Towards Climate Resilient Villages -

Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

YG Prasad, A K Singh, T Himabindu, G Rajender Reddy, JV Prasad, G Dhanalakshmi,

J Hemantha Kumar, S Srinivasulu, D Chinnam Naidu, P Lakshmi Reddy, S V Sonune,
K K Zade, M Sudhakar, T Yadagiri Reddy, N Deborah Messiana, J N Uttarwar,
P S Jayle, Shailesh Deshmukh,

ICAR - Agricultural Technology

Application Research Institute (ATARI)
CRIDA Campus, Santhoshnagar, Hyderabad-500059
Telangana, India.
Citation: Prasad YG, Singh A K, Himabindu T, Reddy GR, Prasad JV, Dhanalakshmi G,
Hemantha Kumar J, Srinivasulu S, Chinnam Naidu D, Lakshmi Reddy P, Sonune S V, Zade
K K, Sudhakar M, Yadagiri Reddy T, Deborah Messiana N, Uttarwar J N, Jayle P S, Shailesh
Deshmukh. 2018. Farm Innovations and Evidences for Climate Resilient Agriculture. ICAR-
Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Hyderabad. 109 p.

January, 2018

Copies: 300

All rights reserved

Contributors: Principal Investigators, Co-PIs and Research Fellows of NICRA KVKs of

Zone V (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra), All climate smart farmers of NICRA.

ISBN No: 978-93-5300-246-6

Published by
The Director
ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute
CRIDA Campus, Santoshnagar, Saidabad PO, Hyderabad-500059
Ph: 040-24006500, 24530300, 24536517, Fax: 040-24533543
Website: http://zpd5hyd.nic.in
E-mail: [email protected]

Front Cover: Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) - a climate resilient crop

Back Cover: Landscape of a climate resilient village

Printed at:
Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd., Lakadikapul, Hyderaba-4. Tel: 040-23303424 /25
www.balajiscan.com; e-mail: [email protected]
 PREFACE

Technology Demonstration Component (TDC) under the NICRA (National Innovations in

Climate Resilient Agriculture) project is in operation in 15 climatically vulnerable districts
in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra (Zone-V). Innovative practices
to address major climatic vulnerabilities such as drought, flood, heat stress and other extreme
weather events were demonstrated during 2016-17 in participatory mode in farmers’ fields
in representative village clusters. Technology interventions in natural resource management,
crop production, livestock and fisheries production systems were assessed for imparting
resilience to climate vulnerabilities faced by the farmers in the adopted villages.

During 2016-17, the operational sites located in Anantapur, Chittoor, Khammam and
Aurangabad experienced deficit seasonal rainfall from south-west monsoon (June-September)
ranging between -19.9 to -40.6%. Monthly rainfall was either deficit or scanty in Anantapur,
Chittoor, Nalgonda and Khammam, Ahmednagar, Aurangabad and Jalna districts. In-situ
soil moisture conservation practices and ex-situ rainwater harvesting and recharging of wells
for supplemental micro irrigation enhanced resilience with higher productivity in groundnut,
cotton, pigeonpea, soybean, maize, vegetable crops and sweet orange. Tank silt application,
soil test based fertilizer application, mulching aand green manuring and recycling of crop
residues through composting enhanced soil quality, water holding capacity and fertility.

Drought tolerant and short duration varieties in rainfed crops such as groundnut, pigeonpea,
bengal gram, millets and flood tolerant varieties of paddy in West Godavari gave stable
yields. Intercropping systems of millets, cotton and soybean with pulses gave higher returns
over sole crops under deficit rainfall conditions. IPM practices in cotton, tomato, paddy and
onion crops reduced cost of crop protection and increased profitability. Improved breeds,
fodder, feed and shelter management practices in livestock, poultry, captive rearing of fish
seed enhanced productivity and resilience. Capacity development and skill trainings in
climate smart agricultural practices and technologies were imparted to 8862 farmers, farm
women, youth and extension personnel. Extension activities were taken up in all the districts
for awareness and wider adoption of climate resilient agricultural practices covering 23152
farmers.

This publication documents farm innovations and evidences of resilient practices and
technologies in predominantly rainfed districts in the three states of Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana and Maharashtra. We gratefully acknowledge the guidance and constant support
received from Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR; members of the
High Level Monitoring Committee (HLMC) and Director, ICAR-CRIDA. We appreciate the
valuable contributions of farmers and KVK project scientists for contributing to the practice
of climate resilient agriculture in this zone.
Authors
 CONTENTS
S.No. Particulars Page No.
Executive Summary 1
1 Introduction 9
2 Basic resources of selected NICRA villages 13
2.1 Rainfall pattern in different NICRA centers 20
2.2 Rainfall distribution in different NICRA centers 21
3 Natural Resource Management 26
3.1 Ex-situ water harvesting and efficient use 26
3.2 In-situ moisture conservation technologies 31
3.3 Micro irrigation systems 35
3.4 Water harvesting and recycling through supplemental irrigation 38
3.4 Soil quality and fertility management 38
4 Crop production 44
4.1 Climate resilient crop cultivars 44
4.2 Climate resilient inter cropping systems 51
4.3 Farm mechanization for resource conservation 54
4.4 Water saving technologies 55
4.5 Crop Diversification 56
4.6 Nutrient management 61
4.7 Crop protection 61
5 Livestock and Fisheries 66
5.1 Performance of improved fodder varieties 66
5.2 Green fodder preservation through silage making 67
5.3 Introduction of superior breeds of small ruminants 68
5.4 Feed enrichment techniques 69
5.5 Backyard poultry 72
5.6 Conservation of cattle 75
5.7 Shelter management for stress tolerance 76
5.8 Promotion of fisheries 76
6 Institutional Interventions 79
6.1 Custom hiring center 79
6.2 Seed Bank 88
6.3 Fodder Bank 89
7 Capacity Building 90
8 Extension Activities 100
 Executive Summary
National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is a multi-institutional and
multi-disciplinary network project launched by ICAR in 2011. The project aims to enhance
resilience of Indian agriculture to climate change and climate variability through strategic
research and technology demonstrations. Technology Demonstration Component is the
lifeline of NICRA and was implemented through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) during 2016-
17 in 15 climatically vulnerable districts located in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
and Maharashtra under ATARI, Hyderabad. These include KVKs of Anantapur, Chittoor,
Kurnool, Srikakulam and West Godavari in Andhra Pradesh. Khammam and Nalgonda in
Telangana and Ahmednagar, Amravati, Aurangabad, Buldhana, Jalna, Nandurabar, Pune and
Ratnagiri in Maharashtra.

Under the project, the KVKs implemented NRM, crop production, livestock and fisheries,
institutional interventions, capacity building and extension activities with the involvement
of 1829, 1620, 1137, 886, 7458 and 14577 farmers respectively. Under the project
demonstrations were organized covering an area of 1558 ha under NRM and 588 ha under
crop production modules.

Rainfall Pattern
The NICRA centers located at Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda of Telangana,
Amravati, Jalna and Ratnagiri districts of Maharashtra received excess rainfall compared
to the normal during 2016. Whereas, the NICRA centers located at Anantapur, Kurnool and
West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh, Khammam in Telangana and Ahmednagar, Aurangabad,
Buldhana, Nandurbar and Pune districts of Maharshtra received deficit rainfall. The rainfall
in the districts of Srikakulam, Nalgonda, Amravati, Jalna and Ratnagiri exceeded to the
extent of 111.34, 116.25, 103.37, 108.34 and 117.26 percent respectively compared to the
normal rainfall.

Natural Resource Management

Under natural resource management interventions, desilting of village tank in Chittoor
district resulted in increased water levels in the borewells located in the vicinity. Renovation
of Errakunta and strengthening of bund facilitated cultivation of paddy, tomato and fodder
crops as a result of water recharge in the borewells located in the vicinity in Chittoor
district. Renovation of percolation tank (Jagannadha Naidu tank) helped to overcome the
water scarcity at early and later stages of the crop growth resulting in cultivation of maize,

1
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

green gram, blackgram, chickpea, sesamum and other vegetable crops in tankfed areas of
Srikakulam. Desilting of nala and construction of cement plug was done at NICRA village
of Aurangabad district to improve the productivity of rainfed crops through supplemental
irrigation. Destilting of water stream at NICRA village of Pune resulted in increased water
level of wells in the vicinity by 4.5 ft.

Conservation of rainwater was achieved through in-situ moisture conservation technologies

like conservation furrows in groundnut (Anantapur), cotton (Nalgonda), in cotton and
pigeonpea (Aurabgabad), soybean (Buldhana), sub soiling in pigeonpea (Anantapur), plastic
mulching in tomato (Chittoor) and organic mulching in sweet orange (Jalna), ridges and
furrows in brinjal (Srikakulam), cotton (Amravati) and in maize (Nandurbar). Broad bed
furrow method of sowing in soybean at Jalna, sowing across the slope in soybean, ridge and
furrow planting in maize at Nandurbar, compartmental bunding in rabi sorghum at Pune
resulted in enhanced yields over no conservation furrows. Micro irrigation systems i.e., drip
irrigation in cotton and pigeon pea at Amravati and in cashew at Ratnagiri not only improved
the water use efficiency but also productivity and profitability of the crops. Supplemental
irrigation in cotton at NICRA villages of Khammam and Aurangabad and in groundnut
using sprinklers and raingun in chittoor district resulted in higher yield due to provision
of irrigation at critical stages of crop growth. Various soil quality management practices
through tank silt application, soil test based fertilizer application in Anantapur and Nalgonda
and sheep penning at Anantapur, green manuring in paddy with dhaincha and sunhemp,
application of bio organic slurry, recycling of organic matter through vermicompost resulted
in improvement of soil quality and fertility along with increased yields.

Crop Production
Improved drought tolerant varieties Dharani (Groundnut), SIA-3085 (Foxtail millet) and K-6
(Groundnut) at Anantapur, Dharani (Groundnut) at Chittoor, LRG-41 (Pigeonpea), NBeG-
3 (Chickpea) at Kurnool, MTU-1121 and MTU-1156 (Paddy) at West Godavari, PRG-176
and WGG-42 (Pigeonpea), MGG-295 (Greengram) at Nalgonda, BDN-711 and MAUS-71
(Pigeonpea) at Aurangabad, JAKI-9218 (Bengal gram), Digvijay (Bengal gram) at Jalna,
GM-6 (Maize) at Nandurbar gave stable yields under different climatic vulnerabilities. In
NICRA village of West Godavari district flood tolerant variety MTU-1064 performed best
followed by MU-1061 in flood prone area.

Among cropping systems, intercropping systems of foxtail millet+pigeonpea (5:1) at Kurnool

and Nalgonda, cotton+pigeonpea (6:1) intercropping system at Nalgonda, Khammam and
Srikakulam, soybean+pigeonpea (4:2), Bt cotton+greengram (1:1), Bt cotton+blackgram

2
(1:1) and rabi sorghum+safflower (3:3) and pearl millet+pigeonpea (3:3) systems in
Aurangabad ensured stable income over sole crops.

Direct sowing of paddy with fertilizer cum seed drill at Srikakulam, weeding using power
weeder at Chittoor, improved seed drill in Bengal gram and jowar at Kurnool, mechanical
transplanting of paddy at West Godavari not only saved the cost of labour but also increased
area of operation over traditional practices.

Water saving technologies viz., SRI cultivation in paddy at Anantapur, direct seeding with
drum seeder at Nalgonda and Chittoor, irrigation based on soil moisture condition and zero
tillage maize cultivation in Srikakulam not only improved the water use efficiency but also
productivity and profitability of the crops.

Crop diversification with short duration variety suryanandi of foxtail millet can be a profitable
alternative to desi cotton at Kurnool and Anantapur under rain fed situation. Sericulture
was found more profitable compared to cultivation of cotton. Similarly crop diversification
with pea (Malav) and potato (Kufri Jyothi) at Nandurbar was found beneficial compared to
traditional crops.

To economize the cost of plant protection in tomato, adoption of IPM practices was taken
up resulting in increased yields at NICRA village of Chittoor district. Stem application
with imidacholprid and monocrotophos at 20, 40 and 60 DAS and installation of yellow
sticky traps @ 25/ha and spraying of acetamiprid @ 0.5g/l with Neem oil @ 0.03% (5 ml/l)
checked the incidence of sucking pests in Bt cotton in the demonstrations resulting in healthy
plants compared to farmers practice in NICRA village of Kurnool district. Biotic stress
management in flood prone area for management of paddy sheath blight, blast and brown
plant hopper reduced the yield loss due to disease incidence during floods in Srikakulam.
Application of azoxystrobin @ 0.5 ml/l of water along with soil application of Trichoderma
@ 5 l/ha resulted in reduced disease incidence in onion.

Livestock and Fisheries

In livestock based interventions, improved fodder varieties (APBN-1) at Nalgonda, fodder
sorghum variety (Phule Govardhan) at Ahmednagar, MP chari, Yeshwant grass and African
tall (fodder maize) at Amravati, African tall (fodder maize) at Jalna recorded promising
results in terms of fodder yields.

Calf registration reduced the calf mortality and improved growth rate in calves in Kurnool
district of Andhra Pradesh. Silage making intervention made available the green, nutritious

3
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

fodder during off season and registered higher milk productivity than farmers practice in
dairy animals at NICRA village of Ahmednagar. Introduction of superior breeding ram helped
in achieving increased height, length and weight of lambs at Srikakulam. Maintenance of
superior breeding lamb in herd increased the production of lambs and reduced the mortality
as compared to local breed at Khammam. Feed enrichment through azolla enhanced the milk
productivity and fat content of milk. Supplementation of protein and energy through mineral
block increased the milk yield at NICRA villages of Kurnool, Khammam, Ahmednagar,
Jalna and Ratnagiri.

Improved poultry breeds viz., Rajashree (Khammam & Nalgonda), Grampriya (Aurangabad),
Satpuda (Nandurbar), and Kaveri (Pune) were found superior to desi breeds in terms of
bird weight, number of eggs and net income. Captive rearing of fish seed from fry stage to
fingerling stage reduced the cost of fish production in Srikakulam. Optimization of stocking
density of IMC culture resulted in higher yield and net income over the farmers method of
stocking. Water quality management in fish ponds viz., dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia
content and pH in fish ponds and adoption of correction measures on need basis resulted in
5.9% increase in yield in West Godavari.

Capacity Building
319 need based training programmes were organized with the participation of 8862 farmers
by NICRA KVKs of Zone-V. The farmers in NICRA villages of Andhra Pradesh underwent
130 training programmes with the participation of 4050 farmers. In Telangana farmers were
imparted skills through 21 training programmes with the participation of 494 farmers and 63
farm women. In Maharashtra the NICRA farmers underwent168 training programmes with
active participation of 4255 farmers. The training programmes included natural resource
management, resource conservation technologies, cropping systems, crop diversification,
integrated pest and disease management, soil health improvement, water saving technologies,
farm implements and machinery, livestock management etc.

Extension Activities
626 extension activities were conducted across the zone with active participation of 23152
farmers. Among these 221 activities were conducted with the participation of 6327 farmers in
Andhra Pradesh. 1687 farmers and 703 farm women participated in 109 extension activities
in Telangana State. About 296 extension activities were conducted with the involvement of
14435 farmers in Maharashtra.

4
 कार्यकारी सारांश

राष्‍ट्रीय जलवायु समतु ्‍थान कृषि में नवप्रवर्तन (निक्रा) सन ् 2011 में भारतीय कृषि अनस ु ंधान परिषद
द्वारा आरं भ की गई एक बहु-संस्‍थागत एवं बहु-विषयक नेटवर्क परियोजना है । इस परियोजना का
मख्
ु ‍य उदे श्‍य
् अनक
ु ू ल अनस ु ंधान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी के प्रदर्शनों द्वारा जलवायु परिवर्तन एवं जलवायु
विविधता से भारतीय कृषि के समतु ्‍थान में वद
ृ ्धि करना है । निक्रा का आधार प्रौद्योगिकी प्रदर्शन
अवयव है जिसे अटारी है दराबाद, के अंतर्गत आंध्र प्रदे श, तेलंगाना एवं महाराष्‍ट्र के राज्‍यों में स्थित
15 जलवायव ु ीय रूप से अतिसंवेदनशील जिलों में वर्ष 2016-17 के दौरान कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रों द्वारा
कार्यान्वित किया जा रहा है । इनमें आंध्रप्रदे श के अनंतपरु , चित्‍तूर, कर्नूल, श्रीकाकुलम एवं पश्चिम
गोदावरी, तेलंगाना के खम्‍मम एवं नलगोंडा एवं महाराष्‍ट्र के अहमदनगर, अमरावती, औरं गाबाद,
बल
ु दाना, जालना, नंदरु बर, पण
ु े तथा रत्‍नगिरी जिले शामिल हैं।

कृषि तकनीकी अनुप्रयोग संस्‍थान (अटारी) है दराबाद के अंतर्गत निक्रा कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रों द्वारा आंध्र
प्रदे श, तेलंगाना एवं महाराष्‍ट्र के तीन राज्‍यों में जलवायु समुत्‍थान हस्‍तक्षेपों को कार्यान्वित किया गया।
परियोजना के अंतर्गत, कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रों ने प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन, फसल उत्‍पादन, पशुपालन
एवं मछलीपालन, संस्‍थागत हस्‍तक्षेपों, क्षमता निर्माण में क्रमश: 1829, 1620, 1137, 886, 7456
तथा 14577 किसानों को शामिल कर प्रसार गतिविधियों को शामिल किया गया। इस परियोजना ने
प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन के अंतर्गत 1558 हे क्‍टेयर एवं फसल उत्‍पादन मापदं ड के अंतर्गत 588
हे क्‍टेयर क्षेत्र में प्रदर्शनों का आयोजन किया।

वर्षा पैटर्न
वर्ष 2016 के दौरान आंध्र प्रदे श के श्रीकाकुलम, तेलंगाना के नलगोंडा, महाराष्‍ट्र के अमरावती, जालना
एवं रत्‍नगिरी जिलों में सामान्‍य की तुलना में अतिरिक्‍त वर्षा हुई। जबकि, आंध्र प्रदे श के अनंतपुर,
कर्नूल एवं पश्चिम गोदावरी; तेलंगाना के खम्‍मम एवं महाराष्‍ट्र के अहमदनगर, बुलदाना, नंदरु बर
एवं पुणे जिलों में स्थित निक्रा केंद्रों में कम वर्षा हुई। श्रीकाकुलम, नलगोंडा, अमरावाती, जालना एवं
रत्‍नगिरी जिलों में सामान्‍य की तुलना में क्रमश: 111.34, 116.25, 103.37, 108.34 एवं 117.26
प्रतिशत अधिक वर्षा हुई।

प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन

प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन हस्‍तक्षेपों के अंतर्गत, चित्‍तूर जिले में गांव के तालाब से गाद निकालने
से समीपवर्ती बोरवेलों के जलस्‍तर में वद ृ ्धि हुई। एर्र कंु टा के नवीकरण एवं मेढ़ों के सशक्तिकरण से
चित्‍तूर जिले के समीपवर्ती बोरवेलों के जलस्‍तर में वद ृ ्धि से धान, टमाटर एवं चारा फसलों को उगाने
सहायता मिली। अंतस्रवण तालाब (जगन्‍नाथ नायड ु ु तालाब) के नवीकरण से श्रीकाकुलम में तालाब
पर आधारित क्षेत्रों में मक्‍का, मंग
ू , उड़द, चना, तिल एवं अन्‍य सब्जिदार फसलों को उगाने में आने
वाली जल की अनप
ु लब्‍धता की कमी को दरू किया गया। औरं गाबाद जिले के निक्रा गांवों के नालों से
गाद निकालने एवं सीमें ट प्‍लग कर अतिरिक्‍त सिंचाई द्वारा वर्षा आधारित फसलों की उत्‍पादकता को

5
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

सुधारा गया। पुणे के निक्रा गांवों के तालाबों से गाद निकालने से समीपवर्ती बोरवेलों के जलस्‍तर में
करीब 4.5 फीट की वद
ृ ्धि हुई।

मंग
ू फली(अनंतपरू ), कपास (नलगोंडा), कपास एवं अरहर (औरं गाबाद), सोयाबीन (बल
ु दाना) में संरक्षण
कंू डों, अरहर (अनंतपरू ) में मिट्टी चढाने, टमाटर (चित्‍तूर) में प्‍लास्टि पलवार, माल्‍टा (जालना) में
जैविक पलवार, बैंगन (श्रीकाकुलम), कपास (अमरावती) एवं कपास (नंदरु बर) में में ढ एवं कंू ड जैसे
स्‍व-स्‍थाने नमी संरक्षण प्रौद्योगिकियों द्वारा वर्षाजल का संरक्षण किया गया। जालना के सोयाबीन
में चौडी क्‍यारी कंू ड, नंदरु बर में ढलान के विपरीत सोयाबीन की बोवाई, मेढ़ एवं कंू ड रोपण, पण ु े के
रबी ज्‍वार में उपखंडीय में ढ से संरक्षणरहित कंू डों की तल ु ना में अधिक उत्‍पादन हुआ। अमरावती के
कपास एवं अरहर तथा रत्‍नगिरी के काजू में सक्ष ू ्‍म सिंचाई प्रणालियां यानि ड्रिप सिंचाई से न केवल
जल उपयोग क्षमता में वद ृ ्धि हुई बल्कि फसलों की उत्‍पादकता एवं लाभ में भी वद ृ ्धि हुई। खम्‍मम
एवं औरं गाबाद के निक्रा गांवों के कपास में अतिरिक्‍त सिंचाई, फसल के क्रांतिक स्‍तरों पर मंग
ू फली
में छिडकाव एवं रे नगन का उपयोग कर अतिरिक्‍त सिंचाई से फसल में वद ृ ्धि हुई। तालाब गाद प्रयोग
से विभिन्‍न मद
ृ ा गणु ता प्रक्रियाएं, अनंतपरू एवं नलगोंडा में मद
ृ ा जांच आधारित उर्वरकों का प्रयोग,
अनंतपरू में भेड विष्‍टा का प्रयोग, चावल में धैंचा एवं सनई सहित हरा खाद का प्रयोग, जैविक गारा
का प्रयोग एवं वर्मीकंपोस्‍ट द्वारा जैविक पदार्थ का पन
ु :चक्रण से उत्‍पादन में वद
ृ ्धि सहित मद
ृ ा गण
ु ता
एवं उर्वरता सध
ु ार हुआ।

फसल उत्‍पादन
अनंतपुर में धरणी (मूंगफली), एसआईए-3085 (कंगनी) एवं के-6 (मूंगफली); चित्‍तूर में धरणी
(मूंगफली); कर्नूल में एलआरजी-41 (अरहर), एनबीईजी-3 (चना); पश्चिम गोदावरी में एमटीयू-1121
एवं एमटीयू-1156 (चावल); नलगोंडा में पीआरजी-176 एवं डब्‍ल्‍यूजीजी-42 (अरहर); औरं गाबाद में
बीडीएन-711 एवं एमएयूएस-71 (अरहर); जालना में जेएकेआई-9218 (चना), दिगविजय (चना); नंदरु बर
में जीएम-6 (मक्‍का) के उन्‍नत सूखा सहीष्‍णु किस्‍मों ने विभिन्‍न जलवायुवीय असंवेदनशीलताओं के
अंतर्गत स्थिर उत्‍पादन दिया। पश्चिम गोदावरी जिले के निक्रा गांव में बाढ सहीष्‍णु किस्‍म एमटीयू-
1064 ने श्रेष्‍ठ निष्‍पादन दिया इसके बाद बाढग्रस्‍त क्षेत्र के लिए एमयू-1061 का स्‍थान था।

सस्‍ययन प्रणालियों में , कर्नूल एवं नलगोंडा में कंगनी (सेटेरिआ) + अरहर का अंतरासस्‍ययन प्रणाली;
नलगोंडा, खम्‍मम एवं श्रीकाकुलम में कपास+अरहर (6:1) अंतरासस्‍ययन प्रणाली; औरं गाबाद में
सोयाबीन+अरहर (4:2), बीटी कपास+मूंग (1:1), बीटी कपास+उड़द (1:1), रबी ज्‍वार+कुसुंभ (3:3) एवं
बाजरा+अरहर (3:3) के अंतरासस्‍ययन प्रणालियों ने एकल फसल की तुलना में सुनिश्‍चत एवं स्थिर
आय प्रदान किया।

श्रीकाकुलम में फर्टीलाइज़र कॉम सीड ड्रील से धान की सीधी बोवाई, चित्‍तूर में पावर वीडर से निकौनी,
कर्नूल में चना एवं ज्‍वार में उन्‍न्‍त सीड ड्रिल, पश्चिम गोदावरी में धान का यांत्रिक रोपण ने न केवल
श्रम की लागत में बचत की बल्कि पारं परिक प्रक्रिया की तुलना में प्रचालन क्षेत्र में भी वद
ृ ्धि हुई।

6
अनंतपुर के धान में एसआरआई कृषि, नलगोंडा एवं चित्‍तूर में ड्रम सीडर से सीधी बोवाई, श्रीकाकुलम
में मद
ृ ा नमी परिस्थिति के आधार पर सिंचाई एवं शून्‍य कर्षण मक्‍का से न केवल जल उपयोग क्षमता
में सुधार हुआ बल्कि फसलों की उत्‍पादकता एवं आय में भी वद
ृ ्धि हुई।

कर्नूल एवं अनंतपरु के वर्षा आधारित परिस्थिति के अंतर्गत दे सी कपास का विकल्‍प कंगनी (सेटेरिआ)
का लघु अवधि किस्‍म की फसल विविधता से लाभदायक हो सकता है । कपास की खेती की तल
ु ना में
रे शम उत्‍पादन अधिक लाभदायक पाया गया। इसी प्रकार नंदरु बर में पारं परिक फसलों की तल
ु ना में
मटर (मालव) एवं आलू (कुफरी ज्‍योती) की फसल विविधता लाभदायक पाई गई।

टमाटर में पादप संरक्षण की लागत को कम करने के लिए अपनाई गई समेकित नाशीजीव प्रबंधन
की प्रक्रियाओं से चित्‍तूर जिले के निक्रा गांवों में टमाटर के उत्‍पादन में वद
ृ ्धि हुई। कर्नूल जिले के
निक्रा के गांवों में किसानों की प्रक्रियाओं की तुलना में बीटी कपास की बोवाई के 20, 40 एवं 60
दिनों पर इमीडाक्‍लोप्रिड (Imidacholprid) एवं मोनोक्रोटोफास (Monocrotophos) का तना पर प्रयोग,
25 हे क्‍टेयर की दर से पीत रं ग के चिपकने वाले ट्रेप्‍स (Yellow sticky traps) की स्‍थापना एवं
0.03 प्रतिशत (5 मिली प्रति लीटर) की दर से नीम तेल सहित 0.5 ग्राम प्रति लीटर ऐसीटे मीप्रीड
(Acetamiprid) के छिडकाव से चूशक नाशीजीवों के आपतन में कमी आई जिसके परिणामस्‍वरूप
सवस्‍थ पौधे प्राप्‍त हुए। श्रीकाकुलम में बाढ़ों के दौरान धान मुतान ब्‍लाइट (Paddy sheath blight),
धान का प्रध्‍वंश रोग(Blast) एवं भूरा पादप हॉपर रोग (Brown plant hopper) आपतन के कारण
होने वाले धान की फसल की हानि को जैविक दबाव प्रबंधन के द्वारा कम किया गया। प्‍याज में 5
लीटर प्रति हे क्‍टेयर की दर से ट्राइकोडेरमा (Trichoderma) का मद
ृ ा प्रयोग सहित पानी में 0.5 मिली
प्रति लीटर की दर से एजोक्सिट्रोबिन (Azoxystrobin) मिलाकर प्रयोग करने से प्‍याज में आने वाले
रोगों में कमी आई।

पशु एवं मछली पालन

पशु पालन आधारित हस्‍तक्षेपों में , चारा उत्‍पादनों के मामले में नलगोंडा का उन्‍नत चारा किस्‍म
(एपीबीएन-1), अहमदनगर का चारा ज्‍वार किस्‍म(फूले गोवर्धन), अमरावती का एमपी चारी, यशवंत
घास एवं अर्फीकन लंबा (चारा मक्‍का), जालना का अर्फीकन लंबा (चारा मक्‍का) अधिक आशाजनक
पाए गए।

आंध्र प्रदे श के कर्नूल जिले में बछडों के पंजीकरण से बछड़ों के मतृ ्‍यु दर में कमी आई। अहमदनगर के
निक्रा गांव के डेरी पशुओं के लिए अपनाई जाने वाली किसानों की प्रक्रिया की तुलना में ऑफ सीजन
के दौरान सीलेज निर्माण हस्‍तक्षेप से हरा एवं पोषक चारा उपलब्‍ध हुआ एवं अधिक दध ू का उत्‍पादन
दर्ज किया गया। श्रीकाकुलम में बेहतर प्रजनन भेड़ों के प्रस्‍तुति से अधिक उं ची, लंबी एवं अधिक भार
वाले भेड़ों की संख्‍या में वद
ृ ्धि हुई। खम्‍मम की स्‍थानीय किस्‍मों की तुलना में उन्‍नत प्रजनन वाले
भेड़ों को झुंड में रखने से भेड़ों के उत्‍पादन में वद
ृ ्धि हुई एवं उनके मतृ ्‍यु दर में कमी आई। एजोला
घास के समद
ृ ्ध चारे से दध
ू का उत्‍पादन एवं दध
ू में वसा की मात्रा में वदृ ्धि हुई। कर्नूल, खम्‍मम,
अहमदनगर, जालना एवं रत्‍नगिरी के निक्रा के गांवों में खनिजों द्वारा अतिरिक्‍त प्रोटीन एवं ऊर्जा
प्रदान करने से दध
ू के उत्‍पादन में वद
ृ ्धि हुई।
7
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

उन्‍नत मुर्गी नस्‍ल जैसेकि राजश्री (खम्‍मम एवं नलगोंडा), ग्रामप्रिया (औरं गाबाद), सतपुडा (नंदरु बर)
एवं कावेरी (पुणे) में पक्षी भार, अंडों की संख्‍या एवं कुल आय के मामले में दे सी किस्‍मों से बेहतर
पाए गए। मछलियों के कैप्टिव पालन से फ्राइ स्‍तर से फिं गरलिंग स्‍तर तक के मछलियों के उत्‍पादन
लागत में कमी आई। किसानों के भंडारण पद्धत्ति की तुलना में आईएमसी संवर्धन के भंडारण घनत्‍व
की अधिकता के परिणामस्‍वरूप अधिक उत्‍पादन एवं कुल आय प्राप्‍त हुआ। मछली के तालाबों में जल
गुणता प्रबंधन जैसे‍कि घुलनशील ऑक्‍सीजन, अमोनिया की मात्रा एवं मछली के तालाबों में pH एवं
आवश्‍यकतानुसार सुधार उपायों को अपनाने से उत्‍पादन में 5.9 प्रतिशत की वद
ृ ्धि हुई।

क्षमता निर्माण
क्षेत्र-V के निक्रा के कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रों द्वारा 8862 किसानों की भागीदारी से 319 आवश्‍यकता
आधारित प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों का आयोजन किया गया। आंध्र प्रदे श के निक्रा गांवों के 4050 किसानों
ने 130 प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों में भाग लिया। तेलंगाना में 21 प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों द्वारा 494 किसानों
एवं 63 महिला किसानों को प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया गया। जबकि महाराष्‍ट्र के निक्रा गांव के किसान
168 प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों में 4255 किसानों ने सक्रिय रूप से भाग लिया। इन प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों
में प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन, संसाधन संरक्षण प्रौद्योगिकियां, सस्‍ययन प्रणालियां, फसल विविधता,
समेकित नाशीजीव एवं रोग प्रबंधन, मद ृ ा स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य सध
ु ार, जल बचत प्रौद्योगिकियां, फार्म उपकरण
एवं यंत्र, पशु पालन प्रबंधन आदि विषय शामिल थे।

प्रसार गितिविधियां
संपर्ण क्षेत्र में 23152 किसानों की सक्रिय भागीदारी से 626 प्रसार गतिविधियों का आयोजन किया
गया। इनमें से 221 गतिविधियों आंध्र प्रदे श में 6327 किसानों की भागीदारी से आयोजित किया गया।
तेलंगाना में 1687 किसानों एवं 703 महिला किसानों की भागीदारी से 109 प्रसार गतिविधियों का
आयोजन किया गया। महाराष्‍ट्र में 14435 किसानों की भागीदारी से करीब 296 प्रसार गतिविधियों
का आयोजन किया गया।

8
 1. INTRODUCTION
Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity which directly impacts
food production across the globe. Agricultural sector is the most sensitive sector to climate
change because the climate of a region/country determines the nature and characteristics
of vegetation and crops. Food security is both directly and indirectly linked with climate
change. Any alteration in the climatic parameters such as temperature, humidity and rainfall
which govern crop growth will have a direct impact on quantity of food produced. Increase
in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce
final yield. Food production systems are extremely sensitive to climate changes like changes
in temperature and precipitation, which may lead to outbreaks of pests and diseases thereby
reducing harvest ultimately affecting the food security of the country. Indian agriculture too
faces such challenges which have become all the more daunting due to extreme weather
situations like droughts and incessant rains, frequency of which has been on a raise. The
major impacts of climate change will be mainly on rainfed or un-irrigated crops, which are
cultivated on nearly 60 percent of crop land. Farmers dependent on rainfed agriculture being
less endowed in terms of financial, physical, human and social capital have limited capacity
to adapt to the changing climate. Delayed onset of monsoon, mid-season and terminal
droughts in rainfed areas are causing huge losses to agriculture and livestock production.

Coping with the impact of climate change on agriculture will require careful management of
resources like soil, water and biodiversity. By incorporating various adaptation measures in
agricultural systems, one can increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the small land
holders. To sustain the productivity of crops and allied enterprises in the context of increasing
climatic vulnerabilities, climate resilient technologies that would increase production and
productivity need to be evolved, assessed and demonstrated. Keeping this in view,National
Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is implemented as a network project
of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and was launched in February, 2011.
The project aims to enhance resilience of Indian agriculture to climate change and climate
variability through strategic research and technology demonstration. The project consists of
four components viz. Strategic Research, Technology Demonstration, Capacity Building and
Sponsored/Competitive Grants.

Technology Demonstration under NICRA

In order to deal with climatic change under technology demonstration component of NICRA,
extensive demonstrations of location-specific best bet practices contributing to climate
resilience were organized in 15 districts in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra. The

9
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

project is implemented in these districts by respective Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) located
in the district.
Objectives:
● To enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture covering crops, livestock and fisheries
to climatic variability and climate change through development and application of
improved production and risk management technologies
● To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields for adapting to
current climate risks
● To enhance the capacity of scientists and other stakeholders in climate resilient
agricultural research and its application
Under this component, an integrated package of proven technologies would be demonstrated
in one village panchayat in each district for adaptation with an aim to mitigate the ill-effects
of climate variability in crop and livestock production systems.

Process of Project Implementation

As a part of the process each KVK has developed action plans by adopting following steps:

1. Formation of inter-disciplinary team consisting of specialists from plant breeding,

Natural Resource Management (NRM), Agronomy, Horticulture, Plant protection,
livestock, Fisheries, Agricultural Economics, Extension and Home Science etc., The
inter-disciplinary team formed in each KVK gave input in selection of an appropriate
village, identification of climatic vulnerabilities with regard to agriculture and finalization
of climate resilient technology package. The composition of the team varied depending
upon the type of climatic vulnerability faced in selected village.

2. The target village was selected based on degree of vulnerability in the district by using
secondary/published data like prolonged drought, dry-spells, extreme rainfall events,
hailstorms, extreme temperatures, cold and heat waves, frost and flood etc.,

3. The village selected for the project activities represented the dominant cropping system
of the district. The proportion of the rainfed area in the chosen village was supposed
to be more than district average. A higher portion of small and marginal farmers were
considered. It was made sure that majority of the farmers in selected village derived
major portion of income from agriculture and allied activities. The climatic vulnerability
of the village (Intensity of droughts, floods, heat wave, cold wave etc.) represented that
of the district.
10
4. Climatic characteristics of selected village in terms of quantum and distribution of
rainfall, number of rainy days, intensity of rain-spells, number of dry spells over the
last 10 years, length of growing season, number of floods that severely damage crops
and livestock and other extreme events like frost, heat, cold waves, hail storms, sea
inundation of agricultural fields was documented.

5. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in selected villages was organized to understand

major farming systems, resource situation, socio-economic, institutional and
infrastructural status.

6. The multidisciplinary team in each KVK analysed the constraints related to climatic
variability and identified the points of intervention focusing largely on resource poor
groups addressing resource conservation which gives long term and sustainable benefits.
The modules that were implemented in selected villages focused on building resilience in
soil, adapted cultivars and cropping systems to climatic variability, rainwater harvesting
and recycling, water saving technologies, community managed custom hiring centers,
crop contingency plans, livestock and fishery interventions and institutional interventions
for community ownership of the programme.

The technological interventions were implemented in participatory mode. The team in each
KVK documented the impact of modules with measurable indicators. The progress of the
project activities in all NICRA villages was monitored by ATARI, Hyderabad and monitoring
cell at CRIDA. The interventions at each NICRA center cover the following four modules:

Module I: Natural Resource Management

This module consists of interventions related to in-situ moisture conservation, water
harvesting and recycling for supplemental irrigation, improved drainage in flood prone
areas, conservation tillage where appropriate, artificial ground water recharge and water
saving irrigation methods.

Module II: Crop Production

This module consists of introducing drought/temperature tolerant varieties, advancement of
planting dates of rabi crops in areas with terminal heat stress, water saving paddy cultivation
methods (SRI, aerobic, direct seeding), frost management in horticulture through fumigation,
community nurseries for delayed monsoon, location specific intercropping systems with
high sustainable yield index.

11
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Module III: Livestock and Fisheries

This module consists of use of community lands for fodder production during droughts/
floods, improved fodder/feed storage methods, preventive vaccination, improved shelters
for reducing heat stress in livestock, management of fish ponds/tanks during water scarcity
and excess water, etc.

Module IV: Institutional Interventions

This module consists of institutional interventions either by strengthening the existing ones
or initiating new ones relating to seed bank, fodder bank, commodity groups, custom hiring
centre, collective marketing and introduction of weather index based insurance and climate
literacy through a village level weather station.

12
 2. Basic Resources of Selected NICRA Villages

Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur
Anantapur is the second most drought-affected district of India. It falls under scarce rainfall
zone of Andhra Pradesh. It is in the arid agro ecological zone and is marked by dry summers
and mild winters. The NICRA programme is implemented in three clusters of villages namely
Chamaluru, Chakrayapeta and Peravali. The village Chamaluru has the population of 2790
with 519 households. This cluster has cultivated area of 2167 ha. The mean annual rainfall
of the cluster is 522 mm. The village has 280 bore wells and 40 open wells. The predominant
crops grown in this village are: kharif groundnut, castor, pigeonpea, maize, paddy, tomato
and brinjal. The major rabi crops grown in this village are groundnut, paddy, brinjal, tomato
and fodder crops. Live stock is an important component in the village. The village has 60
cattle, 200 buffaloes, 150 goat, 900 sheep, 10 pairs of bullocks and 300 poultry birds.

The Chakrayapeta village has a population of 180 with 36 households and 104 ha of
cultivated area. It receives an annual rainfall of 498 mm. The village has 5 bore wells. The
major crops grown in this village are groundnut, castor, pigeon pea and fodder crops. Cattle
(10), buffaloes (100), goat (50), sheep (2200), bullocks (5 pairs) and poultry birds (200)
constitute important components of livestock grown in this village.

The village Peravali has a cultivated area of 714 ha with 431 households. It receives an annual
rainfall of 498 mm. Groundnut, castor, tomato, pigeon pea and fodder crops are mainly
cultivated in this village. The village has 62 bore wells and 66 open wells. It has 25 cattle,
200 buffaloes, 50 goats, 2250 sheep and 50 poultry birds. The cluster has both red and black
soils. The range of ground water depletion in both black and red soils is 0.13-5.3m and 2.3-
13.34 m respectively. The area experiences frequent droughts and water scarcity. Frequent
dry spells, occurrence of late leaf spot (LLS), poor soil health and labour scarcity are few
major constraints affecting the productivity in groundnut. Increased cost of cultivation due
to high fertilizer application, high seed cost and poor LLS management are main reasons for
low net returns. Horticultural crops (Mango, citrus, tamarind, guava, ber and vegetables) are
grown under irrigation. The important livestock in this village constitutes dairy animals and
poultry. Mortality and morbidity losses due to biotic and abiotic stress, fodder scarcity and
poor access to live stock services are major livestock problems in this village.

13
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Chittoor
The village selected for implementing NICRA Project activities is Chittecherla belonging
to Chinnagottigallu Mandal. The major climatic vulnerability of the village is drought. The
normal annual rainfall of the village is 774 mm. Agriculture in this area is mainly rainfed
and main sources of irrigation are tanks and bore wells. There are 10 tanks and 16 small
percolation tanks in Chittecherla gram panchayat. The major soil types are red loamy soils
and red sandy soils. The main crops in the selected village are paddy, groundnut, tomato,
pigeon pea , mango and vegetables.
Kurnool
Kurnool is one of the drought prone districts of Andhra Pradesh. Yagantipalle village which
is located at a distance of 4 km from Banaganapalle Panchayat of Banaganapalle mandal
with 70% of rainfed agriculture was selected for implementing NICRA project. The village
has 361 households with 640 ha of cultivated area. The major soil types are sandy clay loam
to clay loam. The village has 176 cattle, 976 buffaloes and 300 sheep and Goat. Desi cotton
and pigeonpea are the main crops grown during kharif and sorghum, sunflower and chickpea
in rabi. The village Meerapuram has a population of 1835 members with 381 households
and 200 ha of cultivated area. Sorghum and pigeonpea are important crops grown in this
village. The village on an average receives a rainfall of 633 mm annually. The major source
of irrigation is bore wells. Most of the crops are affected by late onset of monsoon followed
by dry spells during critical crop growth periods, which in turn is severely affecting the yield
of these crops. Water scarcity, poor soil health, frequent droughts and losses due to pest
and diseases are major climatic vulnerabilities faced by the farming community. The major
livestock in this village are cattle (12), buffaloes (1154), sheep and goat (570). Mortality
and morbidity losses due to a biotic and biotic stresses, fodder scarcity and poor access to
livestock services are major constraints for increased profitability in livestock.
Srikakulam
Srikakulam is one of the flood prone districts in Andhra Pradesh. Heavy floods occur
generally during September and occasionally in October and November due to heavy rain
fall and depressions formed in Bay of Bengal. The normal annual rainfall received in the
district is 1162 mm. But, the rainfall distribution is quite erratic. Annampeta, Thimadam
and Adduripeta villages in Burja mandal are selected for implementing the project activities
during first year. The rainfall distribution in these villages is irregular and the crops are
mostly rain fed. During second year (2011-12), to cover the flood prone area, Sirisuwada
village of Kothuru mandal was selected in Rabi 2011-12 to make technological interventions
in flood prone areas. The village is situated 3 km away from Kothuru Mandal Head-Quarters.
14
It has 250 village households with total cultivated area of 600 ha. The major soil types are
red sandy and red sandy loams with clay base. The mean annual rainfall received is about
982 mm. The major cropping systems in this village include paddy/cotton/vegetables/pulses/
groundnut. Mid seasonal drought is most frequent due to erratic distribution of rainfall. The
village is prone to floods due to excess rainfall received during monsoon season in low lying
areas of around 150 acres lying near to Jagannatha Naidu tank either due to overflow of hill
stream in Marripadu Gedda or water from Vamsadhara river.
West Godavari
Floods and cyclones are the major climatic constraints in the Godavari districts of Andhra
Pradesh. Rice is the major crop in this district and most of the crop gets damaged by heavy
rains during August to September months. Matsyapuri village was selected to implement
the activities of NICRA. The village has 1602 households. Rice is the major crop grown in
616 ha area. The village has 150 ha under fish and prawn ponds. It receives a mean annual
rainfall of 1077 mm. The major soil types are alluvial soils. The major existing cropping
systems are paddy-paddy-pulses. Floods and cyclones are major climatic vulnerabilities
limiting the productivity of crops. Water logging, mid season drought, poor soil health are
major limitations to the crop productivity in this village. The major livestock in this village
are ruminants (1103). The village has 1179 poultry birds. Mortality and morbidity during and
post flood, loss of fish during floods and fodder scarcity are major constraints for livestock
in this village.

Telangana
Khammam
Khammam district is situated in Northern Telangana. The district comprises of 46 mandals
under four revenue divisions namely, Khammam, Kothagudem, Palvoncha and Bhadrachalam.
It is one of the agriculturally important districts in the state with a total geographical area of
16, 02,900 ha and net sown area of 4,69,710 ha (29%). Nearly 47% area is under forests. The
village of Nacharam (Nacharam and Cluster villages; Gangulanacharam, colony nacharam,
Ramatanda, Bhadrutanda, Muniya tanda and Bheemlatanda) situated in Enkoor mandal of
Khammam district is selected for implementing the project activities. The village has 749
households with a population of 3246. The village receives an annual rainfall of 1054 mm with
uneven distribution. Seasonal drought and heat waves are the major climatic vulnerability
of this cluster. The total cultivated area is about 1382 ha. Paddy, cotton, chilli and sugarcane
are the major crops grown in the project village. The major soil types are black and red
soils. Major sources of irrigation include streams and bore wells. The major component of
livestock constitutes white cattle-897, black cattle-928, sheep-913 and goat-1614.
15
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Nalgonda
Nalgonda district falls under Southern Telangana region. The villages Nandyalagudem and
Boring Thanda of Atmakoor (S) Mandal were selected for implementing NICRA project
activities. The village is having 50 ha total cropped area with 155 households. Sandy loams,
loamy sands and light black to medium black soils are the major soil types in this village.
The average annual rainfall is 804 mm. The distribution of rainfall is erratic. The major
crops grown in these villages are cotton, pigeon pea, green gram, paddy and vegetables.
Late onset of monsoon, mid and terminal dry spells and poor soil health are most common
climatic vulnerabilities of this village. Wells and bore wells are major sources of irrigation.
Heat wave affects the yield of mango and sweet orange crops. Mortality and morbidity losses
due to biotic and a biotic stresses and fodder scarcity are major causes for low productivity
of livestock. Low seed replacement rate, poor access to quality seeds and farm machinery
and poor livestock services are major institutional limitations for enhanced livelihoods in
this village.

Maharashtra
Ahmednagar
The village Nirmal Pimpri was selected to implement the NICRA activities in Ahmednagar
district. The village has a total population of 1268 with 319 households. The major soil types
in the village are black soils. The village receives mean annual rainfall of 457 mm. The main
source of the irrigation is open wells. Pearl millet, rabi sorghum, maize, wheat and onion
are the main crops grown in the village. Drought is the major climatic vulnerability of the
village. The soils in the selected village are medium in nitrogen, low in phosphorus and high
in potassium. The EC and pH of soil ranges between 1-2 and 8.3-9.0 respectively. The soils
in the village have 1-3m depth and have low infiltration capacity. Hence water stagnation
and soil erosion are major problems in the village. The soils are deficient in micro nutrients
(Fe and Mn). The village has 859 cows, 454 goats, 6 buffaloes and 53 bullocks. Low rainfall,
frequent droughts, and fodder scarcity during summer are major constraints that limit the
living standards of farmers in this village.
Amravati
NICRA village Takali (Bk), Nanggaon Kh (Tehsil) is selected for implementing the project
activities in Amravati district. The village has 424 village households. It has total cultivated
area of 880 ha. Medium black cotton soils are the major soils in this selected village. The
village receives an annual normal rainfall of 918 mm. Cotton, soybean, pigeon pea, chickpea
and wheat are major crops grown in this village. Drought, water stress and heat waves are
major climatic vulnerabilities faced by the farming community.

16
Aurangabad
Shektha village in Gangapur Tehsil is selected for implementing the NICRA activities in
Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The farmers in selected village are cultivating 120 ha
of cereals, 36 ha of pulses, 15 ha of oil seeds and 226 ha of cotton. The village has 380 ha
of cultivated area out of which 75.5% area is rainfed. The village on an average receives
mean annual rainfall of 644 mm. It is predominated with black soils (Shallow to light).
Water scarcity, poor soil health, intermittent dry spells are limiting the productivity of crops.
Mortality losses due to abiotic and biotic stresses, scarcity of fodder resources are main
constraints for stepping up milk production in live stock. Low seed replacement, poor access
to improved seeds, farm machinery and livestock services are limiting the standards of living
of the farmers.
Buldhana
Village Girda of District Buldhana was selected for implementing NICRA project activities.
The village has the population of 940 with 230 total households. This village is having
1352.17 ha of geographical area and out of this 404.90 ha area is under cultivation. The
village Girda receives an average rainfall of 853 mm from June to September. The village
has black soils (light to medium). The area experiences frequent droughts and water scarcity.
The village has 15 bore wells and 18 open wells. Predominant crops grown in this village
are soybean in kharif season and chickpea in rabi. Live stock is an important component
in the village. The village has 65 cows, 45 buffaloes, 200 goats, 23 pairs of bullocks and
320 poultry birds. The important livestock enterprises in this village are dairy animals and
poultry. Mortality and morbidity losses due to biotic and a biotic stress, fodder scarcity and
poor access to live stock services are major livestock problems in this village.
Jalna
Jalna is the most drought affected district in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. NICRA
project is launched in Kadegaon village of Badnapur Tehsil in Jalna district. Total population
of village is 3150 with 355 households. It has literacy rate of 84.50% for male and 70.50%
for females. The village Kadegaon has total 876.61 hectares of cultivable area. The average
rainfall of Kadegaon village is 703 mm. The soils are medium deep to shallow. Most of the
crops are grown under rainfed situation with protective irrigation. Major source of irrigation
is open wells and very few bore wells (Tube wells). It has more than 150 open wells. Only
22 ha area is under perennial irrigation and 350 ha under seasonal irrigation. The micro-
irrigation system has 22 sprinkler sets and 75 drip irrigation systems. The major crops grown
in project village are cotton, pigeon pea, maize, pearl millet and soybean in kharif season and
sorghum, chick pea and wheat in rabi season. The major economy of the village depends on
17
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

cotton production. Rabi sorghum is a major food crop which also provides fodder to animals.
Sweet orange is the pre-dominant horticultural crop with 21 ha of area. Limited area is under
vegetables like chilli, ginger and cauliflower. The village is having 372 bullocks, 180 desi
cows, 06 crossbred cows, 210 buffalos, 360 goats and 550 hens under livestock. The village
has good market facilities.
Nandurbar
Umarani (NICRA village) is situated in the Satpura ranges of Nandubar district. It receives
an annual normal rainfall of 813 mm. The frequency of intense rainfall is 2.5 as decadal
average in that area. It has 257 households and has total cultivated area of 539 ha. The main
source of irrigation in the village is bore wells and natural drains. The existing soil types are
red and black. The soils are having shallow rooting depth and prone to soil erosion (moderate
to severe). Soil erosion is a serious problem faced by the farmers. Major cropping systems in
the village are soybean, sorghum, maize and pigeon pea. The village on an average receives
814 mm of rainfall. The major crops grown in the village are kharif sorghum, soybean,
chickpea and mango. The major climatic risks in this village are drought and heat stress.
Most of the tribal farmers have 7-8 mango trees in their fields. Preparation of mango slices
from raw mango (Amchur) is the main activity in summer season which is very important
monitory source for upcoming kharif season.
Pune
The village Jalgoan KP, located in Baramati tehsil was selected to implement the NICRA
programme in Pune district of Maharashtra. It comes under Western Maharashtra zone. The
village has 398 households and has the population of 1268. The village on an average receives
an annual rainfall of 537 mm. The major soil types existing in the village are medium black
soils and are calcareous in nature. The major crops grown in the village are pearl millet,
rabi sorghum, maize, onion and wheat. Drought is the major climatic vulnerability in this
area. The village has total cultivated area of 1094 ha, out of which 980 ha are rainfed. It has
livestock population of 869 cows, 454 goats, 6 buffalos and 53 bullocks.
Ratnagiri
Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra is a high rainfall area with scarcity of water during winter
months. The village selected under NICRA is Haral of Tehsil-Rajapur. The village has 353
households with a cultivated area of about 139 ha. Major existing soil types are red lateritic
soils. Mean annual rainfall of the village is 3375 mm. High rainfall with scarcity of water as
a result of runoff is a major climatic vulnerability in this village. The major cropping systems
in the village are rice and small millets. Farmers are cultivating crops like horse gram which

18
can be grown on residual moisture. Cashew and mango are important horticultural crops
in this village. Sheep, goat, and dairy are important livestock enterprises in this village.
Farmers are mostly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood and very few are engaged
in agro enterprises.

The Basic information regarding NICRA centers is given below (Table 1).
Table 1: Details of various NICRA centers of Zone-V

Actual
Name of
Selected rainfall Major climatic
NICRA village/ Soil type
District (mm) vulnerability
villages
2016
Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur Chamaluru, 328 Red soils Drought
Chakrayapeta and
Peravali
Chittoor Chittecharla 553 Red soils Drought
Kurnool Yagantipalle 617 Black soils Drought
Srikakulam Sirusuwada 1426 Red sandy soils Floods
West Godavari Matsyapuri and 963 Alluvial soils Floods
Veeravasaram
Telangana
Khammam Nacharam 862 Black, red soils Drought, Heat stress
Nalgonda Nandyalagudem and 960 Black soils Drought, Heat stress
Boring Thanda
Maharashtra
Ahmednagar Nirmal Pimpri, 395 Black soils Drought
Pimprilokai
Amravati Takali BK 950 Black soils Drought
Aurangabad Shekta 516 Black soils Drought
Buldhana Girda 713 Black soils Drought
Jalna Kadegoan 767 Medium black soils Drought
Nandurbar Umarani 740 Red & Black soils Heat stress, drought
Pune Jalgoan KP 497 Black soils Drought
Ratnagiri Haral 4079 Red & Lateritic soils Floods

19
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

2.1 Rainfall pattern in different NICRA centers

The primary source of water for agricultural production in most of the world is rainfall. The
crop productivity in rainfed regions depends upon the amount, intensity and distribution of
rainfall in a given season and place. Precise documentation of these three main characteristics
is essential for planning its full utilization in view of changing climate scenario, especially
rainfall. Hence there is need to study the rainfall pattern to understand the crop and livestock
behavior in different NICRA centers.

The NICRA centers located at Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda of Telangana,

Amravati, Jalna and Ratnagiri districts of Maharashtra received excess rainfall compared
to the normal during 2016. Whereas, the NICRA centers located at Anantapur, Kurnool and
West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh, Khammam in Telangana and Ahmednagar, Aurangabad,
Buldhana, Nandurbar and Pune districts of Maharshtra received deficit rainfall. The rainfall
in the district of Srikakulam, Nalgonda, Amravati, Jalna and Ratnagiri deviated to the extent
of 12.82, 19.40, 3.48, 9.10 and 17.25 percent respectively compared to the Normal rainfall
(Table 2).

Table 2: Rainfall details of NICRA villages in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra

% deviation of rainfall
Normal annual Rainfall during Excess/deficit
Name of the from the normal i.e.,
rainfall 2016 rainfall
centre Actual – Normal × 100
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Normal

Andhra Pradesh

Anantapur 552 328 -224 -40.57

Chittoor 774 553 -221 -28.55

Kurnool 633 617 -16 -2.50

Srikakulam 1264 1426 162 12.82

West Godavari 1077 963 -114 -10.58

Telangana

Khammam 1161 862 -299 -25.75

Nalgonda 804 960 156 19.40

20
 % deviation of rainfall
Normal annual Rainfall during Excess/deficit
Name of the from the normal i.e.,
rainfall 2016 rainfall
centre Actual – Normal × 100
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Normal

Maharashtra

Ahmednagar 457 395 -62 -13.56

Amravati 918 950 32 3.48

Aurangabad 644 516 -128 -19.87

Buldhana 853 713 -140 -16.41

Jalna 703 767 64 9.10

Nandurbar 814 740 -74 -9.09

Pune 505 497 -8 -1.58

Ratnagiri 3375 4079 704 17.25

2.2 Rainfall distribution in different NICRA centers

The rainfall distribution in NICRA villages of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra
during the cropping season i.e during South-West monsoon season and North-East monsoon
season is presented in Tables 3 & 4. Data regarding dry spells and continuous wet spells
observed during the cropping season in various NICRA centers are given in Table 5.

21
22
Table 3: Rainfall distribution at different NICRA sites during South West monsoon season during 2016.
June July August September Total
Centre
Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Deviation
Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur 64 109 70.31 67 43 -35.82 89 28 -68.54 118 38 -67.80 338 218 -35.50
Chittoor 81.2 139.8 72.17 98.4 152 54.47 114.3 59 -48.38 128.3 17.8 -86.13 422.2 368.6 -12.70
Kurnool 65 125.1 92.46 107 105.2 -1.68 115 101.6 -11.65 120 129.7 8.08 407 461.6 13.42
Srikakaulam 146 186 27.40 239 266 11.30 205 219.5 7.07 188 392.7 108.88 778 1064.2 36.79
West Godavari 115 318.6 177.04 265 118.6 -55.25 190 172.2 -9.37 178 205.4 15.39 748 814.8 8.93
Telangana
Khammam 131 270.8 106.72 304 96.2 -68.36 300 158.6 -47.13 151 197 30.46 886 722.6 -18.44
Nalgonda 102.5 235.4 129.66 185.2 223 20.41 194.7 32 -83.56 151.1 365 141.56 633.5 855.4 35.03
Maharashtra
Ahmednagar 95.4 49 -48.64 69.4 110 58.50 56.9 32 -43.76 133.1 143 7.44 354.8 334 -5.86
Amravati 146 119.2 -18.36 276.5 460.6 66.58 219.8 238.7 8.60 172.2 199.7 15.97 814.5 1018.2 25.01
Aurangabad 131.8 55.5 -57.89 101 199.5 97.52 133.3 125.5 -5.85 172.2 89 -48.32 538.3 469.5 -12.78
Buldhana 158.1 142 -10.18 202.6 264 30.31 211.8 114 -46.18 147.8 152 2.84 720.3 672 -6.71
Jalna 163.7 58 -64.57 202.3 415.9 105.59 144.2 101 -29.96 134.2 212 57.97 644.4 786.9 22.11
Nanadurbar 120.1 69 -42.54 256 158 -38.28 198 264 33.33 187.6 200 6.61 761.7 622 -18.34
Pune 78.5 79 0.64 56.7 72 26.98 67.4 59 -12.46 150.1 262 74.55 352.7 472 33.82
Ratnagiri 817.9 723.2 -11.58 1239.8 1664.6 34.26 829 974.5 17.55 359.7 603.8 67.86 3246.4 3966.1 22.17
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Green Normal Rainfall (-19 to +19%)

Red Deficit Rainfall (>-19 to <-60%)
Blue Excess rainfall (+19%)
Yellow Scanty Rainfall (>-60 )
 Table 4: Rainfall distribution at different NICRA sites during North East monsoon season during 2016.
October November December Total
Centre
Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Dev (%) Normal Actual Dev (%)
Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur 111 0 -100.00 35 0 -100.00 10 0 -100.00 156 0 -100.00
Chittoor 116.2 0 -100.00 120.9 2.2 -98.18 52.5 182.6 247.81 289.6 184.8 -36.19
Kurnool 117 18.8 -83.93 26 0 -100.00 8 0 -100.00 151 18.8 -87.55
Srikakaulam 177 198.6 12.20 60 0 -100.00 1 0 -100.00 238 198.6 -16.55
West Godavari 190 10 -94.74 65 0 -100.00 15 4 -73.33 270 14 -94.81
Telangana
Khammam 114 98.2 -13.86 25 0 -100.00 3 0 -100.00 142 98.2 -30.85
Nalgonda 114.1 16 -85.98 33.9 0 -100.00 3.5 0 -100.00 151.5 16 -89.44
Maharashtra
Ahmednagar 58.1 61 4.99 9.1 0 -100.00 5.3 0 -100.00 72.5 61 -15.86
Amravati 46.4 51.6 11.21 20.5 0 -100.00 8.6 0 -100.00 75.5 51.6 -31.66
Aurangabad 69 46.5 -32.61 22.8 0 -100.00 11.1 0 -100.00 102.9 46.5 -54.81
Buldhana 49.8 41 -17.67 24.3 0 -100.00 11.1 0 -100.00 85.2 0 -100.00
Jalna 40.4 10 -75.25 18.1 0 -100.00 0 0 -100.00 58.5 10 -82.91
Nanadurbar 51.8 49 -5.41 0 0 -100.00 0 0 -100.00 51.8 49 -5.41
Pune 72.2 24.2 -66.48 32.1 0 -100.00 5.3 0 -100.00 109.6 24.2 -77.92
Ratnagiri 128.4 105.4 -17.91 0 0 -100.00 0 0 -100.00 128.4 105.4 -17.91

Green Normal Rainfall (-19 to +19%)

Red Deficit Rainfall (>-19 to <-60%)
Blue Excess rainfall (+19%)
Yellow Scanty Rainfall (>-60 )

23
24
Table 5: Dry spells and continuous wet spells observed in NICRA centers during 2016

Rainfall during
Dry spells Continuous wet spells
Centre cropping season
(more than 10-20 days) (more than 100 mm)
(mm)

Andhra Pradesh

Anantapur 218 28th June- 25th July (29 days), 1st- 11th September (11 No wet spells were observed.
days), October (31 days)

Chittoor 369 10th -19th June (10 days), July 1st -15th No wet spells were observed.
(15 days), 1st-29th August (29 days), 4th-7th September

Kurnool 462 1st-16th July (16 days), July 18th- 9th September (15 No wet spells were observed.
days), 10th -31st October (22 days)

Srikakaulam 1064 5th-17th June (13 days), 10th-31st October (22 days) 27th-30th June (122.8 mm),
19th-27th September (198.4 mm)

West Godavari 815 12th -23rd August (12 days), 11th-30th October (21 days) 23rd-30th June (144.6 mm),
24th 26th August (109 mm)

Telangana

Khammam 723 8th-22nd August (15 days), 11th -29th October (19 days) 21st-28th September (110.8 mm)
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Nalgonda 855 1st-25th August (25 days), 9th-31st October (23 days) 27th-30th June (112.9 mm),
17th-23rd July (131.6 mm)
 Rainfall during
Dry spells Continuous wet spells
Centre cropping season
(more than 10-20 days) (more than 100 mm)
(mm)

Maharashtra
Ahmednagar 334 1st-18th June (18 days), 13th-22nd July (10 days), 3rd No wet spells were observed
August -14th September (42 days)
Amravati 1018 3rd-13th September (11 days), 7th-31st October (25 days) 19th-27th July (171.4 mm),
1st-9th July (181.4 mm)
Aurangabad 470 1st-19th June (19 days), 13th-25th July No wet spells were observed
(13 days), 6th August-14th September
(40 days), 9th-31st October (23 days)
Buldhana 672 7th-9th June (130days), 3rd-15th September 8th-13th July (126 mm)
(13 days), 10th-31st October (22 days)
Jalna 787 1st-19th June (19 days), 12th-21st July 22-27th July (250.9 mm)
(10 days), 3rd-27th August (25 days), 3rd-14th September
(12 days), 4th-31st October
(28 days)
Nanadurbar 622 1st-21st June (21 days), 8th-26th October 6th-12th August (105 mm),
(19 days) 16th-20th September (122 mm)
Pune 472 21st-30th June (10 days), 3rd-27th August 22nd-26th September (172 mm)
(23 days), 1st-12th September (12 days),
9th-31st October (23 days)
Ratnagiri 3966 13th-31st October (19 days) 9th June – 4th September (3404.3 mm),
12th-27th September (523.6 mm)

25
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

3. Natural Resource Management

3.1 Ex-situ water harvesting and efficient use
Chittoor
Desilting of village tank
The irrigation tank (Rayavarapukunta) situated near NICRA village (Chittecharla) was
renovated under NRM activity. The unwanted vegetation in the tank was removed and the
bund of the tank was strengthened by using the silt removed from the tank. The capacity of
the tank before desilting was 2532 m3 and it was increased up to 3280 m3 after renovation.
Bore wells in the vicinity of the tank were recharged and the farmers have taken up paddy
and tomato crops.

Desilting of village tank, Rayavarapukunta

Renovation of Errakunta and strengthening of bund

KVK also undertook renovation work in Errakunta in which unwanted vegetation was
removed and bund was strengthened with silt removed from the tank. The capacity of the
tank which was 3.59 lakh liters earlier, was increased up to 9.24 lakh liters after renovation.
Farmers have taken up paddy, tomato and fodder crops under the tank and bore wells located
in the vicinity were recharged.
26
 Desilting and strengthening of bund of Errakunta

Srikakulam
Renovation of Jagannadha Naidu Tank
Renovation of Jagannadha Naidu tank was initiated during the year 2011-12 to improve its
storage capacity, repair the weakened sluices and bunds which would prevent water over
flow and damage to the crops during heavy rains in tank fed areas. The water collected in
the tank was utilized to overcome water scarcity at early and later stages of the crop during
kharif. The impact of renovation of the tank is presented in Table 6, 7, 8 and 9.

Table 6. Impact of renovation of Jagannadha Naidu tank on Kharif paddy

Before After renovation

Particulars
renovation 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Area (ha) 120 130 130 130

Yield (q) 48 53.50 51.83 55.85

% Yield improvement after --- 11.45 7.97 16.35

renovation

Cost of cultivation 28500 30910 38750 34438

Gross Returns 48000 53500 66410 78906

Net Returns 19500 22590 27660 44468

B:C Ratio 1.68 1.73 1.71 2.29

Total income from total area 2340000 3388500 4149000 6670200

27
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 7: Impact of renovation of Jagannadha Naidu tank on Rabi crops

Before
After renovation
renovation
Crop Cost of Gross Net
Area Area Yield Price
cultivation income income
(ha) (ha) (q/ha) (Rs./q)
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)

Maize 1 8 31250 67.5 1400 94500 63250

Greengram 3 10 12500 5.5 6000 33000 20500

Blackgram 3 5 13000 4.0 7500 30000 17000

Chick pea 4 18750 12.5 4000 50000 31250

Sesamum 3 4 9000 5.0 8500 42500 33500

Vegetables 2 7.5 45000 150.0 800 120000 75000

Total 12 38.5 129500 244.5 28200 370000 240500

Table 8.Impact of renovation of Jagannadhanaidu tank on fisheries

S.No. Particulars Before After Impact

1 Area under fish 10 10 Though area remained the same

culture (ha) water depth increased due to
desilting.

2 Culture period Up to January Up to March Culture period increased by 2

months

3 Cost of cultivation Rs.170000 Rs. 182500 Cost of cultivation increased by

Rs.12500

4 Fish production 7.38 tonnes 9.0 tonnes Fish production increased by 1.62
(kg/ha) @ 738 @ 900 tonnes/ ha.

5 Gross returns 442800 630000 Gross returns increased by Rs.

(Rs. 60/kg) (Rs. 70/kg) 187200

6 Net Returns 272800 447500 Net income increased by

Rs.174700 after the intervention
By extending culture period by two months the average weight of the harvested fish increased
resulting in yield increase by 162 kg/ha and enhanced price by Rs.10/- per kg.

28
 Table 9: Impact of renovation of Jagannadhanaidu tank on flood mitigation

Impact
Season 2011-12 & 2012-13 2013-14 & 2014-15 2015-2016 2016-17
parameter
Kharif Rain fall 1287.6 mm (57) & 1613.4 mm (51) & 806.2 mm (33). 1262.8 mm(60)
(June to 1134.1 mm (78) 1337.5 (77)
Oct)
Reduced flood Due to low tank Flood intensity reduced Due to improvement of Due to improvement of
intensity capacity weakened at the time of heavy rains storage capacity of the tank storage capacity of the
sluices and bunds in 20 ha of tank fed area. strengthening of bunds and tank strengthening of
water had flown over Due to improvement of also because of sluice repairs bunds and also because
the crops during rains storage capacity of the flood intensity was reduced of sluice repairs flood
in tank fed areas tank strengthening of in the tank fed area. intensity was reduced in
affecting the crop bunds and also because the tank fed area.
yields. sluices repairs flood
intensity was reduced in
the tank fed area when
compared to previous
years.
Water storage 55531m3 138575 m3 138575 m3 182880 m3
(25 acres in 4.5 feet (25 acres in 4.5 feet depth) (25 acres in 6 feet
depth). upto October first fort night. depth) up to end of
Later 47500 m3 due to dry October.
spell. The water stored in Due to the desilting
the Jagannadha naidu tank operation taken through
is being utilized to give life the programme “Neeru-
saving irrigation to standing Chettu”organized by
paddy crop thus the volume Govt. of A.P the storage
of storage water has got capacity of this tank
reduced. was increased.
Area covered in 120ha 150ha 150 ha 150 ha
kharif

29
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Digging of drainage channel

Due to water stagnation and improper drainage in flood prone area, most of the paddy crop
was damaged. To minimize the period of water stagnation in flood prone area and for letting
off the excess rain water stagnated through the drainage, digging of drainage channel was
taken up.
Aurangabad
Desilting of Nala and construction of cement plug
To improve the productivity of rainfed crops through supplemental irrigation, desilting of
nala (500 m x 10 m width x 3 m depth: Storage capacity= 5 TMC) and construction of
cement plug was taken up. This resulted in increase in ground water table by 21 feet which
helped in giving protective irrigation to 42 ha area in kharif covering Bt cotton, soybean,
green gram, black gram, pomegranate and sweet orange crops with increased yield up to
22%. Moreover two protective irrigations in rabi season to bengal gram and wheat resulted
in 14% higher yield over the rainfed cultivation (Table 10, 11 and 12).

Table 10: Impact of Desilting of nala on water level of open well

Water level of well before Water level of well after Rainfall

Month
monsoon (from bottom) in feet monsoon (from bottom) in feet (mm)
June 08 41 131.8
July 10 30 101.0
August 06 22 133.3
September 11 35 172.2
October 09 36 69.0

Table 11: Water table depth in artificial well recharge in NICRA Village

Total Depth of water from bottom (feet)

Type of depth
131.8mm 101.0mm 133.3mm 172.2mm 69.0 mm
well of well
(feet) June July August Sept Oct
1. Open well 70 28 29 32 38 33
2. Open well 65 36 38 40 42 35
3. Open well 60 20 25 29 30 26
4. Open well 55 30 32 35 32 27
5. Open well 50 24 30 34 34 24

30
Pune
De silting of water stream at NICRA village
In order to increase the water harvesting capacity of the check dam and for ground water
recharge, desilting of water stream was done benefiting 126 farmers. The farmers in the
vicinity have sown sorghum, gram and wheat and they could give 1-2 protective irrigations
by utilizing the harvested rain water. Water level of wells in the vicinity increased by 4.5 feet
after desilting.

3.2 In-situ moisture conservation technologies

Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur
The NICRA village experiences uncertainty in productivity due to recurrent intermittent
drought or erratic rainfall. The soils are slopy (2-4%) and shallow in depth (10-15 cm) with
low water holding capacity. Sub soiling was practiced in groundnut to conserve soil moisture
and for improving the productivity. This practice helps in better exploitation of stored soil
moisture and applied nutrients from the soil profile.

Conservation furrows in groundnut

The practice of sub-soiling resulted in 16.07% higher yield compared to farmers practice
with additional net returns of Rs.3738/ha. In-situ moisture conservation through adaption of
conservation furrows at an interval of 3.6 m was taken up in an area of 20 ha covering 12
farmers. An additional yield of 72 kg/ha was recorded with conservation furrows than the
farmers practice (Table 12).

31
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Chittoor
Mulching is an effective method of manipulating crop growing environment to increase
yield and improve product quality by controlling weed growth, ameliorating soil
temperature, conserving soil moisture, reducing soil erosion, improving soil structure and
enhancing organic matter content. Plastic mulching in tomato resulted in higher yield of
75.87 t/ha whereas farmers practice (no mulching) resulted in 63.58 t/ha. Use of plastic
mulching reduced weed growth at critical stages of crop growth and also helped in moisture
conservation. Number of irrigations required under farmers practice were 27 whereas it was
only 17 in the demonstration. Number of irrigations was reduced in plastic mulching due to
availability of soil moisture for a longer period (Table 12).

Plastic mulching in mango also recorded an additional yield of 15.30 t/ha. Mulching helped
in prevention of evaporation losses from the soil and weed growth and improved yield as
the water was readily available at the root zone. The returns obtained in plastic mulching
were Rs.65420/ha, whereas the returns obtained in the farmers practice were Rs.53060/ha
(Table 12).

Plastic mulching in tomato for moisture conservation

Kurnool
In-situ conservation practices through sub soiling in pigeonpea (ICPL-87119) were taken
up in NICRA village of Kurnool district. Sub soiling gave additional yield (147 kg/ha)
which was 15% higher than the farmers practice in medium black soils. In-situ moisture
conservation measures by formation of conservation furrows between rows of pigeonpea
during kharif in an area of 6 ha covering15 farmers at NICRA village of Kurnool district
recorded 17% increase in yield over the farmers practice (Table 12).

32
 Sub-soiling in pigeonpea

Srikakulam
Demonstration of brinjal on ridges and furrows was taken up in 2 ha area covering 10 farmers
at Sirusuwada of Srikakulam district. Ridges and furrows in brinjal yielded higher yield and
income of 53.7% and Rs.50000/ha respectively.

Nalgonda
Conservation furrows in cotton yielded 257 kg/ha higher yield over farmers practice of no
conservation furrows with additional net income of Rs.1058/ha and BC ratio of 2.80.In-
situ moisture conservation in pigeonpea through conservation furrows in an area of 12 ha
covering 12 farmers was taken up in NICRA village of Nalgonda district. This practice
resulted in higher net returns of Rs.5563/ha over farmers practice with a benefit cost ratio of
2.73 (Table 12).

Conservation furrows in cotton

33
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Amravati
In-situ conservation measures i.e., sowing across the slope in soybean and ridges and furrows
in cotton resulted in increased yields of 250, 149 kg/ha with higher net returns of Rs. 8325
and 14205/ha respectively.
Aurangabad
Opening of conservation furrows in cotton and pigeonpea in an area of 20 ha covering
50 farmers enhanced the productivity by 149 kg/ha and 270 kg/ha compared to farmers
practice with additional net returns of Rs.8221, 19482/ha respectively. This practice
helped in obtaining sustainable yields in pigeon pea by moisture conservation in rainfed
areas (Table 12).
Buldhana
Opening of conservation furrows in soybean in an area of 1.2 ha covering 3 farmers resulted
in an additional yield of 267 kg/ha and additional net income of Rs.10511/ha over the farmers
practice. Broad bed furrow system followed in chickpea resulted in increased net income of
Rs. 9512/ha compared to the farmers practice without any conservation measures with a
benefit cost ratio of 3.42.
Jalna
Broad bed furrow method of sowing in soybean in an area of 4 ha covering 10 farmers
resulted in improved yield of 210 kg/ha than the farmers practice without BBF. Similarly
conservation furrows in cotton recorded Rs.8010/ha higher net income compared to no
conservation furrows.
Nandurbar
Ridge and furrow planting in maize resulted in 412 kg/ha higher yield over no conservation
measures with a benefit cost ratio of 2.94.
Pune
Compartmental bunding in rabi sorghum in an area of 22.5 ha covering 45 ha area resulted
in 365 kg/ha increased yield in rabi sorghum. Plastic mulching in watermelon resulted in
higher yield advantage of 41.12% over farmers practice with higher net returns of Rs.10320/
ha (Table 12).

Ridges and furrows in maize (Nandurbar) Conservation furrows in cotton (Aurangabad)

34
 3.3 Micro Irrigation Systems
Micro irrigation in cotton enhanced the cotton productivity by 115.38 % over rain fed cotton cultivation with higher net returns of
Rs. 97120/ha over farmers practice at Amravati district of Maharashtra. Fertigation in pigeonpea in 2 ha covering 5 farmers resulted
in an yield advantage of 2360 Rs/ha compared to conventional method of irrigation. Drip irrigation in cashew resulted in an yield
advantage of 705 kg/ha over farmers practice of flood irrigation associated with reduction in number of irrigations (Table 13).
Table 12: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation practices on productivity and profitability of different crops

No. of Cost of Gross Net

Area Yield BC
KVK Crop Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Anantapur Groundnut No conservation furrows 12 20.0 361 20618 22689 -2071 0.90
Conservation furrows in 433 28498 27127 1371 1.05
groundnut
Anantapur Groundnut Sub-soiling with chisel plough 8 12.0 523 38394 31577 6817 1.27
No sub-soiling 607 46870 36315 10555 1.41
Chittoor Groundnut No conservation furrows 20 12.0 361 24760 22689 -2071 0.91
Conservation furrows in 433 25760 27127 1317 1.05
groundnut
Chittoor Tomato Without mulch 5 1.0 63580 233844 370666 136822 1.37
Plastic mulching in tomato 75870 327156 442322 115166 1.45
Chittoor Mango Without mulch 5 1.0 7430 36100 89160 53060 1.47
Plastic mulching in mango 8960 42100 107520 65420 1.56
Kurnool Pigeonpea No conservation furrows 15 6.0 810 19720 40500 20780 2.05
Conservation furrows in 1045 20020 52300 32280 2.63
pigeonpea
Kurnool Pigeonpea No conservation measures 15 6.0 977 19720 48850 29153 2.48
sub soiling with subsoiler 1124 20970 56200 35278 2.68

35
36
No. of Cost of Gross Net
Area Yield BC
KVK Crop Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Srikakulam Maize Zero tillage maize 15 8.0 6995 136084 87437 48647 2.26
Farmers practice 7350 150000 91875 58125 2.72
Srikakulam brinjal Ridge and furrows in brinjal 10 2.0 22350 203200 134100 69100 2.10
No conservation measures 34350 325200 206100 119100 2.40
Nalgonda Cotton No conservation furrows 12 12.0 2725 51875 141808 89933 2.73
Conservation furrows in cotton 2468 49500 139072 78875 2.80
Nalgonda Pigeonpea No conservation furrows 8 5.0 13.96 25406 65603 40196 2.58
Conservation furrows in 14.98 26343 72103 45759 2.73
pigeonpea
Ahmednagar Rabi sorghum No conservation furrows 10 4.0 1650 24725 42900 18175 1.74
Broad bed furrow sowing in 1707 24765 44362 19598 1.79
soybean
Amravati Soybean No conservation measures 25 15.0 2050 27375 56050 32675 2.04
Sowing across the slopes 2450 32500 73500 41000 2.26
Amravati Cotton No conservation measures 35 14.0 2250 58275 101250 42975 1.73
Sowing on ridge and furrows 2500 62320 119500 57180 1.91
Aurangabad Cotton No conservation measures 50 20.0 1480 26879 85840 58961 3.19
Opening of furrows in Bt cotton 1629 27300 94482 67182 3.46
Aurangabad Pigeonpea No conservation measures 50 20.0 1644 22384 83022 60638 3.71
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Opening of furrows in 2079 24900 104990 80090 4.22

pigeonpea
Aurangabad Soybean Flat bed method of sowing 10 4.0 2647 29740 65910 36170 2.30
Broad bed furrow method of 2965 28922 73829 44907 2.50
sowing
 No. of Cost of Gross Net
Area Yield BC
KVK Crop Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Buldhana Soybean No conservation measures 3 1.2 1809 27377 67058 39681 2.43
Opening of furrows in soybean 2076 29683 79875 50192 2.70
Buldhana chickpea No conservation measures 5 2.0 1680 22713 73852 51139 3.25
Broad bed furrow method of 2052 24996 85446 60651 3.42
sowing
Jalna Cotton No conservation measures 20 8.0 1142 46460 57100 10640 1.23
Conservation furrows 1320 47350 66000 18650 1.39
Jalna Soybean No conservation measures 10 4.0 1375 26925 36438 9513 1.35
Broad bed furrow method of 1585 27755 42002 14251 1.51
sowing
Nandurbar Maize No conservation measures 13 5.2 2650 16250 45125 28875 2.78
Ridge and furrows in maize 3062 17100 50275 33175 2.94
Pune Greengram Flat bed method of sowing 10 4.0 680 18210 15600 28560 1.83
Broad bed Furrow method of 815 17180 17050 34230 2.00
sowing
Pune Rabi sorghum No conservation measures 45 22.5 1231 20650 38860 18210 1.88
compartmental bunding 1596 21350 50540 29190 2.36
Pune Watermelon Plastic mulching in watermelon 10 4.0 856 35400 68480 33080 1.93
No mulching 1208 41200 96640 55440 2.34
Ratnagiri Watermelon Polyethylene mulching in water 4 5.0 9450 70000 113400 43400 1.62
melon
No mulching 15400 80200 184800 104600 2.30

37
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

3.4 Water harvesting and recycling through supplemental irrigation

Chittoor
Supplemental irrigation in groundnut using sprinklers resulted in higher productivity of 795
kg/ha compared to the rainfed crop with higher net returns of Rs.31870/ha at Chittoor district
of Andhra Pradesh. Rain gun technology was demonstrated in 2 ha to provide supplemental
irrigation to groundnut crop during dry spell. Farmers recorded an average pod yield of 1385
kg/ha in the demonstration. Whereas in the farmers practice it was 825 kg per ha. Higher
yield in the demonstration was due to provision of irrigation at critical stages of groundnut
crop growth (Table 14).

Raingun technology

Khammam
Supplemental irrigation in cotton at NICRA village of Khammam covering 3.2 ha area in
4 farmers fields recorded 522 kg/ha yield advantage over farmers practice with higher net
returns of Rs.19079/ha (Table 14).
Aurangabad
Water harvesting and recycling of rainwater in Bt cotton through farm ponds and irrigation
at critical stages of crop growth resulted in higher yield of 925 kg/ha with a benefit cost ratio
of 4.26 (Table 14).

3.5 Soil Quality and fertility Management

Anantapur
Tank silt application in groundnut was demonstrated in Anantapur district as a measure
to improve soil quality. In the demonstration plot applied with tank silt, highest pod yield
(615 kg/ha) was recorded, where as in farmers practice, lowest pod yield (430 kg/ha) was
recorded. Highest net returns (Rs.4265/ha) were recorded with tank silt applied plot compared

38
to farmers practice (Rs.1360/ha). This is due to increase in moisture holding capacity and
nutrient availability to plants (Table 15).

Tank silt application

Soil test based fertilizer application in groundnut was demonstrated in 6 ha area covering 15
farmers resulting in an increase in net income of Rs.3039/ha.

Sheep penning is one of the traditional methods of enhancing soil fertility. Sheep penning
in groundnut resulted in improved productivity of 105 kg/ha over no sheep penning with a
benefit cost ratio of 1.22 (Table 15).
Chittoor
Green manuring with sunhemp in 16 ha area covering 40 farmers was demonstrated as a
remedy to high weed infestation, loss of nutrients and soil due to soil erosion in mango
orchards. Sunhemp seed was supplied to all the farmers and the same was sown in the
orchards. The crop was trampled in the field itself at the time of flowering. In-situ green
manuring adds organic matter to the soil there by increased nutrient levels. The practice
resulted in higher yield of 7570 kg/ha in the demonstration compared to farmers practice
(6580 kg per ha).

Green manuring with sunhemp in mango

39
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Khammam
Green manuring in paddy with Dhaincha was practiced for the reclamation of problematic
soils in an area of 30 ha covering 50 farmers. The Nitrogen fertilizer application was reduced
by 20-25% with green manuring with an additional net income of Rs.5670/ha.

Incorporation of Green manure

Nalgonda
Soil test based nutrient application in cotton was demonstrated to avoid imbalanced use
of fertilizers by farmers in 40 farmers fields covering an area of 10 ha. By soil test based
fertilizer application the cost of fertilizer was reduced by Rs.1171/ha with an additional yield
advantage of 85 kg/ha over the farmers practice.
Ahmednagar
Bio organic slurry was prepared by adding 100 liters of water + 15 liters cow urine + 30 kg
cow dung + 1kg Azatobacter + 1kg PSB + 1kg Trichoderma + 1kg Paecelomyces and stirring
daily. The mixture was fermented for 15 days. At the time of usage 100 liters of water was
added to the mixture. Bio organic slurry was applied at a rate of 1 l /plant near root zone for
four months at an interval of one month after flower initiation. Bio organic slurry helped in
improving soil water holding capacity and organic carbon content besides improving soil
physical, chemical and biological properties. Application of bio organic slurry resulted in
improved yield of 840 kg/ha and net income of Rs.63950/ha (Table 15).

Application of bio organic slurry

40
Aurangabad
Recycling of organic matter through vermicompost preparation and its application for
improving soil fertility was demonstrated in an area of 4 ha covering 10 farmers with 26%
increase in net income with a benefit cost ratio of 3.33 (Table 15).
Jalna
Organic mulching in sweet orange with pearl millet, wheat straw and sorghum stalks to
minimize evaporation and to develop micro climate favourable for increased production
of fruits was demonstrated in NICRA village. Thus fruit production obtained was about
15700 kg/ha in demonstration against 12800 kg in farmers practice. Higher net income of
Rs.39540/ha was obtained with a higher B:C Ratio of 7.32 (Table 15).

Vermicompost preparation in mobile vermin bed at Aurangabad

Table 13: Enhanced water use efficiency through micro irrigation systems in NICRA villages

No.of Cost of Gross Net

Area Yield BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Amravati Drip Irrigation in 20 20 1950 51500 93600 42100 1.81
cotton
Rainfed cotton 4200 70780 210000 139220 2.96
Jalna Conventional 05 2 1050 29125 45150 16025 1.55
irrigation
Fertigation in 3410 51625 146630 95005 2.84
redgram
Ratnagiri Flood irrigation 01 2 805 60500 112700 52200 0.86
drip irrigation in 1510 95000 211400 116400 1.23
cashew

41
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 14: Enhanced performance of crops provided with supplemental irrigation using harvested water

No. of Cost of Gross Net

Area Yield BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Anantapur Rainfed cultivation 7 ponds - 800 70580 47680 22900 1.92
Supplemental 1300 128360 76960 51400 3.01
irrigation through
farm pond in
groundnut
Chittoor No supplemental 15 6.0 750 29125 33750 4625 1.16
irrigation
Supplemental 1620 36495 77900 36495 1.88
irrigation in
groundnut using
sprinklers
Chittoor Rain fed farming 05 2.0 825 30220 37125 6905 1.23
Supplemental 1385 37670 62325 24655 1.65
irrigation using rain
gun in groundnut
Khammam Farmers practice 04 3.2 1880 51228 90240 39012 1.76
Supplemental 2402 57229 115320 58091 2.01
Irrigation in cotton
Khammam Tank fed 05 2.0 1880 53143 81290 28146.8 1.52
Supplemental 2402 54913 89175 34262.5 1.62
Irrigation in paddy
Khammam Tank fed 05 2.0 1880 33750 52500 18750 1.55
Supplemental 2402 34510 64000 29490 1.85
Irrigation in fodder
grass
Aurangabad Without 07 2.8 1825 35489 105850 70361 2.98
supplemental
irrigation
Supplemental 2750 37456 159500 122044 4.26
irrigation through
farmpond water in
Bt cotton
Amravati Without 20 20 1950 51500 93600 42100 1.81
supplemental
irrigation
Supplemental 4200 70780 210000 139220 2.96
irrigation to cotton

42
Table 15: Soil quality and fertility management in different NICRA centers

No. of Cost of Gross Net

Area Yield BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Anantapur No STBF 15 6 430 27000 25880 1120 1.04
application
STBF application 445 30934 26775 4159 1.18
in groundnut
Anantapur Without green 5 1 6667 52381 114291 61791 2.20
manuring
Green manuring 7228 52500 123806 71306 2.40
with dhaincha
Anantapur Sheep penning in 5 10 425 26498 25629 869 1.03
groundnut
No Sheep Penning 530 37840 32050 5790 1.22
Anantapur No tank silt 4 4 430 24760 26120 1360 1.05
application in
groundnut
Tank silt 615 32260 36525 4265 1.13
application
Chittoor Without green 40 16 6580 24375 210560 186185 5.04
manuring
Green manuring in 7570 36875 242240 205365 5.57
mango
Khammam Without green 50 30 6250 51210 90625 39415 1.76
manuring
Green manuring 6299 48337 91336 42999 1.88
with dhaincha
Nalgonda No STBF 40 10 2535 51493 131820 80309 2.55
STFA in 2620 50322 136305 85982 2.70
groundnut
Nalgonda Tank silt 10 4 2828 74012 143531 69518 1.93
application
No tank silt 2582 50962 131165 80203 2.57
application
Ahmednagr Without bio 50 20 14080 456542 972692 516150 2.13
organic slurry
Use of bio organic 14920 449692 1029792 580100 2.29
slurry

43
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

4. Crop Production
4.1 Climate Resilient crop cultivars
Flood tolerant varieties
Srikakulam
Paddy crop in some low lying areas of the district is often subject to floods resulting in
inundation and submergence of the crop at different growth stages. Farmers are leaving
the land fallow without raising any crop in high inundation areas. In order to mitigate the
situation, flood tolerant varieties were tested for their suitability since 2012-13.

Table 16: Performance of flood tolerant varieties in NICRA village

Gross Net
Comparison of Yield Benefit
Crop Variety returns returns
Treatments (kg/ha) cost ratio
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Improved Practice Paddy RGL-2537 5806 77857 40103 2.06
Paddy PLA-1100 6095 81734 43984 2.17
Paddy MTU-1061 6158 82583 44833 2.19
Paddy MTU-1064 6058 81237 43488 2.15
Farmers practice Paddy MTU-1001 5297 71032 33282 1.88
Paddy MTU-1075 6950 93205 55455 2.47
Paddy MTU-7029 6153 82511 44761 2.19

The performance of flood tolerant varieties RGL-2537 (58.06q/ha), PLA-1100 (60.95q/ha),

MTU-1061 (61.58q/ha) and MTU-1064 (60.58q/ha) is on par with non-tolerant varieties
viz., MTU-1001 (52.97q/ha), MTU-7029 (61.53q/ha) except for MTU-1075 (69.50q/ha),
due to non occurrence of floods during the crop season (Table 16).

Table 17: Up scaling of flood tolerant paddy varieties in NICRA village

S.No. Variety Area (ha) No. of farmers

1 RGL-2537 33.2 52
2 PLA-1100 0.4 1
3 MTU-1061 12.6 11
4 MTU-1064 3.2 3
Total 49.4 67

44
Table 18: Up scaling of flood tolerant paddy varieties in surrounding villages

S.No. Name of the village Area (ha) No. of farmers

1 Kondavalasa 5.4 1
2 Gedda kancharam 2 4
3 Singivalasa 0.8 1
4 Chintalapeta 1.2 1
5 Navanambadu 0.8 1
6 Honjaram 0.4 1
7 Batteru 2 1
8 Gedelavanipeta 1.2 3
9 Borrampeta 1.2 3
10 Ragolu 0.2 1
11 Avatarabad 0.8 2
12 Bituwada 0.4 1
13 Ramayyaputtuga 0.2 1
14 Marripadu 0.2 1
15 Gollapeta 0.6 1
Total 17.4 23

Table 19: Seed supplied through department of agriculture covering 2877 ha area

Name of Seed in (Q) Extent (ha) of Area(ha) before Increase in

S.No.
the variety 2016-17 spread 2016-17 NICRA 2011-12 area (ha)

1 MTU-1061 971 1294 22 1272

2 RGL-2537 650 866 475 391

3 MTU-1064 538 717 0 717

Total 2065 2877 552 2325

West Godavari
Flood tolerant verities MTU-1061 and MTU-1064 recorded higher yield of 941 and 1316 kg/
ha respectively over the farmers variety MTU-7029 with additional net returns of Rs.25550/
ha and Rs. 21127/ha respectively (Table 16).
45
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 20: Performance of flood tolerant varieties during 2016-17

Yield Cost of cultivation Gross income Net income B:C

Treatments
(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
MTU-7029 5247 45357 66857 21500 1.47
MTU-1061 6563 43950 91000 47050 1.93
MTU-1064 6188 41458 84150 42692 1.97

Upscaling of Technology
In 2011 MTU-7029 is the major variety covering 95% of the acreage. However with
consistent efforts from NICRA, the area occupied by flood tolerant varieties increased to
considerable level replacing MTU-7029 (Swarna). In the entire West Godavari district area
under MTU-7029 came down by 24%.
Drought tolerant varieties
Anantapur
Climate resilient varieties of groundnut (Dharani), Foxtail millet (SIA-3085) and paddy
(Sheetal) were demonstrated in the NICRA village. Resilient variety Dharani of groundnut
recorded 47 kg/ha higher yield compared to traditional K-6 variety. SIA-3085 of foxtail
millet gave Rs.1618/ha of net returns over farmers variety Krishnadevaraya. Cold, blast and
BPH tolerant variety of paddy, Sheetal recorded additional yield advantage of 778 kg/ha
with higher net income of Rs.15502 over farmers variety (MTU-1010) (Table 21).
Kurnool
Climate resilient varieties of pulses LRG-41 (Pigeonpea), NBeG-3 (Chickpea) were
demonstrated in 34.8, 12 ha area covering 87, 30 farmers’ fields respectively. The varieties
LRG-41 and NBeG-3 recorded 101, 192 kg/ha additional yields over the traditional varieties
(PRG-176, JG-11) with B:C ratios of 2.37 and 3.05 respectively (Table 21).

NBeG-3 (Chickpea)
46
West Godavari
Short duration varieties of paddy MTU-1121 and MTU-1156 were demonstrated in 15 ha
area covering 18 farmers. MTU-1121 was high yielder (9750 kg/ha) followed by MTU-1156
(9562 kg/ha) compared to the farmers practice i.e., MTU-1010 (8437). Higher net returns
were also obtained with MTU-1121 (Rs.75952/ha) (Table 21).
Nalgonda
Improved varieties of pulses, PRG-176 and WGG-42 of pigeonpea and greengram were
demonstrated as resilient varieties to drought in the NICRA village. The variety PRG-176
recoded 1501 kg/ha yield with a net income of Rs.48476/ha covering an area of 17.6 ha
in 44 farmers fields. WGG-42 recorded 17.85% higher yield over the traditional variety
MGG-295.
Ahmednagar
Sorghum varieties, Phule Suchitra and Phule Anuradha were introduced in NICRA village
based on soil type. Farmers have been using Maldandi variety in all types of soil. This
variety did not give good grain and fodder yield in light soils. Phule suchitra gave 24.74%
higher yield than conventional variety Maldandi in medium soil, while in light soil Phule
anuradha recorded 320 per cent higher yield than variety Maldandi (Table 21).

Phule suchitra (Sorghum)

Aurangabad
Improved BDN-711 variety of pigeonpea recorded 36% higher yield over farmers practice
compared to traditional variety Khadka (1260 kg/ha) with a benefit cost ratio of 4.20.
Soybean variety JS-335 yielded 35.75% higher yield and 77.39% net returns over traditional
varity MAUS-71. High yielding variety utkarsha of greengram obtained higher net returns
of Rs.7759/ha over conventional variety kopargao. JAKI-9218 variety of bengal gram was
demonstrated as a drought resilient variety with 18% increase in yield over farmer’s practice
with a benefit cost ratio of 2.78 (Table 21).
47
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Utkarsha (Green gram)

Jalna
Variety Digvijay of Bengal gram recorded an yield advantage of 30.82% over conventional
variety Vijay. Drought tolerant variety BDN-711 of pigeonpea covering 8 ha in 20 farmers
fields gave higher yield (792 kg/ha) and net returns (29556/ha) over the conventional variety
Khadki (Table 21).
Nandurbar
GM-6 variety of maize was evaluated for drought tolerance over the conventional variety. The
drought tolerant variety GM-6 recorded higher yield (262 kg/ha) and net income (2375/ha)
with a BC ratio of 2.31. Desi cotton Ambika recorded higher yield and economic advantage
of 192 kg/ha and 16256/ha respectively with a benefit cost ratio of 4.66 (Table 21).

Table 21: Performance of crop cultivars for adaptation to climate variability

No. of Cost of Gross Net
Area Yield BC
KVK Crop Intervention demons- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
trations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Anantapur Groundnut Farmers practice 05 5.0 478 32308 28534 3774 1.15
(K-6)
Dharani 525 37894 31327 6567 1.26
Anantapur Foxtail local variety 05 5.0 350 11064 9432 1632 1.21
millet (Krishnadevaraya)
Improved practice 410 14300 11050 3250 1.41
(SIA-3085)
Anantapur Paddy MTU-1010 03 0.5 3885 62000 90494 28494 1.46
Sheetal (cold tolerant 4663 64220 108416 43996 1.68
variety)
Chittoor Groundnut Kadiri-6 07 3.2 2380 65625 130900 65275 1.99
Dharani 2650 68825 144375 75550 2.09

48
 No. of Cost of Gross Net
Area Yield BC
KVK Crop Intervention demons- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
trations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Kurnool Pigeonpea Farmers variety 87 35 995 24697 49766 25068 2.02
(LRG-41)
Improved variety 1096 23324 54817 31493 2.37
(PRG-176)
Kurnool Chickpea Conventional variety 30 12 1134 29500 79380 49880 2.69
(JG-11)
Improved Variety 1326 30750 92828 62078 3.05
(NBeG-3)
Srikakulam Greengram Conventional variety 10 4 777 72140 40970 31170 4.18
(ML-267)
Improved Variety 549 51828 30564 21264 3.29
(LGG-460)
West Paddy MTU 1010 15 18 8437 46286 103528 57242 2.24
Godavari
MTU 1156 9562 44650 115419 70769 2.58
(short duration)
MTU 1121 9750 43680 119632 75952 2.74
(short duration)
Khammam Paddy Farmers variety 30 12 5692 57660 82534 24874 1.43
(BPT-5204)
WGL-44 (Siddi) 6476 53620 93902 40282 1.75
Nalgonda Pigeonpea LRG-41 44 17.6 12 25721 59612 33891 2.31
PRG-176 15.01 24635 73112 48476 2.96
Nalgonda Greengram MGG-295 50 20 700 13750 30100 16350 2.20
WGG-42 825 12500 35475 22975 2.80
Ahmednagar Rabi Maldandi 15 6 1212 23160 54345 31185 2.35
sorghum
Suchitra 1512 23230 60737 37507 3.00
Ahmednagar Rabi Maldandi 15 6 125 18398 12155 -6243 0.66
sorghum
Phule Anuradha 575 19350 23225 3875 1.19
Amravati Wheat Lok-1 05 2 1750 16875 29750 12875 1.76
PDKV-Washim 2250 16875 38250 21375 2.27
Aurangabad Pigeonpea Conventional variety 20 8 1260 23140 63630 40490 2.75
Khadka
Improved variety 1983 23855 100142 76287 4.2
(BDN-711)
Aurangabad Soybean Conventional variety 30 12 1950 28165 48555 20390 1.72
JS -335
Improved variety 2647 29740 65910 36170 2.27
MAUS- 71

49
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

No. of Cost of Gross Net

Area Yield BC
KVK Crop Intervention demons- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
trations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Aurangabad Greengram Traditional variety 20 8 566 16926 29120.7 12194.7 1.72
(Kopargao)
Improved variety 725 17348 37301.25 19953.25 2.15
(Utkarsha)
Aurangabad Bengalgram Traditional variety 20 8 1164 25976 64020 38044 2.46
vijay
Improved Variety 1395 27624 76725 49101 2.78
(JAKI-9218)
Aurangabad Rabi Traditional Variety 30 12 219 13813 35382 21569 2.56
sorghum Dagdi
Parbhani moti 370 15250 61540 46290 4.04
Aurangabad Wheat Traditional Variety 20 8 1766 28170 30022 1852 1.07
Lok-1
NIAW-1415 (Wheat) 2112 29860 35904 6044 1.2
Jalna Bengalgram Conventional variety 10 4 1090 18760 47250 28490 2.51
Vijay
Improved variety 1426 21840 69075 47235 3.16
Digvijay
Jalna Wheat Conventional variety 15 5 2062 24500 33000 8500 1.34
Lok-1
Improved variety 2625 23700 42000 18300 1.77
Netravati
Jalna Pigeonpea Khadki 20 8 1050 29135 45150 16025 1.55
BDN-711 1842 33625 79206 45581 2.35
Jalna Soybean JS-335 10 4 1375 26925 39937 13012 1.48
MAUS-71 1585 27755 45502.5 17750.5 1.63
Nandurbar Greengram Non descriptive 10 4 430 12850 20640 7790 1.6
variety
IPM-02-03 545 13500 26705 13205 1.97
Nandurbar Maize Non descriptive 10 4 1588 12500 27375 14875 2.19
variety
GM-6 1850 13200 30450 17250 2.31
Nandurbar Cotton Non descriptive 10 4 988 16100 57304 41204 3.56
variety
Ambika 1180 15700 73160 57460 4.66
(Desi variety)

50
Table 22: Performance of climate resilient cropping systems
No. of Cost of Gross Net
Area Yield BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (kg/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Chittoor Sole Ground nut 05 02 725 29300 32625 3325 1.13

Ground nut + Field Bean 655+1288 44538 63595 19058 1.43

Kurnool Sole foxtail millet 69 25 93 14070 19860 5790 1.40
Foxtail millet+pigeonpea 919+394 15228 38080 22852 2.50
Srikakulam Cotton 10 04 1667 46500 73326 26826 1.58
Cotton+ pigeonpea 1228+120 41000 69671 28671 1.66
Khammam Sole cotton 5 10 1995 61842 95760 33918 1.54
Cotton+pigeonpea 1956+286 64993 113469 48476 1.66
Nalgonda Sole cotton 22 8.8 27.26 52373 139963 87590 2.67
Cotton + pigeonpea 26.60+5.70 56345 164355 108010 2.9
Sole Pigeon pea 7 2.8 10.07 18145 50375 32230 2.77
Pigeon pea + Setaria 8.52+7.75 19630 69327 49697 3.53
Aurangabad Sole cotton 30 12 2000 36400 110000 73600 3
Cotton+ greengram 1749+6.25 37430 126195 88765 3.37
Cotton + blackgram 1684+4.90 37430 128880 91450 3.44
Aurangabad Sole crop soybean 10 04 2647 29740 65910 36170 2.27
Soybean + pigeon pea 1875+780 30615 86078 55463 2.81
Aurangabad Sole rabi sorghum 10 04 316 15250 50328 35078 3.3
Rabi sorghum + safflower 224+418 15614 63134 47520 4.04
Aurangabad Sole pigeonpea 10 04 1458 12790 21433 8643 1.68
Pigeonpea + pearl millet 2375 14628 34913 20285 2.39

4.2 Climate Resilient intercropping systems

Chittoor
Groundnut is taken up as sole crop under rainfed conditions in NICRA village. Due to
erratic rainfall farmers are getting low yields resulting in poor net returns. To overcome
this problem KVK introduced field bean as intercrop in groundnut. For every 10 rows of
groundnut one row of field bean was grown as intercrop. Main objective of introducing field
bean is to provide additional returns to farmers in case groundnut crop fails due to vagaries
of monsoon. Sole groundnut crop recoded an average yield of 725 kg per ha with net returns
of Rs.3325/- per ha. In case of inter cropping, groundnut recorded an average yield of 655 kg
per ha and yield of filed bean was 1288 kg/ ha. Additional net returns achieved by the farmers
due to intercropping system was Rs.15733/ha. Hence it is suggested to go for intercropping
system under rain fed situation instead of sole groundnut (Table 22).
51
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Groundnut+field bean
Kurnool
Adverse weather conditions like delayed onset of rains and prolonged dry spells during
the crop period are very common in rainfed situation of this district. Such situation results
in economic losses to the farmers due to partial or total failure of the sole crops. In order
to utilize the bi-model distribution of rainfall and also to insure against crop failure due to
drought, millet based inter cropping systems were demonstrated.

Pigeonpea+ foxtail millet (1:5)

Pigeonpea+foxtail millet (1:5) inter cropping system was demonstrated in comparision

with sole crop of Redgram and foxtail millet in order to increase the cropping intensity
and net returns of the farmers. Results of intercropping of pigeonpea+foxtail millet in the
demonstration plots indicated that net income was higher (Rs.22852/ha) than sole foxtail
millet. The results on cropping system oriented demonstrations for drought mitigation
clearly indicate that inter cropping system is economically advantageous than sole crops
under rainfed situations. In the long run the fertility and microbial activity of the soil also
increase with addition of biomass of pigeonpea (Table 22).

52
Srikakulam
Cotton is cultivated under ID situations and is frequently prone to drought or heavy rains
during the crop season leading to heavy crop loss. Therefore, an intercrop suited for the
situation (red gram) is introduced so that an alternative crop is available to the farmer without
loss. By raising redgram as intercrop, a net income of Rs.28670/ha was recorded instead of
raising cotton as sole crop (Rs.26826/ha) (Table 22).
Khammam
The NICRA village received heavy rainfall during the months of September and October
when the cotton crop was at flowering and boll bursting stage and as a result cotton crop
was damaged heavily. Cotton and pigeonpea intercropping system in 6:1 ratio was taken up
in NICRA village of khammam for obtaining additional benefit compared to sole cotton. An
enhanced net income of Rs.14558/ha was obtained in intercropping system compared to sole
crop (Table 22).
Nalgonda
To minimize the risk of low productivity and income from crops due to erratic rainfall, cotton
+ redgram intercropping was taken up in 12.4 ha area covering 22 Farmers in NICRA village
of Nalgonda district. Supplemental irrigation through farm pond resulted in additional net
income of Rs.20420/ha (Table 22).
Aurangabad
Cotton + blackgram and cotton + greengram intercropping systems were demonstrated in
the NICRA village against sole cotton. Higher net incomes of Rs.15165/ha and Rs. 17850/
ha were obtained through the intercropping systems than sole cotton with benefit cost ratios
of 3.37 and 3.44 respectively. Similarly soybean+pigeonpea (4:2) inter cropping system also
recorded an additional advantage of Rs.19293/ha. Rabi sorghum+safflower intercropping
system (3:3) increased the yield by 39% over farmers practice with a benefit cost ratio of
2.39. Rabi sorghum + safflower inter cropping system (6:3) was advantageous over the
farmers practice with a BC ratio of 4.04 (Table 22).

Soybean+pigeonpea (4:2)
53
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

4.3 Farm mechanization for resource conservation

Anatapur
Sowing groundnut with seed cum fertilizer drill in 24 ha area covering 59 farmers resulted
in additional yield of 72 kg/ha. Mechanized intercultivation in groundnut realized additional
yield of 55 kg/ha compared to bullock drawn guntaka (Table 23).

Sowing groundnut with seed cum fertilizer drill

Chittoor
Demonstrations on weeding using power weeder in tomato were conducted in 10 farmers
fields covering 4 ha area. An additional yield of 5400 kg/ha was obtained with higher net
income of Rs. 35870/ha in this demonstration (Table 23).

Power weeder in tomato Seed drill in jowar

54
Kurnool
Farm mechanization reduces the cost of sowing of agricultural crops and increases the
precision and covers more area in unit time. Traditional method of seeding with bullocks
involves higher cost, less coverage and less precision. Sowing with improved seed drill in
Jowar and bengalgram covering 50 acres of land resulted in higher net income of Rs.10230/
ha and reduced cost of cultivation by Rs. 686/ha in chickpea. Similarly sowing with seed
drill in sorghum resulted in additional net income of Rs.8805/ha (Table 23).

West Godavari
Mechanical transplanting of paddy resulted in higher yield advantage of 1374 kg/ha over
manual transplanting. The cost of cultivation was reduced by Rs 1650/ha with higher net
income of Rs. 26321/ha.

Mat nursery Mechanical transplanting of paddy

4.4 Resource/Water Saving Technologies

Srikakulam
Zero tillage in maize was followed to utilize residual soil moisture available in rice fallow.
Due to low yield and susceptibility to YMV and low temperatures combined with fog during
crop growth period zero tillage maize was taken up in place of blackgram which resulted
in additional yield advantage of 355 kg/ha compared to farmers practice and additional net
income of Rs.9478/ha.

Zero tillage maize

55
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

West Godavari
System of rice Intensification (SRI) was adopted to reduce the cost of cultivation and to
improve the water use efficiency. SRI in paddy resulted in 10.5% increase in yield and
64.7% increase in net income compared to traditional method of cultivation. Direct sowing
with drum seeder reduced the cost of cultivation to Rs.17216/ha in paddy with additional
yield advantage of 825 kg/ha (Table 24).

Chittoor
Direct seeding in paddy using drum seeder conserves seed, water, labour and allows the
crop to produce more tillers. It resulted in higher yield advantage (10.5%) over conventional
method of paddy production with higher net returns of Rs.19072/ha. Crop duration was also
reduced by 10 days in direct seeding method (Table 24).

Direct seeding with drum seeder

Nalgonda
Direct sowing with drum seeder was practised for resource conservation in paddy. High cost
of labour and labour shortage for transplanting are main constraints in paddy production
which leads to late planting and reduction in yield. Direct sowing requires less seed rate,
labour and is having less crop duration than manually transplanted paddy. 475 kg/ha
additional yield was obtained and Rs.5240/ha was saved through drum seeding (Table 24).

4.5 Crop diversification

Diversification with climate resilient crop options has been demonstrated in various NICRA
centers as an adaptive strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of climate vulnerability.
Anantapur
Groundnut cultivation realized very low net returns due to delayed sowing because of
delayed on set of monsoon. Crop diversification with the introduction of drought tolerant
and short duration variety of foxtail millet SIA-3085 resulted in higher net returns (Rs.4352/
ha) and BC ratio (1.55) compared to groundnut.
56
Chittoor
Tomato is the major vegetable crop grown in NICRA village of Chittoor district. There is
a high incidence of pest and diseases in tomato during rabi season resulting in lower yield.
Market glut and very low prices are also affecting the income of farmers. Crop diversification
with high valued flower crop chrysanthemum using high yielding varieties ‘Paper Yellow’
and ‘Paper white’ was demonstrated. Both the varieties performed better with an average
yield of 9850 kg/ha. Cost of cultivation is higher in case of chrysanthemum (Rs.145907/
ha) but it was compensated by additional net returns (Rs.75291/ha) obtained due to more
demand and high market price of chrysanthemum.

Kurnool
Cotton is the traditional crop grown in NICRA village of Kurnool district. Crop diversification
with foxtail millet and castor was practiced to maximize the yield and to combat harsh
weather conditions (Drought). Castor realized additional net returns of Rs.9186/ha over
cultivation of cotton.

Srikakulam
Farmers are growing blackgram and greengram in rice fallows during rabi season and getting
low yields due to low temperatures prevailing during the cropping season. Introduction of
non traditional crops like chickpea and mustard in rabi was found remunerative over pulses.
The performance of chickpea was observed to be better both in terms of yield (1900 kg/ha)
and net returns (Rs.51304/ha) over black gram with net returns of Rs.20280/ha.

Jalna
Cultivation of cotton was traditional practice in NICRA village of Jalna but farmers are
getting lower yields due to drought conditions. Sericulture was taken up instead of growing
cotton which resulted in higher net income of Rs.310000 per season with a benefit cost ratio
of 4.10.

Nandurbar
Frequent drought, heat stress and limited availability of water are the major constraints in
production of wheat at NICRA village of Nandurbar district. The soils are shallow, prone to
moderate to severe soil erosion. Crop diversification with potato and peas can be a suitable
option over cultivation of wheat. Cultivation of peas and potato was found remunerative
over wheat with net returns of Rs.142700/ha and Rs.44500/ha respectively.

57
58
Table 23: Influence of farm implements on yield and economics of crops in NICRA villages

No. of Cost of Gross

Area Yield Net returns BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns
(ha) (kg/ha) (Rs./ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)

Anantapur Farmers practice 59 23.6 391 24760 22562 -2198 0.91

Sowing of groundnut with seed 463 24760 25974 1214 1.04

cum fertilizer drill

Anantapur Bullock drawn danthi guntaka 8 3.6 348 24760 22908 -1852 0.92

Mechanized Intercultivation 403 24760 25798 1038 1.04

Chittoor Manual weeding 10 4 74100 149000 197600 48600 1.33

Weeding using power weeder 79500 127000 211470 84470 1.66

Kurnool Bullock drawn seed drill in 50 50 1261 36600 88270 51693 2.40
bengalgram

Improved seed drill 1125 37286 78750 41463 2.10

Kurnool Farmers method of seeding in 50 50 1876 17560 37520 19960 2.13

jowar

Improved seed drill 2265 16535 45300 28765 2.73

West Godavari Farmers practice 3 2.4 8938 56250 125132 68882 2.22
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Mechanical trans planting in 10312 54600 144368 95203 2.60

Paddy
 Table 24: Effect of water saving technologies on productivity and profitability of different crops

No. of Cost of Gross

Area Yield (kg/ Net returns BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns (Rs./
(ha) ha) (Rs./ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) ha)

Anatapur Manual transplanting 6 2.5 5508 64220 137896 75405 2.14

SRI cultivation of Paddy 8760 62491 202356 139865 3.24

Chittoor Direct seeding with drum seeder 5 1 6469 46350 94875 48525 1.52

Manual Transplanting in paddy 5855 56413 85866 29453 1.96

West Godavari Farmers practice 30 24 8625 52333 120750 68417 2.30

Direct sowing with Drum Seeder 9450 46667 132300 85633 2.80

Farmers practice 5 6 8438 56775 118132 61357 2.08

SRI method of paddy cultivation 10500 44500 141400 97900 3.17

Nalgonda Manual Transplanting 5 2 6550 37785 92222 54437 2.44

Direct sowing with drum Seeder 7025 32545 98899 66354 3.03

Ahmednagar Flood irrigation 10 4 315 75375 236063 160688 3.27

Irrigation based on soil moisture 317 75150 237563 162413 3.90

condition

Srikakulam Farmers practice 15 6 6995 136084 87437 48647 2.26

Zero tillage maize 7350 153000 91875 58125 2.72

59
60
Table 25: Crop diversification for sustainability in different NICRA centers

No. of Cost of Gross

Area Yield (kg/ Net returns BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns
(ha) ha) (Rs./ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Anantapur Groundnut (K-6) 22 15.0 433 24760 26323 1563 1.06
Diversification with foxtail 472 7800 12152 4352 1.55
millet
Chittoor Tomato 10 4.0 55100 65125 201000 135875 1.99
Diversification with 9850 145907 357073 211166 2.44
Chrysanthemum
Kurnool Cotton 48 19.2 693 22936 31185 8249 1.36
Foxtail millet 1078 14071 18334 4263 1.30
Castor 1124 21919 39354 17435 1.80
Srikakulam Mustard 05 1.5 5 12500 29280 16780 2.34
Blackgram 5 7000 27280 20280 3.90
Chick pea 19 15000 66304 51304 4.42
Jalna Cotton 18 7.2 2010 50000 100500 50500 2.01
Diversification with sericulture 820 100000 410000 310000 4.10
Nandurbar Wheat 10 4.0 2301 29200 42016 12816 1.43
Diversification with Potato 14680 77500 220200 142700 2.84
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Nandurbar Wheat 15 0.5 2301 29200 42016 12816 1.43

Diversification with Pea 3200 35500 80000 44500 2.25
4.5 Nutrient Management
Srikakulam
Foliar nutrition during water scarce situation in blackgram recorded an increase of 25.16%
in yield over farmers practice without nutrient treatment.

West Godavari
Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers is leading to high cost of cultivation and lower
yield in paddy. Use of Bio Fertilizers (500 ml Azospirillum + 500 ml PSB) + 75% RDF (40
kg Urea + 40 Kg DAP + 40 Kg MOP) enhanced the paddy yield by 300 kg/ha over farmers
practice (Table 26).
Nalgonda
Foliar nutrient application in Bt cotton covering 14 farmers in 5.6 ha area recorded additional
yield of 88 kg/ha and net income of Rs.4879/ha over farmers practice (Table 26).

Ahmednagar
Foliar nutrient application in crops of soybean, cotton and chickpea recorded higher yield
advantage of 15.2, 19.4 and 14.4% respectively over farmers practice with higher net returns
of Rs.6737, 7242 and 9953/ha respectively (Table 26).

4.6 Crop Protection

Chittoor
Leaf miner is a serious pest of tomato. Farmers are using pesticides indiscriminately to control
the pest leading to higher cost of cultivation. To economize the cost of plant protection in
tomato adoption of IPM practices was taken up resulting in average yield increase of 24.5%
in the demonstration over farmers practice (Table 27).

Kurnool
Management of sucking pests in Bt cotton by following IPM practices was demonstrated in
NICRA village. The crop was infested with sucking pests viz., aphids, jassids and whiteflies
due to continuous dry spells that prevailed after sowing. Stem application with imidacloprid
and monocrotophos at 20, 40 and 60 DAS and installation of yellow sticky traps @ 25/ha and
spraying of acetamiprid @ 0.5g/l with neem oil @ 0.03% (5 ml/l) checked the incidence of
whiteflies effectively in the demonstrations resulting in healthy plants compared to farmers
practice (Table 27) .

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Stem application in Bt cotton

Srikakulam
Biotic stress management in flood prone area for management of paddy sheath blight,
blast and brown plant hopper was demonstrated to reduce the yield loss because of disease
incidence during floods. The improved practice involves seed treatment, formation of
alleyways, need based chemical spray for blast, sheath blight and brown plant hopper which
resulted in additional yield advantage of paddy over no plant protection measures with very
low incidence of pests and diseases (Table 27).

Ahmednagar
Fog and dew are favourable factors for the spread of purple blotch at faster rate in onion during
rabi season. Application of azoxystrobin @ 0.5 ml/l of water along with soil application of
Trichoderma @ 5 l/ha resulted in reduced disease incidence along with additional yield of
3500 kg/ha (Table 27).

IPM in onion crop

62
 Table 26: Effect of nutrient management practices on productivity and profitability of different crops

No.of Cost of Gross

Area Yield Net returns BC
KVK Crop Intervention demon- cultivation returns
(ha) (kg/ha) (Rs./ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Srikakulam Blackgram Farmers practice 5 2.0 771 32011 57022 25011 4.57
Nutrient spray in 616 40082 71664 31582 4.72
blackgram
West Godavari Paddy Use of bio fertilizers in 5 2.0 5450 45167 69820 24653 1.54
(Kharif) paddy
Without use of 5580 42167 70560 28393 1.67
biofertilizers
Paddy (Rabi) Use of bio fertilizers in 5 2.0 8962 52200 125468 73268 2.40
paddy
Without use of 9262 49500 129668 80168 2.61
biofertilizers
Nalgonda Bt cotton Without nutrient 14 5.6 2642 51257 136949 85692 2.67
application
Foliar nutrient application 2730 50912 141483 90571 2.77
Ahmednagar Soybean Without nutrient 50 20.0 1445 25422 37570 11131 1.48
application
Foliar nutrient application 1665 26439 43290 17868 1.64
Cotton Without nutrient 30 12.0 1023 37233 48018 10785 1.29
application
Foliar nutrient application 1220 39273 57300 18027 1.46
Chickpea Without nutrient 35 14.0 1247 29683 57418 27735 1.94
application
Foliar nutrient application 1427 27944 65633 37688 2.35

63
64
Table 27: Effect of Crop protection measures on productivity and profitability of different crops

No. of Cost of
Area Yield Gross returns Net returns BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation
(ha) (kg/ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha)
Chittoor Indiscriminate use of pesticides 7 3 6000 153300 158667.0 48600.0 1.04
Integrated pest management 7400 149000 197600.0 55670.0 1.33
practices in tomato
Kurnool Indiscriminate use of pesticides 45 18 1278 42905 69873.0 26969.0 1.62
Integrated pest management 1334 39765 73346.0 33580.0 1.84
practices in cotton
Srikakulam Manual weeding 10 4 5340 39500 71664.4 32164.4 1.80
Weedicide application in paddy 5630 37750 75534.5 37784.5 2.00
Srikakulam Farmers practice 10 4 6010 36500 80532.4 44032.4 2.21
Integrated disease management in 6280 37750 84268.4 46518.4 2.23
paddy
Srikakulam Farmers practice 10 4 5660 36500 75857.7 39357.7 2.14
Management of BPH in flood 6080 37750 81591.8 43841.8 2.16
prone paddy
Srikakulam Spraying of chemical 10 4 1670 40000 68068.0 28068.0 1.70
Stem application in cotton 2200 46500 94512.0 48012.0 2.03
Ahmednagar Chemical control 85 34 14470 462458 1151812 689354 2.49
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Integrated disease management 16810 462980 1338076 875096 2.89

Ahmednagar Chemical control 20 8 28000 86515 209155 122643 2.42
Integrated disease management in 31500 85123 236625 151503 2.78
onion
 No. of Cost of
Area Yield Gross returns Net returns BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation
(ha) (kg/ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha)
Srikakulam Chemical control 10 4 1935 134945 89010 45935 2.07

Integrated crop management in 2275 167425 104650 62775 2.50

groundnut

Srikakulam Farmers Practice 10 4 575 42500 28750 13750 1.92

Integrated crop management in 725 57500 36250 21250 2.42

sesamum

Ahmednagar Improper use of fungicides and 20 8 28000 86515 209155 122643 2.42
insecticides for bacterial blight of
pomegranate

Use of bio-pesticides + chemical 31500 85123 236625 151503 2.78

pesticide + timely management
practices

Amravati Chemical control 10 4 1650 39500 75650 36150 1.91

Integrated pest management 2800 58400 134400 76000 2.30

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

5. Livestock and Fisheries

5.1 Performance of improved fodder varieties

Nalgonda
Improved fodder variety APBN-1 was demonstrated in 4 farmers fields against farmers
variety MP chari. APBN-1 gave a higher yield of 195 t/ha with a benefit cost ration of 7.52
over the farmers practice (Table 28).
Ahmednagar
Cultivation of fodder sorghum variety Phule Govardhan in 19 farmers fields covering an area
of 7.6 ha recorded higher yield of 15.3 t/ha and higher net income of Rs. 21859/ha over the
farmers practice. High yielding fodder sorghum sugargraze recorded higher yield of 46.8 t/
ha over the conventional fodder sorghum (30.8) with a benefit cost ration of 4.74 (Table 28).
Amravati
Fodder varieties MP chari, Yeshwant grass and African tall (fodder maize) were demonstrated
at NICRA village of Amravati district in Maharashtra in 4 ha area covering 10 farmers fields.
African Tall variety of maize recorded highest fodder yield of 29 t/ha whereas Yeshwant
grass and MP chari recorded yields of 23, 19 t/ha respectively. African tall recorded higher
net income of Rs. 5500 and Rs.10150/ha compared to Yeshwant grass and MP chari fodders
respectively (Table 28).
Jalna
African tall variety of maize was found to be superior yielder over conventional fodder in
NICRA village of Jalna with benefit cost ratio of 2.44 (Table 28).

Phule Govardhan (Fodder sorghum) African Tall (Fodder Maize)

66
Table 28: Performance of improved fodder varieties at different NICRA centers

No. of Cost of Gross Net

Area Yield BC
KVK Intervention demon- cultivation returns returns
(ha) (t/ha) ratio
strations (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Nalgonda Local variety 4 1.6 62.0 42241 187000 144759 4.42
fodder
(MP Chari)
Improved variety 195.0 77200 585000 507800 7.52
(APBN-1)
Ahmednagar Conventional 19 7.6 32.9 13634 49493 35707 3.64
fodder sorghum
fodder sorghum- 48.2 14710 72275 57566 4.94
Phule govardhan
Ahmednagar Conventional 20 8.0 30.8 12748 46420 33470 3.68
fodder sorghum
New HYV 46.8 14940 70125 55185 4.74
fodder sorghum
sugargraze
Amravati MP Chari 10 4.0 19.0 5600 16700 11100 2.98
farmers variety
Yeshwant 23.0 6750 22500 15750 3.33
Maize 29.0 7500 28750 21250 3.83
(African Tall)
Jalna Local variety 20 2.0 33.0 4210 8250 4040 1.95
fodder
Improved variety 42.0 4300 10500 6200 2.44
Afican Tall

5.2 Green Fodder Preservation through silage making

Ahmednagar
Green fodder scarcity has been observed every year mainly during summer and farmers are
purchasing green fodder at higher cost leading to increased cost of milk production. Silage
making is a process of preserving green fodder by making it into small pieces with the help
of chaff cutter and storing in air tight condition in plastic bags for easy transportation and
handling. Fodder sorghum, maize, hybrid napier grasses, sugarcane tops are used for silage
making. Silage can be stored well for 8 to 10 month and can be used during scarcity period.
Silage making saves cost of labour required for fodder cutting and transporting. Farmers of
NICRA village prepared silage whenever green fodder is available to them (Table 29).

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 29: Effect of silage making in NICRA village of Ahmednagar (Maharashtra)

Gross Gross Net

Green Milk
Treatments Fat Cost in Return Returns
fodder cost production BCR
% Rs./2 in Rs./2 Rs./2
(Rs./kg) (l/day/animal)
months months months

Purchasing green 3.73 12.20 3.50 9858 15950 6091 1.63

fodder

Silage making 2.85 12.46 3.62 9607 16191 6584 1.70

5.3 Introduction of superior breeds of small ruminants

Khammam
Superior breeding lambs were introduced to reduce the mortality and morbidity loses due to
biotic stress and to produce healthy lambs for additional income generation (Table 30 & 31).

Table 30: Production of genetically superior breeding lambs

Type of animal No of animals Additional Gross returns Net returns BC

introduced introduced returns/year (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) Ratio

Local breed - 12800 44000 31200 3.43

Superior breeding ram 02 14530 64000 49470 4.40

Table 31: Performance of lambs produced due to release of elite breeding rams.

No. of lambs No. of sheep Income generated

Year
produced/ year sold /year from selling of sheep (Rs.)

2013-14 22 19 47450

2014-15 31 28 53450

2015-16 35 30 58500

Total 88 77 159400

68
Srikakulam
Local breeds were raised by the shepherds, there by realizing less remuneration out of their
hard ship. In order to make their efforts more profitable, replacement of local rams with
genetically superior breeding rams was done so that the breed fits to the existing climatic
conditions. Each shepherd was supplemented with one breeding ram. An increase of 18.7,
4.4 and 28.4 per cent in height, length and weight, respectively, over local lambs at 30 days
after birth and 19.6, 5.4, 30.4 per cent at 60 days after birth was observed, there by realizing
better price by the farmers (Table 32).

Table 32: Performance of lambs produced by superior breeding rams

Local lambs Lambs produced from breeding rams

Age of the lamb
Height Length Weight Height Length Weight
(cm) (cm) (kg) (cm) (cm) (kg)

30 days 36.4 40.6 8.8 43.2 42.4 11.3

60 days 42.8 51.8 11.2 51.2 54.6 14.6

% increase at 30 days over local lambs 18.7 4.4 28.4

% increase at 60 days over local lambs 19.6 5.4 30.4

5.4 Feed enrichment techniques

Supplementation of mineral mixture/ mineral blocks to milch animals
Kurnool
Protein and energy are the major factors influencing milk yield in milch animals.
Supplementation of protein and energy along with minerals through urea molasses mineral
blocks is very effective and economical practice in low and medium production animals.
The demonstration was conducted selecting 10 milch buffaloes. Farmers practice of
feeding included feeding of dry fodder and rice bran whereas improved practice involved
feeding of mineral mixture (150 g/animal/day) along with farmers method of feeding. The
animals were allowed to lick the block twice daily for 30 minutes at the time of milking.
Feed supplementation with mineral mixture resulted in additional net income of Rs.2650/6
months per animal (Table 33).

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 33: Influence of urea molasses/mineral mixture on productivity of live stock at KVK Kurnool

Average milk Total milk yield Cost of Gross Net returns

Treatments yield/animal per animal feeding Returns (Rs./animal)/
(l/day) (l/60days) (Rs./animal) (Rs./animal) 60 days

Farmers practice 3.47 208.2 1395 6770 5375

FPF+ urea molasses 4.01 240.6 1965 9990 8025

Khammam
Feeding livestock with mineral mixture along with farmers practice of feeding resulted in
higher milk production (540 l/60 days) with higher net income of Rs.10220 compared to the
farmers practice in NICRA village of Khammam (Table 34).

Table 34: Influence of mineral mixture on productivity of live stock at Khammam

Average milk Total milk Cost of Gross Net

Treatments yield/animal yield /animal feeding Returns Returns
(l/day) (l/60days) (Rs./animal) (Rs./animal) (Rs./animal)

Farmers practice 06 360 2300 21600 19300

FPF+Mineral mixture 08 540 2880 32400 29520

Ahmednagar
In NICRA village of Ahmednagar, farmers are using green, dry fodders and concentrate feed
to the animals which does not contain minerals. Feeding of mineral mixture @ 50 gm/day/
cow resulted in increased milk production (Table 34).
Table 34: Influence of Urea molasses/mineral mixture on productivity of live stock at Ahmednagar

Milk Gross return Net return

Fat
Treatments production (Rs./animal/60 (Rs./animal/60 B:C
%
(l/day/cow) days) days)

Without mineral mixture 13.72 3.57 18527 6410 1.53

Use of mineral mixture @ 14.53 3.68 19826 7259 1.58

50 g/cow/day

70
Jalna
Feed enrichment with mineral mixture was demonstrated in NICRA village of Jalna,
Maharashtra. Supplementation of minerals through mineral mixture resulted in higher
growth rate and low mortality rate in lambs resulting in higher net income of Rs.3850/animal
(Table 35).

Table 35: Influence of mineral mixture on growth of small ruminants (lambs) at KVK Jalna

Total Average Cost of Gross Net

Mortality
Treatments milk feeding Feeding Returns Returns
(%)
(l/60days) (Rs./animal) (Rs./animal) (Rs./animal)
Farmers practice 12 5% 60 2500 2440
FPF+ Mineral Bricks 15 3% 120 3000 2880
FPF+Mineral mixture 18 2% 150 4000 3850
• FPF-Farmers Practice of Feeding

Forty Mineral bricks were used for 10 goats and 10 cows as supplemental feed. The farmers
method of feeding involved feeding with milk, green fodder and weaning. Improved practice
involved feeding with mineral blocks along with farmers practice resulting in improved
growth, skin coat and exhibited heat earlier with additional net returns of Rs.380/animal
(Table 36).

Table 36: Influence of mineral mixture on growth of live stock

Particulars Farmers practice Mineral mixture

Initial body weight (kg) 2.25 2.55
Final body weight (kg) 8 10
Gross returns (Rs.) 1100 1200
Cost of feeding (Rs.) -- 120
Net returns (Rs.) 800 1180

Ratnagiri
Feed enrichment with azolla and mineral mixture in Pandharpuri buffalo was demonstrated
in NICRA village of Ratnagiri district. Farmers method of feeding involved feeding of dry
fodder along with concentrates. Improved practice of feeding involved feeding with azolla
(300 gm/animal/day) and mineral mixture (30 gm/animal/day) along with farmers practice
(Table 37).
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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 37: Impact of azolla and mineral mixture on productivity of livestock at Ratnagiri

Milk yield/ Milk yield/ Cost of feeding Gross Returns Net returns
Treatments animal animal (Rs./60days/ (Rs./60days/ (Rs. /60days/
(l/day) (l/60days) animal) animal) animal)
Farmers practice 6.1 366 550 18300 17750
FPF+ Azolla + 7.2 432 670 21600 20930
mineral mixture
• FPF-Farmers Practice of Feeding

Azolla Production
Demonstration of azolla production as alternative feed to milch animals was conducted at
NICRA village of Chittoor district covering 10 farmers with 10 units of azolla for providing
balanced nutrition and enhancing the milk productivity in milch animals (Table 38).

Table 38: Impact of azolla feeding on productivity of livestock at Chittoor

Fat percentage of Fat percentage

Azolla Yield Net income B:C
Treatments milk before feeding of milk after
(kg/m2) (Rs/ m2) ratio
azolla feeding azolla

Azolla production 5 6.5 8.5 960 3.0

Farmers are feeding dairy animals with fodder sorghum variety sugargraze. Feeding of azolla
along with fodder sorghum was demonstrated covering 8 farmers in the NICRA village
which resulted in improvement of fat percentage (2%) in milk.

5.5 Backyard Poultry for nutritional needs and income generation

Chittoor
Agriculture alone cannot meet the livelihood security of small and marginal farmers in
rain fed regions. There is a need to supplement the income of the farmers though income
generating activities like backyard poultry (Table 39).
Table 39: Performance of poultry birds in augmenting farm income at Chittoor

Initial Weight of No. of Total Income Income Total

Particulars weight bird (kg) after eggs/ expenditure from eggs from meat income
(g) one year year (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Local Breed 40 2.25 186 960 744 450 1196
Improved breed 50 2.75 274 1200 1096 550 1646
(Rajasri)

72
Khammam
Local poultry breeds have less growth rate, egg laying capacity and high .susceptibility to
diseases. So demonstrations on improved breed Rajasree were conducted in NICRA village
of Khammam district. Rajasri breed performed better than local breed with higher net returns
of Rs. 520/bird (Table 40).

Table 40: Performance of poultry birds in augmenting farm income at Khammam

Gross returns Net Returns /year Benefit Cost
Treatment
(Rs./ha) (Rs./bird) Ratio
Local breed 450 215/bird 1.00
Improved breed Rajasri 1479 520/bird 1.54

Nalgonda
Demonstrations on improved poultry breed Rajasri were conducted covering 40 farmers to
supplement income of small and marginal farmers. Rajasri breed was found superior to local
breed with higher growth rate and additional net income of Rs. 750/year/bird (Table 41).
Table 41: Performance of poultry birds in augmenting farm income at Nalgonda

Initial Weight of Total Income Income Total

No. of
Particulars weight bird (kg) expenditure from eggs from meat income
eggs/year
(g) after one year (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Local breed 300 2.2 54 590 270 440 710
Vanaraja 450 3.8 140 900 700 760 1460

Ahmednagar
Improved poultry breeds Srinidhi and Giriraja at NICRA village of Ahmednagar, showed
superior performance in terms of weight and egg laying capacity. These improved varieties
produced more number of eggs per year (170-175) compared to local breeds (60-70 eggs/
year) and higher weight (2-2.2 kg) over local breeds (1.25-1.50 kg).

Aurangabad
Improved poultry breed Grampriya was demonstrated as resilient poultry breed in NICRA
village of Aurangabad district. Grampriya birds produced more body weight (3.8 kg/bird)
and more number of eggs (180/bird/year) than the local breed with higher net income of Rs.
3800/bird/year (Table 42).

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Table 42: Performance of poultry birds in augmenting farm income at Aurangabad

Weight of Income Income

Initial No. of Total
bird after Expenditure from from
Breeds weight eggs/bird/ income
one year (Rs/10 birds) eggs meat
(g/bird) year (Rs.)
(kg/bird) (Rs.) (Rs.)

Local breed 23 2.85 90 1300 4800 4800 9600

Grampriya 34 3.80 180 1300 9600 3800 13400

Nandurbar
Poultry breed Satpuda performed better over the local breed with higher egg laying capacity
(119 eggs/bird/year) with additional net income of Rs. 847/bird (Table 43).

Table 43: Performance of improved poultry breed Satpuda at Nandurbar

Weight of bird No. of Total Income Income Total

Initial
Particulars after one year eggs / expenditure from eggs from meat income
wt.(g)
(kg/bird) year (Rs./bird) (Rs./bird) (Rs./bird) (Rs./bird)

Local Breed 30.04 1.32 34 360 340 397 737

Satpuda 40.36 2.04 119 400 1187 611 1799

Pune
In NICRA village, improved poultry breed Kaveri was introduced. Farmer got assured
income by selling eggs as well as meat in village and local market. It ultimately improved
livelihood of farmers by providing additional income of Rs.1003/bird (Table 44).

Table 44: Performance of poultry birds in augmenting farm income at Pune

Weight of No. of Total Income Income Total

Initial
Particulars bird eggs/ expenditure from eggs from meat income
wt.(g)
(kg/bird) year (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs)

Local breed 245 1.40 52 219 416 350 766

Kaveri breed 250 1.70 168 292 1344 425 1769

74
 Rajasri breed at Chitoor Eggs of rajashri breed

Grampriya birds at Aurangabad

5.6 Conservation of cattle

Calf Registration and healthy calf programme at Kurnool
Calf registration programme was initiated under NICRA project in Yagantipalle village of
Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh during 2011 with an objective to reduce the calf mortality
and to improve growth rate in calves. During 2016-17, 50 buffalo calves were registered
under the programme in NICRA village. The registered calves were administered monthly
de-worming and supplemented with vitamin A and B-complex and feeding with calf starter
for 5 months @ 500g/day. Health camps were organized every month along with medication
(Table 45).

Table 45: Performance of calves registered under calf registration programme

Particulars Farmers practice Demonstration Remarks

Initial body weight (kg) 28.4 26.9 The calves
exhibited heat
Final body weight (kg) 76.7 84.3
because of
Body weight gain (kg) 48.3 57.4 increased growth
rate.
% increase in body weight (%) 18.84
Mortality percentage 12% 4%

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

5.7 Shelter Management for stress tolerance at Jalna

Two low cost sheds of 500 birds capacity each were erected by 10 farmers in two groups.
(5 farmers/group). Kadaknath breed was grown in one shed and desi birds in another one.
An annual income of Rs.14920/farmer was obtained. This intervention had a marked impact
on backyard poultry production especially by small and marginal farmers and has a potential
for upscaling in the future (Table 46).

Shelter management for Kadaknadh breed

Table 46: Performance of various poultry breeds in low cost shed

Particulars Kadaknath Desi birds Total

No. of birds produced 1000 220 1220
No. of birds sold in the market 200 20 220
No. of eggs sold in the market - 350 350
No. of eggs used for hatching - 230 230
Chicks hatched - 190 190
Net Income (Rs.) 118000 31200 149200
Net Income per member (Rs.) 23600 6240 29860

5.8 Promotion of Fisheries

Srikakulam
Captive rearing of fish seed
Availability of water is essential for release of fish seed in main tank. Due to non assurance
of water availability in main tank and requirement of higher seed rates with bigger size fish
fingerlings during later period and to reduce the investment on seed cost and to increase the
rate of survival, farmers are suggested to rear the fish fry up to fingerling size in captivity.
76
Through rearing of fish fry up to fingerling size in captivity, it was observed that the cost
invested on fingerlings was reduced by Rs.0.96 on each fingerling i.e., upon release of 8830
fingerlings through captive rearing an amount of Rs 8477 was saved. When the fingerlings
are purchased from the market and released into the tank, natural mortality will occur due
to variation in the water temperature unlike in captive rearing where there will not be any
change, as they were reared in the same situation over a period of 20-30 days. Hence, it is
always advantageous to rear the fries till fingerlings in captivity (Table 47 & 48).

Table 47: Captive rearing of fish at NICRA village of Srikakulam

Cost of No. of Cost of each Cost incurred Difference in cost

Treatments rearing fingerlings fingerlings towards purchase of of investment
(Rs.) released (Rs.) fingerlings (Rs.) (Rs.)
Improved 9220 8830 Rs. 1.04/ 9220 8444
practice fingerling
Farmer 8830 Rs. 2.0/ 17660
---
Practice fingerling

Table 48: Economics of captive rearing of fish

Input Captive rearing (20days) Farmer practice

Fry stage fish No.of fingerlings 8830 No.of fingerlings 8830
15000 no’s available
released in
hapa (3x7 mt) Cost of cultivation Market price of fingerlings
for rearing up Cost of fish fry Rs. 4020 @ Rs. 2.00 per fingerling
to fingerlings i.e., 8830×2.00 → Rs. 17660.00
Feed cost for 20 days Rs. 700
Hapa charges Rs. 3000
Labour charges Rs. 1500
Total cost of Rs. 9220
cultivation
Price of fingerling 9220/8830 Price of fingerling if 17660/8830
obtained through =Rs. 1.04 purchased directly from =Rs. 2.00
captive rearing market
Difference in cost of (cost incurred towards purchase of fingerlings – cost of fish
investment fingerlings in captive rearing)
i.e., 17660 – 9220 =Rs. 8444
Hence, net saving through captive rearing in 20 days period =
Rs. 8440

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Optimization of stocking density of IMC Culture

Farmers generally stock the tanks with more of Catla, Rohu and CC/Mrigala and less of
Grass Carp (3:4:1:2) which is leading to more weed growth in the tank reflecting lesser
growth of major carps. By releasing the fish at a ratio of 3:3:1:3, the weed growth in the
tank would be reduced due to higher proportion of grass carp imparting better growth of the
same, further giving better scope for the growth of other IMCs viz., Catla, Rohu and CC/
Mrigala. An increase of 11.71% in yield was recorded over farmers practice with increased
net income of Rs.22140.00 (Table 49).

Table 49: Optimization of stocking density of IMC Culture

Seed yield Net returns Benefit

Comparison of Treatments Stock density
(kg/ha) (Rs./ha) cost ratio

Improved Practice: Stocking (3:3:1:3) Catla: Rohu: 2346 91140 1.75

of grass carp @300-400/acre in CC/Mrigala: Grass
community tanks carp

Farmers practice: Stocking of less (3:4:1:2) Catla: Rohu: 2100 69000 1.50
number of Grass carps along with CC/Mrigala: Grass
Indian major carp carp

Water quality management in fish ponds

West Godavari
Water quality management in fish ponds was taken up to avoid sudden mortality due to
changes in water quality parameters. Monitoring of water quality viz., Dissolved oxygen
(DO), ammonia content and pH in fish ponds and adoption of correction measures on need
basis resulted in 5.9% increase in yield and gave an additional income of Rs. 33520/ ha
(Table 50).

Table 50: Water quality management in fish ponds at West Godavari

Cost of Gross
Yield Net income B:C
Treatments cultivation income
(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)

Water quality managed pond 6460 336880 516800 179920 1.57

Without water quality 6100 341600 488000 146400 1.42

management

78
 6. Institutional Interventions
6.1 Custom hiring center
Indian agriculture is undergoing a gradual shift from dependence on human and animal power
to mechanical power because of increasing cost for upkeep of animals and growing scarcity
of human labour. Further, use of mechanical power has a direct bearing on the productivity of
crops apart from reducing the drudgery and facilitating timeliness of agricultural operations.
Mechanical power is largely consumed in big land holdings and is still beyond the reach of
small/marginal holdings which constitute around 80% of the total land holdings. This is due
to the fact that the small/marginal farmers, by virtue of their economic condition are unable
to own farm machinery on their own or through institutional credit. Therefore in order to
make farm machinery available within the reach of farmers with small/marginal holdings,
collective ownership or Custom Hiring Centers (CHC) need to be promoted in a big way.

CHC is basically a unit comprising a set of farm machinery, implements and equipment meant
for custom hiring by farmers. Though certain implements and equipment are crop specific,
the traction units like tractors, power tillers etc and self-propelled machinery like combined
harvesters etc., are used commonly in all crops. Therefore, an ideal model envisaged in this
project comprises of farm machinery that are commonly used for tillage operations for all
crops, multi crop equipment and a minimum of crop specific machinery.
Objectives:
● To make available various farm machinery/equipment to small and marginal farmers
● To offset the adverse economies of scale due to high cost of individual ownership
● To improve mechanization in places with low farm power availability
● To provide hiring services for various agricultural machinery/implements applied for
different operations.
● To expand mechanized activities during cropping seasons in large areas especially in
small and marginal holdings.
● To provide hiring services for various high value crop specific machines applied for
different operations.
Operationalization of Custom hiring centers in NICRA villages
For implementing climate resilient technologies and interventions proposed in various
NICRA villages in 100 vulnerable districts, suitable farm implements were made available
in the Custom Hiring Centers depending upon the need of the farmers for various farm
operations. The custom hiring centers will give farm machinery on rental basis to farmers
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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

who cannot afford to purchase high-end agricultural machinery and equipment apart from
servicing old machinery.

A committee of farmers nominated by the gram sabha manages the custom hiring centre
in each project village. The rates for hiring the machines/implements are decided by the
committee itself depending upon the socio economic condition and cropping intensity
of the village. Every farmer in the village can hire the machines from these centers. The
modalities can be decided by the committee members and amended from time to time as per
the local situation and needs. This committee also uses the revenue generated for repair and
maintenance of the implements and remaining amount goes into revolving fund. The main
objective in selecting particular farm implement in CHCs is to enable any farm operation
timely without losing a favourable window of rainfall or soil moisture available. The Village
Climate Risk Management Committee (VCRMC) decides the price of hiring of each farm
implement on consensus basis and it is displayed at the CHC. Registers are maintained
for each farm implement for recording number of hours, farmers benefitted, amount paid
towards hiring. The income generated out of CHCs goes to common account.

Progress of CHCs in NICRA centers

Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur
Groundnut is an important oilseed crop grown in NICRA village of Anantapur district.
Timeliness and precision in sowing and other operations are essential to raise the productivity
of this crop. Farmers are sowing the crop even up to the end of August due to non availability
of labour and draft power. Efforts were made to establish custom hiring centre for providing
timely services for various agricultural operations to the farmers during 2011. The machinery
required for this center was provided with financial support of the project during 2012-13.
The centre provided services in 25 ha area of groundnut and realized income of Rs.4200.
In 2013, the custom hiring centre provided hiring services to 44.8 ha area of groundnut and
earned net income of Rs.14500. During rabi, it helped to provide services on hire basis to
chilies and tomato in 10.5 ha area. The total net income realized by providing services in
NICRA village is Rs.21500. In 2014, center provided hiring services to 25 ha of groundnut
and realized service charges to an extent of Rs.3900. Thus the center generated Rs.23000
by providing services to105 ha from 2011 to 2014. During 2015-16 the centre realized a net
income of Rs.24100 covering crops over 120.4 ha in 48 farmers fields using the implements
viz., duck foot five row cultivator, sub-soiler for moisture conservation and seed drill for
ground nut, green gram, foxtail millet. During 2016-17, 59 ha area was provided with custom
hiring services benefitting 24 farmers and realized a net income of Rs.22920.
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Chittoor
Custom hiring centre was established during 2015-16. 30 farmers utilized the hiring services
covering an area of 10.4 ha. The list of equipment procured by the centre during 2015-16 is
as follows:

S.No. Item No of units

1 Sub soiler 2
2 Taiwan sprayers 3
3 Portable sprayers 3
4 Power weeders 2
5 Knapsack sprayers 10
6 Disc plough 1
7 Tarpaulins 20
8 Brush cutter 1
9 Pole pruner 2
10 Tractor mounted sprayer 2
11 Star weeders 10
12 Mango harvesters 14
13 Sprinkler system 2
14 GPS 1
15 Weather instruments 1 (Rain gauge, Cup anemometer,
Wind vane, Stevenson screen)
16 Rice mill machine 1
17 Paddy row seeders 5
18 Chain saw 1

The custom hiring center got an income of Rs.41500 and the same was utilized for
maintenance of the machinery and the center during 2016-17.

Kurnool
Custom hiring center was established in 2011 with an investment of Rs.6.25 lakh as a group
activity. The centre has of seed drills, rotavator, drum seeders, taiwan sprayer, sprinklers
with pump set and sheep de-worming gun etc. During 2012, the custom hiring center
provided hiring services for various operations in crops like pigeonpea, castor, chickpea and
sorghum. The area covered under different crops was 79.4 ha. The centre realized an income
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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

of Rs.12000 in 2011-12. About Rs.1575 was incurred towards the maintenance of tools in the
centre. The net amount realized by the centre was Rs.10425/year.

During 2013-14, the centre provided services to various farmers’ fields covering 85.4ha and
realized an income of Rs.12772. About Rs.2500 was incurred towards the maintenance of
tools. The net amount realized due to providing need based services was Rs.12272/year. The
progress of the centre was monitored by the VCRMC of the village. During 2014-15, center
provided hiring services to the crops of pigeonpea, castor, chickpea and sorghum to the
extent of 62.4 ha and realized Rs.8300 as hiring charges. During 2015-16, the centre provided
services to various farmers’ fields by providing rotavator, drum seeders, taiwan sprayer, and
sprinklers with pumpset covering 104 ha and realized an income of Rs.8400. During 2016-
17 custom hiring center earned an amount of Rs.12310 through seed drills, rotavator, drum
seeders, taiwan sprayer, sprinklers and pumpset benefitting 36 farmers covering 90 ha area.
Srikakulam
The custom hiring centre was established in NICRA village of Srikakulam district to provide
community based hiring services with agricultural implements for timely agricultural
operations during 2012-13. About 60 families became the members of the center. The
management committee was formed in the village to guide the operations of the centre on
20th November 2011. The project supported the center with an investment of 6.25 lakhs. The
committee assessed the needs of mechanization for different crops before finalizing action
plan in each year.

The center provided hiring services to the crops of paddy, cotton, vegetables in kharif, pulses,
maize and vegetables during rabi season covering 20 ha area during 2012.The center realized
a net amount of Rs.12180 during 2013. The center provided hiring services to the crops of
paddy (7.0 ha), Cotton (2.0 ha), vegetables (3.0 ha) in kharif season and pulses (3.0 ha),
vegetables (2.0 ha) and maize (0.5 ha) in rabi season. The center realized net amount of Rs
8300 during 2013. The VCRMC suggested for proper utilization of the equipments, prompt
collection of service charges and timely repairs of the equipments.

During 2014-15, the center provided need based hiring services to the crops of paddy, pulses,
groundnut and vegetables and collected rental charges of Rs.7405. Among the equipment
power sprayer was used in 150 ha and winnowing fan in 25 ha and sprinkler unit was used
in 85 ha. During 2015-16 the centre realized a net income of Rs. 1500 in 50 farmers fields.
Among the various constrains, frequent repair of power tiller, non-utilization of paddy reaper
due to advent of combined paddy harvester, use of power operated winnowing fan only in
places where power is available, lack of skill power for repairs at village level and village
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level political system. During 2016-17, custom hiring center realized an income of Rs.2000
covering 4 ha area in 10 farmers fields.
West Godavari
The custom hiring centre was established in NICRA village of Undi in West Godavari district
on 25.10.11 with an investment of Rs.482077. The centre provided hiring services in various
agricultural crops like paddy and vegetable to the extent of 31 ha in 2012. The centre realized
net income of Rs.3100 for the year 20012-13. The centre provided hiring services for paddy
covering 31 ha and earned a net profit of Rs.3000 during 2013. The centre is operated under
the guidance of village climate risk management committee. The committee meetings were
held every month to monitor the progress of the work and performance of the centre. During
2014-15, the center provided hired services to paddy (29 ha) and realized net income of
Rs3140. During 2015-16 the centre got an income of Rs.3600 covering 15.5 ha area. 18 ha
area was provided with custom hiring services in 20 farmers fields realizing a net income of
Rs.241200 during 2016-17.

Telangana
Khammam
The centre was established in Nacharam village (NICRA village) of Khammam district
during 2010-11 with an investment of Rs.55047 for providing hiring services for different
agricultural operations to the farmers. About 9 persons were engaged in running the centre.
In the process of operation, different commodity groups are formed to identify and assess the
demand of various crops and various operations, formation of schedule to be implemented
during the year. This centre is operated by VCRMC voluntarily formed in the village. The
centre procured Taiwan Sprayer (1), seed cum- fertilizer drill (1), paddy reaper (1), multi-
crop thresher (1) and 2-M.B. plough (1). It provided hiring services for 52.8 ha and realized
the amount of Rs.20041. During 2013, the centre provided hiring services for paddy, cotton,
chillies and maize covering 18.2 ha and realized an amount of Rs.3400. In 2014-15, the
center provided the equipment on rent basis in 26.0 ha area covering the crop of paddy.
During 2015-16, 25.4 ha area was provided with hiring services covering 16 farmers fields
and realized an income of Rs.6070. During 2016-17 net income of Rs.3400 was earned
through custom hiring of farm implements in 3.5 ha area covering 12 farmers.
Nalgonda
The centre was established in Nandyalagudem in Atmakur Mandal of Nalgonda district during
2011-12. About 6.71 lakh rupees were invested in establishment of the centre. The amount
taken as loan from the bank for support of the centre was Rs.44000. About 12 members were
engaged to run this centre. About 155 families are the members in the centre. During 2011-
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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

12, the centre provided hiring services for kharif groundnut, paddy, cotton, green gram and
vegetables and covered the area of 92 ha. It earned the net amount of Rs.23720 in 2011-12.
During 2013, the centre provided hiring services for 57.8 ha and realized the net amount of
Rs.26000/year. The VCRMC met five times in 2012 and one time in 2013 to suggest various
measures for improvement.

During 2014-15, custom hiring center provided services to the village farmers covering 80.0
ha and collected the amount of Rs.42000/year as service charges. The net amount realized
from this centre for the current year was Rs.31000. During 2015-16 Rs.7300 was realized
from custom hiring of farm implements in 23 farmers fields covering an area of 15.6 ha.
Custom hiring centre earned a net income of Rs.7260 benefitting 68 farmers covering an area
of 55 ha during 2016-17.
Maharashtra
Ahmednagar
The custom hiring center was established in NICRA village of Ahmednagar to provide hiring
services for agricultural operations during 2011-12. A Financial support of Rs.6.25 lakhs
was received from the project to establish the centre. The center initiated the activities of
hiring services and covered an area of 29.4 ha in 2011-12 and earned net profit of Rs.21980.
During 2012-13, the centre provided hiring charges for the crops of soybean, pearl millet,
chickpea, onion, pomegranate, lucerne, fodder maize covering 16.4 ha and realized net
income of Rs.12130. In 2013-14, the center provided hiring services for the crops of soybean
(25.8 ha), pearl millet (9.8 ha), Chickpea (20 ha), onion (42.6 ha), pomegranate (18.2 ha),
Lucerne (17.8 ha) and fodder maize (2 ha). It realized a net amount of Rs 64140 by covering
145.6 ha. During 2014-15, the center extended hiring services with various farm tools to the
crops of soybean (17.8 ha), pearl millet (12 ha), fodder sorghum (19 ha), chickpea (7 ha)
and pomegranate (3.0 ha).The center generated a net income of Rs 31740/year. The centre
generated an income of Rs.17310 in 29 farmer’s fields covering an area of 37.1 ha during
2015-16. Custom hiring centre realized a net income of Rs.15500 covering 64.7 ha area
during 2016-17.
Amravati
As a part of institutional innovations, the center established community based custom hiring
center with an investment of 9.40 lakhs with involvement of 294 family members in NICRA
village during October 2010. The space for the establishment was provided by the farming
community in the village. Two persons were engaged in running the center. During 2012, the
centre provided services for various agricultural operations to the crops of soybean, cotton

84
and chickpea. It covered a total area of 633.7 ha and realized net amount of Rs.60728. The
center helped farmers in performing timely operations for the crops of soybean, cotton and
chickpea and earned net profit of Rs. 33100 by covering 480.5 ha in 2013. In 2014-15, the
custom hiring center helped the farmers in raising cotton (256 ha), soya bean (290 ha),
chickpea (220 ha) during the year. The centre realized the amount of Rs.40750/year and
incurred an expenditure of Rs17249/year. Among various equipments, the center has more
demand for seed drills, Rotavator, BBF planter and sprinkler sets. The center earned a net
amount of Rs.17429/year. 401 ha area is covered under hiring of farm implements realizing
an income of Rs. 24430. 184 ha area was covered under custom hiring of farm implements
in 168 farmers fields realizing a net income of Rs. 35000 in NICRA village during 2016-17.
Aurangabad
The center was established to provide custom hiring services to the farmers of NICRA
village during 2012 with an investment of Rs.328845 with 7 implements. The centre has
realized an income of Rs.95000 covering an area of 52 ha in crops of cotton, soybean and
chickpea during 2014-15. During 2015-16 a net profit of Rs.58000 was obtained covering 60
ha area. Maximum number of farmers utilized sprinkler irrigation sets which not only saved
water but increased profit. During 2016-17, 73 ha of area was provided with hiring services
realizing a net income of Rs.7800 in crops of soybean, maize, cotton, chickpea, wheat and
rabi sorghum. 46 quintals of dal (pigeon pea, chickpea, green gram and black gram) was
prepared through mini dal mill unit benefiting 125 farmers from NICRA village.
Jalna
The custom hiring centre was established during 2015-16 with the following implements.
1. Tractor operated BBF planter
2. Tractor operated shredder
3. Rotavator
4. Sprinkler sets /Rain gun
5. Bullock drawn seed cum fertilizer drill (02 Nos)
6. Battery operated power sprays (02 Nos)
7. Power operated chaff cutter
8. Village level small weather station
9. GPS
The centre realized a net income of Rs. 11425 covering 30 ha area in 71 farmers fields
during the year. Custom hiring center realized a net income of Rs. 12150 by providing hiring
services to 126 farmers fields covering 70 ha area.

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Nandurbar
The center was established to provide custom hiring services to the farmers of NICRA
village with an investment of 6.24 lakhs on 20th June 2011. About 257 families in the village
are the members of the center. The center provided hiring services for different agricultural
operations covering the crops of sorghum, soybean, chickpea, wheat, maize, ground nut
and mango in 2012. It realized a net income of Rs.7000 by covering the cropped area of
110 ha. An amount of Rs.1200 was incurred towards maintenance of tools. In 2013, the
center realized an amount of Rs. 2315 as hiring charges by covering the total cropped area
of 99 ha. An amount of Rs.1630 was incurred as repairing and maintenance charges of tools.
The important crops covered during 2013 were maize, sorghum, soybean, chickpea, wheat,
garlic, groundnut, mango and vegetables. The activities of the center were monitored by
VCRMC of the village. The recommendation of the committee for improved functioning
of the centre was to place the implements at 4-5 places for easy accessibility since villages
are scattered in hilly areas. About 12 farmers purchased their own allen cultivator for their
use. Small hand tools are also purchased by the farmers. The key issues realized for the
sustainability of this center are: 1. The implements which are light in weight, have been
preferred by the farmers due to easy transportability. 2. The implements should be kept at
4-5 places for easy accessibility 3. Implements which are suitable for small bullocks are
preferred by the farmers. The CHC gave hiring services for the crops like maize, sorghum
and soya bean in kharif and chickpea, wheat and garlic in rabi and also mango, groundnut
and vegetables in summer. Thus the center covered a total area of 16 ha and earned net
profit of Rs.1070 besides earning total gross income of Rs.5480/year. During 2015-16, 33
ha of area is covered in 93 farmers field with an income of Rs.980. Custom hiring center in
NICRA village benefitted 165 farmers realizing a net income of Rs.2900.

Pune
Custom hiring center was established in NICRA village with an investment of Rs.6 lakhs
during 2011. About 115 farm families are the members in the center. The center helped in
providing hiring services for pearl-millet, onion and rabi sorghum in 64.4 ha and realized
hiring charges of Rs.10090. An amount of Rs.10900 was incurred towards repair and
maintenance charges of tools. The centre helped the farmers in providing hiring services on
36.1 ha area and realized the amount of Rs. 6960. The CHC provided hiring services in 33.4
ha covering the crops of pearlmillet, onion, rabi sorghum, chickpea and maize realizing an
amount of Rs.5130 during 2014-15. An amount of Rs.2700/year was incurred as expenditure

86
to maintain the center. During 2015-16, 59.5 ha area is covered under custom hiring of farm
implements in 114 farmers fields with a net income of Rs.7750. Net income of Rs.2900 was
earned by providing hiring services to 165 farmers.

Ratnagiri
The Custom hiring center was established as a group based activity to provide hiring
services of agricultural operations in NICRA village in 2011with the project support of Rs.
6.25lakhs. About 13 VCRMC members are engaged in running the center. The center helped
in providing hiring services for paddy over 170 ha and realized a net amount of Rs.2200 after
incurring maintenance charges of Rs. 3500 in 2012. In 2013, the center earned a net profit
of Rs.14000 by covering 172 ha. An amount of Rs. 4000 was incurred for repairing the tools
of the center. During 2014-15, CHC helped in providing hiring services on 19 ha area and
realized a income of Rs.14560. The important crops covered with hiring services were paddy
(14.0 ha), cowpea (1 ha) and cashew (5 ha).The center realized an amount of Rs.12080/year
due to custom hiring services. During 2015-16 custom hiring of implements realized an
income of Rs.10550 covering 10.1 ha area. 38.5 ha of area was provided with custom hiring
services during 2016-17 realizing a net income of Rs.9020.

Table 51: Performance of custom hiring center at different NICRA centers during 2016-17.

Area covered Revenue generated

KVK Farmers covered
(ha) through CHCs (Rs.)
Anantapur 24 58.8 22920
Chittoor 150 144.0 41500
Kurnool 36 9.0 12310
Srikakulam 10 4.0 2000
West Godavari 20 18.0 241200
Khammam 12 3.5 3400
Nalgonda 68 55.0 7260
Ahmednagar 54 64.7 15500
Amravati 168 184.2 35000
Aurangabad 31 73.0 7800
Jalna 126 70.2 12150
Nandurbar 165 99.0 2900
Pune 9 24.4 3210
Ratnagiri 13 38.5 9020
Total 886 927.3 416170

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

6.2 Seed bank

Quality seed of improved varieties is an important basic input for enhancing productivity of
any crop species. The existing mechanisms are not adequate to meet the seed requirement
of small farmers at affordable prices and at the right time which would enhance crop
productivity and household food security. The baseline studies in the project areas identified
key problems related to seed supply system. Lack of timely availability of good quality seed
of high-yielding varieties is one of the major constraints contributing to stagnant yields of
crops in the project area.

The project devised alternative seed systems, which ensure availability of quality seed of
improved varieties at local level. The concept of village seed banks was promoted and
successfully validated in the project villages. It not only ensured timely availability of quality
seed of farmer-preferred varieties at affordable prices at local level but also enhanced crop
productivity and ensured higher incomes to farmers through local seed enterprises.

Andhra Pradesh
Seed production of groundnut var K-6(120 kg), groundnut var Dharani(180 kg), foxtail
millet (20 kg), Paddy var NLR-34449, Fodder jowar (300 kg), Co-FS-29 (200 kg) was
taken up for seed bank in NICRA village of Anantapur district covering 40 farmers in 18.5
ha area. During this kharif 2016 seed production in Paddy (BPT-5204), redgram (Asha-
87119 & PRG-176) and foxtail millet (SIA-3088) and bengalgram (NBeG-3) was taken up
to establish seed bank in the NICRA village of Kurnool district. Timely availability of seed
of flood tolerant varieties of paddy is the major problem in NICRA village of Srikakulam
district. Seed of flood tolerant varieties RGL-2537(30 kg), PLA-1100 (30 kg), MTU-1061
(30 kg) and MTU-1064 (30 kg) was produced during 2016-17 for maintenance of seed bank.

Telangana
Seed of salinity tolerant variety of paddy Siddi (WGL-44) and sun hemp crops were produced
from 2014-15 to 2016-17 to maintain the seed bank in NICRA village. 31 q of paddy seed
and 27 q of sun hemp seed was produced benefiting 69 and 48 farmers respectively over
three years.

Maharashtra
276 kg of soyabean seed (MAUS-158) was produced in NICRA village of Amravati district
involving 19 farmers. Seed of drought tolerant varieties of rabi sorghum Phule Anuradha
(5 q) and Phule Vasudha (10 q) was produced to overcome the shortage of seed availability
in NICRA village of Pune.

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6.3 Fodder bank
Fodder cultivars Tanzania, Co-3 and Co-4 were cultivated in 8, 14 and 20 ha of area
respectively in NICRA village of Khammam district. 900 tones of fodder was produced
during 2016-17. 400 q of fodder was sold to the farmers during deficit period earning a net
income of Rs. 7300. 82 q of fodder was produced in NICRA village of Amravati district
covering an area of 28 ha. KVK Jalna has ensured availability of green fodder through
effective demonstrations of fodder crops like fodder maize, hybrid napier, lucern, berseem,
etc. Sufficient quantity of hybrid napier and dry kadbi is now available in NICRA village.

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

7. Capacity building of farmers and youth on

climate resilience in agriculture

There is a need to focus on skill oriented training programmes to farmers of NICRA villages
pertaining to on-farm technological demonstrations in participatory mode, so that they can
extend their cooperation in recording need based data on technologies in respect of raising
crops and livestock, NRM activities and crop production in different districts of Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra. The NICRA centers working in the state of Andhra
Pradesh organized 130 skill oriented training programmers with the active participation of
4050 participants, while the NICRA centers in the state of Telanaga, organized 21 need
based training programmes on improving the productivity of agricultural and horticultural
crops, livestock, and custom hiring centers with active involvement of 557 participants. In
Maharashtra, the NICRA centers organized 168 training programmes with the participation of
4255 farmers. Thus the Programme Coordinators in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
and Maharashtra organized 319 training programmes with the participation of 7175 farmers
and 1687 farm women. The list of training programmes organized includes: Natural resource
management, resource conservation technologies, soil productivity improvement, climate
resilient intercropping systems, contingency crop planning, crop diversification, nutrient
management, integrated pest management, soil test based fertilizer application, farm
implements, fodder and feed management, livestock management, seed banks, fodder banks
and integrated livestock Management etc (Table 52&53 ).

Table 52: State-wise Summary of capacity building activities

State No. of courses Male Female Total

Andhra Pradesh 130 3404 646 4050

Telangana 21 494 63 557

Maharashtra 168 3277 978 4255

Grand Total 319 7175 1687 8862

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Table 53: Capacity building activities

KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Anatapur Crop diversification 1 126 21 147
Crop management 5 130 22 152
Exposure Visit to ARS Rekulakunta 1 10 4 14
Exposure visit to GKVK, Bangalore 1 8 -- 8
Farm implements and machinery 1 130 22 152
Field day on redgram improved varieties 2 67 15 82
Field day on redgram zero tillage 1 59 7 66
Fodder and feed management 1 126 21 147
Live stock management 1 120 35 155
Nursery raising 1 97 28 125
Nutrient management 1 103 20 123
Pest and disease management 4 69 7 76
Resource conservation technologies 4 120 35 155
Veterinary training on animal feeding & 1 48 6 54
Backyard poultry
Veterinary training on milch animals 2 84 12 96
Weed control 1 102 29 131
World Soil day 1 97 28 125
World Water day 1 67 11 78
Chittoor Azolla production 1 11 8 19
Fodder and feed management 2 48 28 76
Importance of critical irrigation stages and 1 20 8 28
life saving irrigation in groundnut
Importance of kitchen gardening for farm 1 6 18 24
women
Importance of medicinal plants in daily life 1 20 7 27
Improved production technology of tomato 1 8 4 12
Integrated crop management 1 22 3 25
Integrated nutrient management 1 35 10 45
Irrigation water management – Sprinkler and 1 20 2 22
rain gun method of irrigation
Live stock management 1 30 5 35

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Natural resource management 1 30 5 35
Pest and disease management 1 25 5 30
Pest and disease management in 3 54 12 66
Chrysanthemum
Pest and disease management in tomato 1 9 8 17
Post harvest management in mango 1 17 6 23
Production technology of chrysanthemum 1 11 7 18
Resource conservation technologies 1 38 7 45
Soil fertility management in mango 1 20 4 24
Training programme on ‘Control of 1 22 4 26
Parthenium weed’
Weed management in field and hort. crops 1 22 9 31
Kurnool Crop diversification 5 92 20 112
Crop management 6 180 26 206
Drought management 2 74 10 84
Farm implements & machinery 1 26 0 26
Fodder& feed management 1 18 4 22
Livestock 7 135 40 175
Resource conservation technology 8 124 13 137
Nursery raising 1 32 4 36
Pest & Disease management 3 62 22 84
Pomegranate cultivation 1 30 4 34
Srikakulam Captive rearing of fish seed to reduce the 1 25 0 25
mortality and cost of cultivation
Importance of flood tolerant paddy varieties 1 20 0 20
in flood prone area
Management practices of paddy and cotton 1 45 8 53
Nursery management in shade net 1 28 1 29
Production technologies in summer pulses 1 31 6 37
and oil seeds
Stem application in Bt cotton against sucking 1 20 5 25
pests

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KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
West Backyard poultry 2 22 22
Godavari
Bio fertilizers application in paddy 2 22 -- 22
Black headed caterpillar in coconut 2 27 -- 27
BPH and disease management in paddy 2 26 -- 26
Custom hiring center-Farm implements and 2 20 20
machinary
Direct sowing with drum seeder in Paddy 2 26 26
Disease diagnosis in prawn ponds 2 20 -- 20
Machine transplanting in paddy 2 19 19
Nursery management in mechanical trans 2 30 30
planting
Paddy nursery management 2 26 - 26
Pest and disease management in paddy 2 36 -- 36
Resource conservation technologies 2 20 20
Training on pest and disease management in 2 23 23
rabi paddy
Training programme on direct sowing & 2 20 20
machine transplanting in rabi paddy
Training programme on mechanical 2 22 22
transplanted paddy
Vermicompost making 2 26 26
Water quality management in fish ponds 2 26 -- 26
Weed control in direct sowing 2 20 20
Khammam Integrated farming system(IFS) 2 46 3 49
Farm mechanization and utilization of 2 41 6 47
custom hiring center
Fish rearing and disease management in 2 45 5 50
ponds
Soil and water conservation techniques 2 47 4 51
Pest and disease management in kharif and 2 48 4 52
rabi crops.

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Nalgonda Crop diversification 1 21 6 27
Drought mitigation practices 1 28 5 33
Farm implements 1 26 2 28
Livestock management 2 59 4 63
Nutrient management 1 26 5 31
Pest and disease management 1 14 4 18
Resource conservation technology 3 75 8 83
Vermicompost 1 18 7 25
Ahmednagar Climate resilient crop management practices 1 32 0 32
in kharif crops
Fodder management in livestock 2 78 0 78
Integrated bacterial blight management in 1 42 0 42
pomegranate
Silage making 1 45 0 45
Use of evaporation retardant in farm ponds 1 48 0 48
Amravati Crop Management 5 154 41 195
Employment generation 2 32 15 47
Farm implements and machineries 5 78 23 101
Fodder and Feed management 3 142 15 157
Live stock management 4 98 15 113
Natural resource management 3 56 17 73
Women awareness 1 0 69 69
Nutritional gardening 0 0 0 0
Organic farming 0 0 0 0
Pest and Disease management 2 45 18 63
Aurangabad Advance water management practices for 2 43 30 73
rabi crop for increasing water use efficiency
Back yard poultry management 1 26 14 40
Bahar management in sweet orange 2 40 20 60
BBF technology for good crop yield 1 25 14 39
Commercial cultivation of dry land 3 23 13 36
horticultural crops
Cultivation of green folder 2 18 12 30
Cultivation of turmeric and ginger 1 29 6 35

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KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Different crops grown under drought 1 44 27 71
conditions and contingency measures to
overcome drought.
Different methods of preparation of compost 1 48 35 83
and their importance.
Efficient utilization of wheat straw by 1 36 10 46
enriching with urea treatment
Feed management in goat rearing 4 62 27 89
Foliar spraying of 13:0:45 and 19:19:19 on 1 21 0 21
field and horticultural crops
Importance of micronutrients 1 24 0 24
Importance of vaccination in livestock 2 20 14 34
Improved technology for higher production 4 12 15 27
of maize & bajra
Insect and pest management in pomegranate 2 28 13 41
crop
Integrated pest and disease management in 3 24 18 42
kharif crops
Land preparation for better soil and water 1 50 34 84
conservation.
Mini dal mill maintenance and management 3 49 36 85
Modern cultivation practices in gram and 2 23 16 39
wheat
Nursery management in fruit crops 1 41 8 49
Package & practices of soybean 3 27 10 37
Post-harvest management practices in rabi 1 26 12 38
crops
Production of vermicompost by different 3 46 13 59
method
Production technology in onion 2 23 10 33
Protected cultivation of vegetables & flower 1 23 16 39
crops
Integrated pest and disease management in 2 42 11 53
rabi crops
Seed production technology in wheat & 4 24 9 33
bengal gram
Soil test based INM in cotton 1 38 12 50

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Sustainable livelihood through Integrated 4 19 31 50
farming
Training and pruning in pomegranate 1 30 0 30
Weed management of Kharif crops 1 45 20 65
Weed management of rabi crops 1 30 7 37
Jalna Management of Onion seed production 1 16 16
Backyard poultry farming 1 25 - 25
Bahar management in Sweet orange 1 16 - 16
Care & maintenance of farm implements 1 8 - 8
Commercial fodder production 1 20 - 20
Community approach for white grub 1 18 - 18
management
Development of nutritional garden for family 1 - 12 12
health
Different methods of rain water harvesting 1 27 - 27
and its management
Floriculture for small farmers 1 14 - 14
Foliar nutrition in major Kharif crops during 1 52 - 52
dry spell
ICM in major rabi crops (Safflower, 1 22 - 22
Sorghum, Chick pea & Wheat)
Identification of common diseases in animals 1 18 - 18
and first aid
Importance of soil health & nutrient 1 45 - 45
management
Importance of Vaccination in animals & 1 21 - 21
Vaccination schedule
Integrated crop management in major kharif 1 21 - 21
crops (Cotton, Soybean, Maize &Bajra)
Integrated nutrient management in red gram, 1 26 - 26
cotton & sweet orange
Integrated Pest Management in cotton 1 18 - 18
Integrated Pest management in pigeon pea 1 24 - 24
IPM in Bengal gram 1 18 - 18
Methods of in-situ soil moisture conservation 1 28 - 28
for major Kharif crops

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KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Production technology of rabi & summer 1 18 - 18
vegetable

Safflower Production Technology 1 21 - 21

Silk worm rearing 1 22 - 22

Soybean processing 1 - 35 35

Techniques of community water budgeting in 1 17 3 20

the village

Urea treatment on wheat straw 1 22 - 22

Value addition of red gram 1 23 - 23

Vermicompost production 1 22 - 22

Water management in rabi crops 1 36 - 36

Nandurbar Backyard poultry management 1 11 5 16

Cultivation technology of green gram 1 25 0 25

Cultivation technology of okra 1 13 0 13

Disease and pest management in ground nut 1 18 0 18

Drought mitigation techniques 1 10 7 17

Drudgery reducing tools 2 0 15 15

Fodder production 1 22 10 32

Importance of mineral mixture 1 9 5 14

Improved cultivation practices in groundnut 1 15 0 15

Improved farm implements 1 16 0 16

In-situ moisture conservation 2 32 0 32

Kharif crop management 1 18 0 18

Production technology of onion seed 1 11 5 16

production

Production technology of potato and pea 1 10 5 15

Temporary check dam 1 10 6 16

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

KVK Title of the training programmes No. of courses Male Female Total
Pune Awareness programme of management of 1 32 0 32
Kharif season crops
Awareness programme on cultivation of 1 30 0 30
fodder maize for silage making
Awareness programme on ICM in onion 1 28 0 28
Cultivation of green gram by BBF Method 1 16 2 18
Cultivation of rabi sorghum 1 17 0 17
Cultivation of sunflower as contingency crop 1 21 0 21
Ecto and endo parasitism control in sheep 1 0 25 25
and goat
Fodder production and silage making 1 0 14 14
Goat farming 1 13 8 21
Intercropping of sunflower and bajra 1 25 0 25
Management of goats under stall fed 1 0 25 25
condition
Management of kharif season crops 1 17 0 17
Poultry management 1 17 0 17
Protected cultivation 1 35 0 35
Seed production and processing 1 18 0 18
Training on silage making 1 34 0 34
Transplanting of red gram seedlings 1 18 2 20
VCMRC meeting and discussion on 1 42 0 42
interventions to be carried out in the year
2016-2017
Ratnagiri Rice crop cultivation 1 29 7 36
Poultry bird rearing and Azolla production 1 12 20 32
Fertilizer management in rice 1 12 5 17
Training on pest and disease management in 1 21 4 25
rice
Training on Azolla production 1 11 7 18
Groundnut cultivation 1 23 4 27
Vermicompost making 1 19 6 25
Crop diversification 1 22 4 26
Poultry bird rearing 1 18 11 29

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 Training programme (Anantapur) VCRMC Meeting
(Kurnool)

Training programme (Khammam) Training programme

(Ahmednagar)

Training programme (Aurangabad) Training programme

(Kurnool)

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

8. Extension activities for popularization of

climate smart agricultural practices

Transfer of climate resilient agricultural technologies was done with the involvement of KVK
staff located in respective districts of NICRA villages of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and
Maharashtra states through various extension activities. The extension activities organized
by different KVKs in NICRA centers during 2016-17 include awareness programmes on
climate resilient agriculture, field days, kisan melas, method demonstrations, health camps,
diagnostic visits, agro-advisory services, exposure visits etc., During 2016-17, 626 extension
activities were taken up with the participation of 23152 farmers. Among these, 221 activities
were organized with 4985 farm men and1342 farm women in the state of Andhra Pradesh:
while in Telangana state, 109 extension activities were organized with the participation of
2390 farm men and women. About 14435 farm women and men participated in 296 extension
activities in the state of Maharashtra during 2016-17. The details are presented below: (Table
54 & 55).

Table 54: State wise Summary of extension activities

State No. of programmes Male Female Total

Andhra Pradesh 221 4985 1342 6327
Telangana 109 1687 703 2390
Maharashtra 296 11669 2766 14435
Grand Total 626 18341 4811 23152

Table 55: Extension activities

KVK Title of the activity No. of activities Male Female Total

Chittoor Agro advisory services 14 69 3 72
Awareness on post harvest technology 1 19 8 27
in mango
Awareness on Producer Organization 1 4 - 4
(Participated by NICRA farmers
at Chittoor conducted by Dept of
Horticulture)
Demonstration of foggers and mineral 3 30 5 35
mixture blocks
Demonstration of rain gun and sprinkler 1 22 - 22
system
Diagnostic visit 14 72 23 95

100
KVK Title of the activity No. of activities Male Female Total
Exposure visit 2 60 10 70
Farmer interaction meeting with DDG, 1 98 67 165
Dr. A.K. Singh
Farmers interaction meeting with 1 8 3 11
Dr. K. Raja Reddy, DE, ANGRAU and
Dr.A.R.Reddy, PS, ATARI
Field day in Chysanthemum 1 25 5 30
Field day in groundnut 1 21 6 27
Field day in tomato 1 18 5 23
(Polythene mulch technology)
Field day on green manuring in mango 1 26 5 31
Financial literacy awareness programme 1 27 22 49
Method demonstration of enrichment 1 19 5 24
of Farm Yard manure with Trichoderma
and Neem cake for soil application in
tomato and Chrysanthemum
Method demonstration of plastic 1 8 4 12
mulching in tomato
Method demonstration of power weeder 1 15 2 17
in tomato
Parthenium control awareness week 7 77 28 105
Kurnool Awareness on kharif preparedness 4 83 20 103
Group Discussions 7 112 25 137
Agro advisories 96 3312 984 4296
Method Demonstration 2 39 7 46
Diagnostic visit 3 56 6 62
Srikakulam Training programmes 4 110 13 123
Method demonstrations 3 45 11 56
Agro advisory services 20 140 15 155
Awareness programmes 3 87 39 126
Group discussion 1 19 6 25
Diagnostic visit 13 112 15 127
West Bacterial leaf blight in paddy 1 29 29
Godavari Bio-fertilizers application in paddy 1 22 -- 22
Direct sowing with drum seeder 1 20 -- 20
Disease diagnosis in prawn ponds 1 20 -- 20

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

KVK Title of the activity No. of activities Male Female Total

Mechanical Transplantation 1 26 -- 26
Seed treatment in paddy 1 15 -- 15
Stem rot in paddy 1 22 -- 22
Stem rot and BPH management in paddy 1 26 -- 26
Testing of dissolved oxygen in ponds 1 18 --
Tray nursery 1 30 -- 30
Water quality of fish ponds 2 42 -- 42
Khammam Method demonstrations 8 95 23 118
Agro advisory services 9 600 440 1040
Awareness programmes 12 168 72 240
Group discussions 24 360 76 436
Diagnostic visit 24 240 48 288
Nalgonda Agro advisory services on crop 7 49 6 55
production technologies
Awareness programme 2 32 6 38
Group discussion 4 33 11 44
Method demonstrations 2 30 8 38
Diagnostic field visit 15 42 13 55
Exposure visit to KVK 2 38 - 38
Ahmednagar Field days on soybean 1 39 0 39
Field day on bengal gram 1 45 0 45
Field day on onion 1 35 0 35
Mobile alert system 530 121 651
Seminar on pomegranate cultivation 1 108 - 108
Group meeting - cotton crop 1 17 - 17
management
Exposure visit 1 26 0 26
Amaravathi Method demonstration 2 95 45 140
Exposure Visit 1 25 0 25
Field day 2 156 25 181
Kisan Melas 1 35 14 49
Technology Week 1 161 42 203

102
KVK Title of the activity No. of activities Male Female Total
Aurangabad Field Day 6 138 52 190
Method Demonstrations 17 368 64 432
Exposer Visit 2 82 41 123
Krishi Din 1 67 21 88
Trainings 34 1059 513 1572
Agro advisory services 76 424 84 508
Awareness 23 341 86 427
Group discussion 20 363 62 425
Diagnostic visit 11 258 71 329
Jalna Distribution of 157 soil health card in 1 157 - 157
Kadegaon village
Field survey to FLDs of soybean, Maize, 1 18 - 18
Pigeon pea and Cotton crops
CIAE Bhopal and VNMKV Parbhani 1 26 - 26
scientist visited kadegaon for bullock
based agri. Equipment
Participation in National Food security 1 100 - 100
in pulse production program &
distribution of green gram on 40 ha
Training on Improved Agri Equipment’s 1 22 - 22
and demonstration of Bullock based
Agri. Inputs at Department of Agri.
Engineering VNMKV Parbhani
Special campaign for Non-loany farmers 1 22 - 22
at Kadegaon under PMFBY to bring
awareness on crop insurance
Group discussion on construction of 1 12 12
low cost poultry sheds for women SHGs
model for poultry- Mr. H. M. Aage
SMS Veterinary Science &Shrim. S.R.
Gaikwad SMS Home science
Vaccination camp for cow, buffaloes & 1 25 25
goat in Kadegaon (76 Animal benefited)
Exposure visit: Participation in Kharif 1 20 - 20
Farmers Rally and visit to university
Exposure visit: Visit to Kadwanchi 1 40 5 45
watershed, water budgeting model,
successful High Density orchard of
Mango & Guava at Bhatepuri

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Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

KVK Title of the activity No. of activities Male Female Total

Organised Soybean field day by 1 34 34
KVK Jalna under NFSM of oilseed at
Kadegaon
Organised Maize field day by KVK 1 126 126
Jalna & South Asia Bio-technology
centre, New Delhi at Kadegaon
Exposure visit: High Tech Custard 1 25 - 25
Apple Production of Innovative Farmer
at Palaskheda, Avaghadraosavangi &
Honey Rearing Centre at Dhad
Awareness programme: KVK scientist 1 38 - 38
with Kadegaon village farmers took
oath of ‘Gram Swachhata’ & celebrated
‘Swachhata Pakhawada’ as per
guidelines of ICAR
Feeding management & disease control 1 55 3 58
programme in livestock & Animal health
camp-by Dr. H.M. Aage
Exposure visit for Climate Resilient 1 25 - 25
Technology
Celebration of ‘Jay Kissan Jay Vigyan’ 1 32 2 34
awareness programme
Exposure visit of farmers to College of 1 7 - 7
Agri. VNMKV Parbhani
Rabi crops field day 1 119 - 119
Field day of Shredder 1 36 1 37
Nandurbar Awareness prog. on organic farming 1 35 10 45
Animal health camp and dewormimg 1 30 21 51
Awareness prog. on crop insurance 1 43 0 43
Awareness prog. on eradication of 1 24 0 24
Parthenium grass
Awareness prog. on NICRA 1 34 10 44
interventions
Awareness prog. on improved shelter 1 18 5 23
Awareness prog. on PMFBY 1 22 0 22
Awareness prog. on tree plantation 1
Cleanliness drive 3 70 0 70
Deworming camp 1 25 7 32

104
KVK Title of the activity No. of activities Male Female Total
Exhibition on improved farm 4 5134 1251 6385
implements
Exposure visit 2 36 0 36
Field day of deshi cotton 2 64 0 64
Group discussion 3 50 0 50
Method demonstration of hand ridger 1 15 0 15
Method demonstration of sowing of 1 12 4 16
onion
Method demonstration of drudgery 1 35 10 45
reducing tools
Method demonstration of ridger 1 17 0 17
Method demonstration of tubular maize 1 18 0 18
sheller
Pre kharif planning meet 1 40 5 45
Prog. on digital payment 1 36 7 43
Rabi planning meet 1 14 0 14
Soil health card programme 1 24 0 24
VCRMC meeting 3 27 4 31
Visit of Agri. Officers 1 13 0 13
Visit of Cini Officers to NICRA village 1 3 2 5
Pune Celebration of Maharshtra Krushi Din- 1 41 2 43
1st July
Exposure Visit Jogvadi for see different 1 13 8 21
breeds of goat
Parthenium awareness week at NICRA 1 48 4 52
village
Field day on transplanting of redgram 1 33 0 33
seedlings
Ratnagiri Awareness programme 5 97 34 131
Farmers rally 1 48 52 100
Exposure visit 1 18 6 24
Method demonstrations 1 20 5 25
Group discussion 15 128 40 168
Diagnostic visit 9 73 27 100

105
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

Method demonstration Exposure visit to Agricultural Science Congress

Field day (Chittoor) Field visit (Khammam) Awareness programme

Field visit (Aurangabad) Exposure visit Awareness Programme

106
 List of Contributors
S.No. KVK PI Co PI Address

Andhra Pradesh

1 Anantapur Dr. P. Lakshmi Reddy Dr. Mr. KVS. Sudheer Krishi Vigyan Kendra, B.K. Samudram (M)
Reddipalli - 515 701, Anantapur (Dist.)
Tel: 08554-200418
E-mail: [email protected]

2 Chittoor Dr. S. Srinivasulu Dr. P.S. Sudhakar RASS – Acharya Ranga Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Vanasthal, Karakambadi post, Renigunta
Mandal - 517520, Chittoor district,
Andhra Pradesh
E-mail: [email protected]

3 Kurnool Mrs. G. Dhanalakshmi Mr. M. Sudhakar Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PO:Yagantipalli,

Via: Banaganapalli, Distt. Kurnool – 518124
Tel: 08515 200340
Email: [email protected]

4 Srikakulam Dr. D. Chinnam Naidu Dr. D. Anil Kumar Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agril. Research Station,
Amdalavalsa, Distt. Srikakulam-532185
Tel: 08942286210
E-mail: [email protected]

5 West Dr. N. Deborah Messiana Dr. A. Srinivasa Rao Krishi Vigyan Kendra Opp: Civil Supply Godowns,
Godavari Post: Undi, Distt.
West Godavari – 534199
Tel: 08816 228322
E-mail: [email protected]

107
108
S.No. KVK PI Co PI Address

Telangana

6 Khammam Dr. J. Hemantha Kumar Dr. N. Kishore Kumar KrishiVigyan Kendra, ARS Wyra
Distt. Khammam - 507165
Tel: 08749-251803
E-mail: [email protected]

7 Nalgonda Dr. Narasimha Reddy Mr. T. Yadagiri Reddy Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PO: Gaddipalli
Garedapalli Mandal, Distt. Nalgonda -508201
Tel: 08683-237443
E-mail: [email protected]

Maharashtra

8 Ahmednagar Dr. Purushotham Hendre Mr. Shailesh Deshmukh Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PO: Babhaleshwar
Tal: Rahata, Dist: Ahmednagar-413 737
Tel: 02422 252414
E-mail: [email protected]

9 Amravati Dr. K.A. Dhapke Mr. P.S. Jayle Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Durgapur), PO: Badnere
Dist. Amravati– 444 701
Tel: 0721 2580606
E-mail: [email protected]

10 Aurangabad Dr. S.B. Pawar Dr. K.K. Zade KrishiVigyan Kendra, Paithan Road
Dist: Aurangabad – 431517
Tel: 0240 2376558
Towards Climate Resilient Villages - Evidences from participatory technology demonstrations

E-mail: [email protected]
 S.No. KVK PI Co PI Address

11 Buldhana Dr. C.P. Jaybhaye Dr. Bharti Tijare Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Ajintha Road
Buldhana
E-mail: [email protected]

12 Jalna Dr. S.V. Sonune Mr. P.V. Wasmik Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Marathwada Sheti Sahayya Mandal
Jalna-431 203, Maharashtra
E-mail: [email protected]

13 Nandurbar Dr. R.S. Dahatonde Mr. J.N. Uttarwar Krishi Vigyan Kendra, A/P : Kolde,
Tal&Dist. Nandurbar – 425 412
Tel: 02564 240544
E-mail: [email protected]

14 Pune Dr. Sayed Shakir Ali Dr. S. Karanje Krishi Vigyan Kendra Sharadanagar, Dist: Baramati
Pune-413115, Maharahstra
E-mail: [email protected]

15 Ratnagiri Dr. Vishal. S. Sawant Dr. Sandip Patil Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Post- Deodhe
Tal. Lanja, Dist. Ratnagiri- 416712
Tel: 02351-231361
E-mail: [email protected]

109