a greater role to play

3. Acquaintance with the field – books / dissertations, journal, papers, etc.

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4. Reading dissertations to avoid duplication of work

5. Sincere efforts to be made for a general survey of literature before

narrowing down the topic

6. Well informed research supervisor can afford real guidance to the

researcher

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 HYPOTHESIS

What is a Hypothesis?
 A hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be proven or disproven by

valid reliable data ….Griennell & Stothers

 A tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually

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unknown.
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Example:

 The drug is not effective in curing the disease (or) the drug is effective in

curing the disease.

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 HYPOTHESIS

What are the characteristics of the hypothesis?

 A hypothesis must be formulated in simple, clear and declarative form

 A hypothesis must be empirically testable

 A hypothesis must be measurable and quantifiable so that statistical anther

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city can be established

 The validation of hypothesis would necessarily involve testing the statistical

significance (α=0.05/α=0.01) of the hypothesized relation

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 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF A HYPOTHESIS

 A hypothesis should be simple, specific and conceptually clean

 A hypothesis should be capable of verification

 A hypothesis should be related to the existing body of knowledge

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 A hypothesis should be operation able
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 HYPOTHESIS

Null Hypothesis 𝑯𝟎 :

There is no significant difference between the sample statistic and the

corresponding population parameter or between two sample statistics is called
Null Hypothesis.
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Alternate Hypothesis 𝑯𝟏 :
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A hypothesis that is different from the null hypothesis.

Two Tailed : 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0 , 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 ,

One Tailed : 𝐻0 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝜇0 , 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0 (Right Tailed)

𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0 (Left Tailed)

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 HYPOTHESIS

Test of Significance : A very important aspect of the sampling theory is the study of tests
of significance which enable us to decide on the basis of the sample results if

(i) The deviation between the observed sample statistic & the hypothetical parameter
value is significant.

(ii) The deviation between two sample statistics is significant.

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Type I Error : Reject H0 when it is true. Type II Error : Accept H0 when it is wrong.
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Level of significance (α): In testing a given hypothesis the maximum probability with
which we would be willing to take risk is called the level of significance of the test

 The researcher should be very careful in interpreting the results after applying tests

of significance

 The success of the statistical test depends on the availability of correct and reliable

data
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 HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROCEDURE

1. Set up the null hypothesis 𝐻0 .

2. Set up the alternative hypothesis 𝐻1 .
3. This will enable us to decide whether we have to use a single tailed (right or
left) test or two tailed test.
4. Choose the appropriate level of significance(either 5% or 1% level). This is
to be decided before sample is drawn.
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𝑡−𝐸 𝑡
5. Compute the test statistics 𝑧 = under the null hypothesis.
𝑠𝐸 𝑡
6. We compare the computed value of 𝑧 in step (4) with the tabulated value 𝑧𝛼
at given level of significance 𝛼.
7. If the calculated value of 𝑍 is less than tabulated value 𝑧𝛼 then 𝐻0 accepted.
8. If the calculated value of 𝑍 is greater than tabulated value 𝑧𝛼 then 𝐻0
rejected.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

Literature Survey :

 The literature survey researcher has to first define tentative research problem

definition and identify the related keywords for literature search.

 The literature survey is a comprehensive study of technical and authorized

content related to research keywords.

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 It is very important step in the initial phase of research, however, this step is

revisited by researcher number of times during research journey.

 Literature survey provide details of research progress of particular domain.

 It helps the researcher to understand the approaches, methodologies,

algorithms, and datasets used by other scientists.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

Literature Survey :

 Also, it is important to identify where the gap is.

 Where can I contribute to an existing knowledgebase?

 It helps the researcher to understand the progress of domain and state of the art
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 Literature survey also helps to avoid duplication of work.

 One should always avoid reinventing the wheel; this is important if one of the

purposes of the research is to get a PhD degree.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

Literature Survey :

 Open Access journals are one of the good sources of research articles, one can

also access articles from library subscription, some university libraries etc.

 Good literature sources are periodicals, conference proceedings, research

reports, standards, theses, dissertation reports, research reports, patents,

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reviews, textbooks, hand books, encyclopaedia etc.

 There are different strategies to search literature.

 One needs to first identify the keywords related to the problem definition and

searching articles using keywords is the more precise way to search article.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

Backward and forward reference search is also popular and beneficial to

understand the background of the research area.
Backward Literature Survey :

 One can choose the latest article from the reputed journal written by good

researcher and study all related references of that paper. This is a backward
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reference.

Forward Literature Survey :

 One can also find the important old article in the domain and find all the

papers that referred the article. This is forward reference search.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 (i) First download 100–120 research papers from published papers of IEEE /

ACM / Wiley / Elsevier / Springer or some other good SCI Indexed Journals
related to research topic and start reading it.

 Normally, we do this type of search with the help of keywords of research

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problems.

 Some of the search engines for the literature survey are Google Scholar,

Citeseer, and so on.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 (ii) Researchers can initially read only title, abstract and conclusion of each

research paper and decide whether it is related to research topic.

 If yes, include in list, else skip it.

 From this step you will get to know “What has been done in this area and
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what can be done in future?”

 From this understanding one can come up with his/ her research problem

statement.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 (iii) Read shortlisted papers in detail and start taking notes of different

parameters considered, methodologies used, conclusions derived, and related

mathematics/ theories used.

 Researchers can finalize research hypothesis after this step and also can write
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good survey paper.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 Another approach for literature survey is selecting any one best paper related

to particular research problem of your interest.

 Try to find/download those papers that are cited and included in the references

section.
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 This approach leads to a better literature survey of a particular research

problem.

 During the literature survey process, researchers should able to identify the top

10 researchers in his/her domain.

 He/she should find good universities where people are working on the same or

similar problems.
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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 Literature survey is a step that is often visited during the research journey.

 Researchers should always look at what other top researchers are doing in

respective area of research.

 Researchers should provide main focus on comparing the approaches,

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Identifying the weaknesses and strengths in recent research articles in the

subject.

 Each paper’s study can be summarized in systematic manner.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 Literature surveys can be done with respect to following points:

 What

 How(process schematic)/standard procedure (system block schematics)

 Discussion on major steps involved

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 Design criteria and performance measures

 Techniques currently in use

 Comparative analysis (table or any suitable tool to discover and list pros and cons/

strength/weakness/future scope of existing techniques)

 Scope for research/gap in research

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The Beginner of the researchers can follow below steps for literature survey:

 Researcher may add some more parameters to be studied about the research

paper and can prepare a format for same to keep record of each paper.

 Summarization and representation of literature surveys is an important part in

the theses, presentations and in journal writing.

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 Literature survey can be represented in textual, tabular or graphical format

using different parameters.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

 The survey of literature and review of literature is an integral part of the

research to acquaint with the existing knowledge or material available in the

area of interest.

 Literature survey means penetrating through the available literature in the

selected area of research.

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 The literature review involves assessment and examination of the reported

contributions/findings.

 Recording, summarizing and evaluating the existing findings and being able to

provide expert judgment of the methods and finding is also called as literature
review.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Example:

 When you are travelling from one city (source) to the other city (destination),

consider two possible ways of finding your destination.

 In the first case one can go by railway.

 In this case, there is no need to know the route from the source to destination.
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 Second way is to use your own car.

 In this case, you need to take help of geographical map (i.e. supervisor/guide

in research).

 In Google maps, various routes are available such as low traffic route, fastest

route, shortest route and so on.

 You need to plan your journey to reach to the destination.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Example:

 In the same way, when you are pursuing your research, you need to plan your

journey of research, you need a help of your guide (like a Google map).

 Also, you need to devise your own plan to reach the destination.

 Literature survey helps you to find out many answers while pursuing the
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research.

 It can be time consuming in initial stage.

 But if literature survey is not done in initial stage, then you might get stuck up

while pursuing the research.

 Some authors have also given the meaning of literature review as the critical

study of literature survey.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

 A researcher cannot progress in the area of interest without the literature

survey.

 A literature survey can be divided into three parts

 Searching of the literature in the area of interest

 Collection/acquisition of literature or data

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 Critical study of literature/review of literature in the area of interest

 Literature review helps you to widen the knowledge in the selected domain.

 It is very important to know the contributions of other researchers in the

existing area or domain.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

 Moreover, questions like, what challenges, which problems, what

advantageous and disadvantageous of the existing systems, should trigger the
thought process.

 These questions help to focus on finding answers to those limitations and

accordingly you can define your own problem statement.

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 Literature survey and literature review should go hand in hand.

 After searching the material available in the selected area of research,

researcher has to read it, understand it, and note down the important points.

 Again, find the latest literature, read it, under stand it, and note important

points.

 This process of literature survey and literature review should be continuous.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review :

 A literature review is a written summary of journal articles, books, and other

documents that describes the past and current state of information on the topic
of your research study.

1. Objectives of Literature Review:

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 Discovering important variable

 Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done

 Synthesizing the available studies to have perspective

 Determining meanings, relevance of the study and relationship with the study

and its deviation from the available studies.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

2. Sources of Information

 Primary source literature – reported by individual(s) who actually

conducted research
 Research articles, patents, photographs, letters.

 Secondary source literature – literature that summarizes primary sources

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 Monographs, histories, reviews, bibliographies.

 Meta-analysis – statistically combine or compare research results.

 Tertiary source literature – synthesizing information gathered from other

resources
 Reference back to primary / secondary sources

 Handbooks, encyclopedias, magazines, newspaper articles, lectures.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

3. Literature Search

 A literature search is a comprehensive survey of publications and information

on a specific topic

 Literature search approaches:

 Systematic – you try to find all relevant material

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 Retrospective – you find the most recent material and work backwards

 Citation – you follow up references from useful articles, book and reading lists

 Targeted – you restrict your topic and focus on a narrow area of the literature

 The result produced at the end of a literature search is usually a list of

references

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

4. Five steps in conducting a literature review

(i) Identify key terms

(ii) Locate literature

(iii) Critically evaluate and select the literature

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(iv) Organize the literature

(v) Write a literature review (Record of research review)

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[email protected]
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 LITERATURE REVIEW

(i) Identify key terms

 Write a preliminary “working title” for a project

 Pose a short, general research question

 Use words that authors report in the literature

 Look in a catalog of terms to find words that match your topic

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 Bookshelves in a college or university library

(ii) Locate literature

 Use academic libraries

 Use primary, secondary and tertiary sources

 Search different types of literature – Online databases, journals and early stage

literature
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 LITERATURE REVIEW

(iii) Critically evaluate and select the literature

 It is a good, accurate source?

 Is it relevant?

 Topic relevance
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 Problem and question relevance

 Accessibility relevance

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

(iv) Organize the literature

 Priority system for literature search:

 Refereed journal articles > Non-refereed journal articles > Books

> Conference papers > Dissertations and theses > Non-reviewed articles in websites

 Reproducing, downloading, and filing:

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 Place articles in file folders (also store them in computer file)

 Organize by author name, sources, topic, or key words

 Taking notes and abstracting studies:

 Note taking – informal procedure

 Abstract – summary of the major aspects of a study or article (not more than 350

words)
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 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Constructing a Literature map:

 A literature map is figure or drawing that displays the research literature on

a topic
 Used to determine how a proposed study adds to the existing literature

(v) Write a literature review (Record of research review)

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 Report summaries of the literature for inclusion in your research report.

 Should include introduction, summary and critique of journal articles,

justifications for your research project and hypothesis for your research
project.

 Style manual provides a structure for citing references, labeling headings

and constructing tables, figures for research report

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Review Report Writing Approaches

 Topical order – organize by main topics or issues

 Chronological order – organize by dates the research was published

 Problem-cause-solution order – organize by moves from problem to the

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 General-to-specific order (Funnel approach)-examine broad-based research

first and then focus on specific studies that relate to the topic

 Specific-to-general order – discuss specific research studies so conclusions

can be drawn

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

(i) Online Data Bases:

 Database – collection of records

 Online database – collection of data presented in a searchable format via

online
 Web-based electronic indexes to locate and retrieve articles, maganizes, journals
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and newspapers.

 Types of online database

 Multidisciplinary (comprehensive) vs. subject specific

 Full text vs. citation only

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

(ii) Six Important Online Databases:

1. ERIC database – www.eric.ed.gov-Free access

2. Psychological abstracts – www.apa.org-PsycLit, PsycINFO,

PsycARTICLES

3. EBSCO Information services-www.ebsco.com

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4. Social Science citation Index (SSCI) from ISI

5. Sociological Abstracts

6. Dissertation Abstracts

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Citation Indices

 A citation index allows you to determine the research impact of your

publications according to the number of times it has been cited by other

researches

 Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) citation indexes are available online
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(i) Citation Indices: invented by Eugene Garfield

 “An ordered list of cited articles each of which is accompanied by a list of

citing articles. The citing article is identified by a source index, the cited
article by a reference citation. The reference is arranged by reference
citations”.
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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

(ii) Five types of citation indices:

 Science Citation Index (SCI ) Expanded – 1899 to present

 A multidisciplinary database, with searchable author abstracts, covering the journal

literature of the sciences.

 It indexes more than 6,650 major journals across 150 scientific disciplines.
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 Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) – 1898 to present
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 Covering journal literature of the social sciences

 It indexes more than 1,950 journals spanning 50 disciplines

 Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) -1975 to present

 Covering the journal literature of the arts and humanities

 It indexes more than 1,395 of the world’s leading arts and humanities journals.

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

 Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Science (CPCI-S) – 1991 to

present
 Lets you use cited reference searching to see the full impact of conferences and

other professional meetings

 With a global coverage of over 110,000 conference proceedings

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 Conference proceedings Citation Index – Arts & Humanities (CPCI-A&H)
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– 1991 to present
 This citation index covers conference literature in all fields of social sciences, arts

and humanities.

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Impact Factor
 Devised by Eugene Garfield

 Journals are ranked within category by their impact factor

 Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that

are indexed in the Journal

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Principles Underlying Impact Factor

 Impact factor is a measure of frequency with which the ‘average article’ in a

journal was cited in particular year.

 Impact factor is calculated based on a three-year period, and can be considered

to be the average number of times published papers are cited up to two years
after publication.
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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Computation of impact factor

 The Impact Factor Algorithm

 Number of citations in year 𝑦 to items published in years y − 1 and 𝑦 − 2

 Number of citable items published in years y − 1 and 𝑦 − 2

 The 2007 Impact Factor

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 Number of citations in 2007 to items published in 2006 and 2005

 Number of citable items published in years 2006 and 2005

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Journal impact factor

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Immediacy Index :

Cites in 2007 to articles published in 2007 = 2343

Number of articles published in 2007 = 366

Cites to current articles 2343

Calculation : = = 6.402
Number of current articles 366

h-index (Hirsch index):

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 H-index is a citation measure of the impact of a particular author rather than a

journal
 Combines an assessment of both quantity (number of papers) and quality
(impact, or citations to these papers)
 h – index is automatically calculated : by ‘Web of Science’, ‘Scopus’ and
‘Publish or Perish’
 h – index can also be manually calculated for an author based on the number
of papers authored and the number of times each paper has been cited
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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Merits of impact factor :

 Publish in high impact factor journal:

 Higher citations rate means your article has higher chances of getting cited

 Higher reading rate means your article gets read by more researchers

 More recognition in terms of scholarly contribution

 Tell us how frequently the average article in a journal has been cited in a
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particular year
 Impact factor >1 implied a journal is frequently cited

 Tell us something about a journal as a whole

 In library, it is a tool for management of library journal collections

 In market research, it is a quantitative evidence for publishers to position their

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 ONLINE DATA BASES – SEARCH TOOLS

Demerits of impact factor

 Is an average; not all articles are equally well-cited

 Only includes “citable” articles in the denominator of the equation, i.e.,

articles and reviews

 Only a limited subset of journals is indexed by ISI

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 It is expensive to subscribe to the JCR

 Biased toward English – language journals

 Tell us NOTHING concrete about any specific paper or specific author

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 REVIEW ARTICLES AND META ANALYSIS

Review articles:

 Review articles are an attempt to summarize the current state of understanding

on a topic

 Analyze or discuss research previously published by others

 Review articles will teach us about

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 main people working in a field

 recent major advances and discoveries

 significant gaps in the research

 current debates

 ideas of where research might go next

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 REVIEW ARTICLES AND META ANALYSIS

Types of review articles: 3 major types

 Types of methodological approach:

 Narrative review – author’s experience, existing theories and models
 Systematic review (meta-analysis) - finding from various individual studies
 Best evidence review – selection and result exploration

 Types by objective
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 History review – development of a field of research over time

 Issue review – investigation of an issue
 Theory / Model review – introduction of a new theory or model

 Types by mandate :
 Invited reviews – experienced researchers are invited
 Commissioned reviews – formal contracts of authors with clients
 Unsolicited submissions – develop an idea for a review and submit it to journal
editors.
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 REVIEW ARTICLES

Organization of review article

 Title – in this cases does not indicate that it is a review article

 Abstract – includes a description of subjects covered

 Table of Contents – shows the reader the organization of the text (overview)

 Introduction includes a description of context (Paragraph 1-3), motivation for

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review(paragraph 4, sentence1)&defines the focus(paragraph 4, sentences 2-3)

 Body – structured by headings and subheadings

 Conclusion – states the implications of the findings and an identifies possible

new research field

 References (“Literature Review”) – organised by number in the order they

were cited in the text.

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 REVIEW ARTICLES

Advantages of review articles

 Audiences of review articles

 Experts in specific research areas

 Students or novice researches

 Decision – makers
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 To organize literature
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 To evaluate literature

 To identify patterns and trends in the literature

 To synthesize literature

 To identify research gaps and recommend new research areas

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 META ANALYSIS

Meta analysis: ‘an analysis of analysis’

 Coined by Gene. V. Glass in educational research

 Meta-analysis is quantitative approach for systematically combining results of

previous research to arrive at conclusions about the body of research.

 Quantitative: numbers
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 Systematic: methodical

 Combining: putting together

 Previous research: what’s already done

 Conclusions: new knowledge (stronger than the analysis of any single study)

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 META ANALYSIS

Meta –analysis is used when you are comparing multiple studies that looked
at similar relationships

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 META ANALYSIS

Advantages of meta-analysis

 Results can be generalized to a larger population

 Precision and accuracy of estimates can be improved as more data is used

 Inconsistency of results across studies can be quantified and analyzed

 Hypothesis testing can be applied on summary estimates

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 Moderators can be included to explain variation between studies

 Presence of publication bias can be investigated

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 META ANALYSIS

Ethical and moral issues in Research

 Ethics before research begins

 Obtain consent, define the ‘gatekeeper’, no data distortion in crafting research

methods

 Ethics during research

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 Field notes, consent issues, content issues, moral issues Ethics after research

 Disposal of data, freedom of information, reuse of data, difficulties of contacting

original respondents

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 META ANALYSIS

Ethics, consequentialism and Misconduct in Research

 Ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of

topics involving scientific research

 Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that, a morally

right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence

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 Misconduct refers to the falsification practices that seriously deviate from

those that are commonly accepted honest errors

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 META ANALYSIS

Ethical issues concerning research participants

 Potential harm to participant – hazardous experiments, discomfort, anxiety,

harassment, invasion of privacy, demeaning or dehumanizing procedures

 Code of ethics should be given to everyone who takes part in the research.

This should include

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 Autonomous, Dignity, Honesty, Not misrepresenting anyone-written/verbally

 Confidentiality, Data Protection

 Transparency, Openness – Right to comment

 Anonymous, Informed consent

 Collecting information – seeking sensitive information

 Providing incentives
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 META ANALYSIS

Ethical issues relating to the researcher

 Avoiding bias – Bias is a deliberate attempt to either to hide what you have

found in your study, or highlight something disproportionately to its true

existence

 Using inappropriate research methodology

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 Ontological lens – what we believe in

 Epistemological lens – what we accept as valid knowledge

 Axiological lens – what our personal values are

 Conceptual framework – how we conceptualise our problem / research issues

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 META ANALYSIS

Scientific misconduct (academic scandal)

 Plagiarism – cheating

 Using someone else’s work without giving them credit for the information

 Fabrication and Falsification – fudging

 Making up or altering research data

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 Lazy writing – flaw in writing

 Using too much quoted (although properly cited) material in a report

Whistleblowing

 Exposure to public of wrongdoing by an organization usually by an employee

 Reporting of wrongdoing within part of an organization to senior management

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 PLAGIARISM

 Plagiarism is a form of intellectual theft.

 Plagiarism is an inappropriate act of claiming credit or ownership of someone

else’s ideas or unfair annexation of another’s work and entitling it as your

own.

 Plagiarism includes intentionally copying lengthy passages from a book or

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journal article, or purchasing or downloading whole papers and submitting
them as your own work leading to misconduct.

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 PLAGIARISM

Types of Plagiarism:

 Plagiarism of Words

 Stitching Sources (Potluck Plagiarism)

 Patchwork Plagiarism

 Self-Plagiarism (the Self-Stealer)

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 Cyber and Digital Plagiarism

 Accidental Plagiarism

 Plagiarism of Authorship

 Plagiarism of Ideas

 Reuse of Programming Code

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 Software Used for Identifying Plagiarism

 After writing any paper or story, it’s important to check the paper is free from

plagiarism or not.

 Plagiarism free paper is very beneficial for representing quality of work.

 The testing of plagiarism is done by software.

 There are many software tools are used to testing plagiarism.

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 The software available online is of two types

 Paid software (iThenticate, Turnitin, Urkund)

 Free software

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 Software Used for Identifying Plagiarism

Paid software (iThenticate, Turnitin, Urkund)

 (i) iThenticate:

 iThenticate is very famous software widely used in famous publications IEEE,

Elsevier and Springer and so on.

 iThenticate also provide different file type that we can upload easily without
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any restriction of file type.

 The file types that supported to upload in iThenticate are Microsoft Word®

(DOC and DOCX), Word XML, Plain Text (TXT), Adobe PostScript®,
Portable Document Format (PDF), HTML, Corel WordPerfect® (WPD) and
Rich Text Format (RTF).

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 Software Used for Identifying Plagiarism
 (ii) Turnitin:

 Turnitin is widely used commercial internet based plagiarism software tool for

plagiarism detection services.

 University and many more IPR filling organizations buy this tool for

plagiarism detection.

 Turnitin checks the submitted document in database and gives the similarities
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with existing sources.

 (iii) Urkund:

 Urkund plagiarism software is widely used in throughout the Europe for

plagiarism check.

 This software is completely automated used at universities and university

colleges.
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 Free Software
 To avoid the copyright and plagiarism there are many more free software tools
available on internet.
 The most popular tools that are used widely for short plagiarism check:

 Dupli Checker

 Copyleaks

 PaperRater
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 Plagiarisma

 Plagiarism Checker

 Plagium

 PlagScan

 PlagTracker

 Quetext

 Viper
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 Techniques to Avoid Plagiarism

 One of the essential components that need to be inevitably cultivated and

inculcated in human beings is a practice to take pride in your own work and
enjoy genuine satisfaction in your own work with real level of attainment
matching your actual ability.

 Beyond being unethical, unfair, or dishonest, Plagiarism of any kind, whether

caught or not, is always cheating yourself and letting yourself down and
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should therefore be avoided.

 Citation

 Referencing

 Bibliography

 Paraphrasing

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 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)

 There are various forms of invention, creativity, research, innovations, artistic

creations that are covered by Intellectual property.

 In daily life, we come across various forms of IP like, literary work (e.g.,

Book), electronic devices (e.g., Mobile), songs, movies, pharmaceutical

products etc.
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 The legal rights covering IP are called as Intellectual property rights.

 For example, an original literary work and an invention are intellectual

property and when protected by the IPR, they will be termed as “copyright”
and “patent,” respectively.

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 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)

 There are two types of properties:

 1. Physical Property:

 It is the tangible property such as Land, Ornaments, House, Money, Building,

and so on.

 2. Intellectual Property:
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 It is the intangible property such as Patent, Copyright, Trademark, Design,

Geographical indications, and so on.

 Industrial Property - patents, designs, trademarks, trade secrets, and so on.

 Intellectual Property - copyright for literary works, artistic works, software.

 Intellectual Property is about creative ideas, such as inventions, music, design,

article, poems, andThis

sofileon.
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 Copyright Laws vs. Patent Rights

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 PATENT

Patent:

 A patent is defined as a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or

intergovernmental organization.

 It is granted to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange

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 An invention is a novel solution to a specific technological problem and is a

process or a product.

 Patents are a form of Intellectual Property (IP).

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 PATENT

The Patent details are:

 Patent application

 Patent specification

 Patent Prosecution
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 Patent litigation

 Claims

 Patent pending

 Search

 Examination

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 PATENT

Patent application:

 For the grant of a patent, a patent application is filed.

 A patent application is a submitted to the patent office.

 It is actually a request pending in the patent office for granting the patent for

the invention described and claimed by that application.

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 It is also used to refer to the process of applying for a patent, or to the patent

specification itself .

 There are three types of patent applications.

 National

 Regional

 International
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 PATENT
Patent specification:
 The description of an invention is called as a Patent specification.

 It is submitted together with the official forms and correspondence relating to

the application.

 It is a document describing the invention for which the patent is filed and
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 A specification generally contains:

 A title for the application

 Detailing of the background and overview of the invention

 A description of the invention

 Embodiments of the inventions and claims

 It may include figures to aid the description of the invention

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 PATENT

Patent Prosecution:

 It is a process of “negotiating” or “arguing” with a patent office for the grant

of a patent.

 It is also the interaction with a patent office with regard to a patent after its
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grant.

Patent Litigation:

 Patent litigation is related to the legal proceedings for infringement of a patent

after it is granted.

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 PATENT

Claims :

 Claims define a specific property right.

 The claims must meet relevant requirements for claiming the patent such as

novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness.

 To prevent the misuse of the invention an exclusive right is granted to a

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patentee in most countries.

 It is the right to prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from

commercially making, using, selling, importing, or distributing a patented

invention without the legal permission.

 The rights of a patent for an invention lies with the first person to file an

application for the protection of that invention.

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 PATENT
Patent Pending :
 It is a warning that an alleged invention is the subject of a patent application.

 This term is used to mark products containing the invention to alert a third

party to the fact that the third party may be infringing a patent if the product is
copied after the patent is granted.
Search :
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 After filing the patent, a search is carried out, either systematically or in some

jurisdictions.

 The main purpose of this search is to reveal the prior art which may be

relevant to the patentability of the alleged invention.

 The patent is published 18 months after the priority date of the application,

and as such is a public document.

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 PATENT

 The search report is important to check, if there is a prior art which prevents

the grant of the useful patent.

 In this case the application may be abandoned before the applicant incurs

further expenses.

 Competitors can also use this search report, to get the idea for the scope of
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protection.

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 PATENT

Examination :

 This is a process to ensure that an application complies with the requirements

of the relevant patent laws.

 Examination is an iterative process.

 The patent office notifies the applicant about its objection.

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 In such a case, the applicant may respond with an amendment or an argument

to overcome the objection.

 The amendment or argument may be accepted or rejected.

 After that again the applicant waits for the further response and so forth until a

patent is issued or the application is abandoned.

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 PATENT

General Patent :

 A general patent format is having following points.

 Similar to a journal research paper, a patent can be read by understanding the

following parts.
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 Abstract

 Background

 Summary of the invention

 Detailed description of the invention

 Claims

 Figures

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 CASE STUDIES

 Case study is a method of exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit – be

that unit a person, a family, institution, culture group, or even an entire

community.
 Case + study:
 Case is a subject of the inquiry or a bounded system
 Study refers to developing an in-depth understanding
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Objectives of case study

 Clinical purpose – dealing with a patient

 Diagnostic purpose – educational situation to provide the remedial instruction

to poor students

 Fact-findings – about psychological or educational problems

 Supplementing other information – It may be a follow up work

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 Three phases of case study

1. Retrospective phase refers to the past records of the case completely which
is used in diagnosing the case

2. Prospective phase refers to the present status of the case, which is helpful in
understanding the case. The suggestions and remediation can be offered to
the case
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3. Conspective phase refers to the future development and improvement of the

case which is also employed to examine the effects of the remediation given
to the case

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 Steps involved in case study

 Status of the situation or unit of attention

 Collection of data, examination and history

 Use multiple sources of evidence\

 Create a case study database

 Maintain a chain of evidence

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 Diagnosis and identification of casual factors

 Adjustment, treatment and therapy

 Follow up programme

This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.

SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, AY: 2024-2025 (odd semester)
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
 Thank you
[email protected]
Z6XF2Q4795

This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.

SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, AY: 2024-2025 (odd semester)
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.