759064

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TRRXXX10.1177/0361198118759064Transportation Research RecordDas and Singh

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Transportation Research Record

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Effects of Regular and Nano © National Academy of Sciences:
Transportation Research Board 2018
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on Fatigue and Bond Strength DOI: 10.1177/0361198118759064
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Behavior of Asphalt Mastic

Aditya Kumar Das1 and Dharamveer Singh1

Abstract
The present study evaluates effects of regular sized hydrated lime (RHL) and nano sized hydrated lime (NHL) on fatigue and
bond strength of asphalt mastic. The asphalt mastics were produced in the laboratory using AC-30 binder with different
combinations of basalt–RHL, and basalt–NHL fillers. The dosages of RHL and NHL were selected as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and
20% by weight of asphalt binder, and the percentage of basalt filler was adjusted accordingly. Filler to binder (F/B) ratio was
selected as 0.8 (by mass ratio) for all mastic sample preparation. The fatigue damage behavior (number of cycles to fatigue
damage/failure) of asphalt mastic was evaluated using a linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test. Further, the interfacial bond
strengths of asphalt mastic and aggregate samples were evaluated using the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test. Overall test
results indicate that mineralogy, surface area, and interaction properties of RHL and NHL fillers have a significant effect on
fatigue, bond strength, and moisture damage performance of asphalt mastic. The results from the LAS test showed that
NHL filler predominantly enhanced the fatigue life of asphalt mastic as compared with RHL filler. BBS test results imply that
the contribution of NHL filler is significant over RHL filler in improving the bond strength and moisture damage resistance
of asphalt mastic. Overall asphalt mastic with 20% NHL filler had better fatigue life, bond strength, and moisture damage
performance over mastic with other percentages of RHL or NHL fillers.

Asphalt mix comprises three critical phases: asphalt, asphalt- lime (NHL) has positive effects on rutting and fatigue resis-
mineral filler (asphalt mastic), and aggregates. Asphalt mas- tance performance of asphalt and mixes (12, 13). So far, lim-
tic contributes to in-service performance and durability of ited studies are available on the potential application of NHL
asphalt mix related to fatigue and bond strength at the aggre- and its comparison with RHL. In addition, little attention is
gate surface interface (1, 2). Application of inert filler (origi- given on combined effects of either NHL or RHL with an
nated from parent source of aggregate) and active filler inert filler, such as Basalt (B).
(defined by reactive nature with binder such as hydrated lime Therefore, this present study was motivated by the aim of
(HL), cement, fly-ash, dolomite, etc.) plays an important role addressing the effects of RHL and NHL, in combination with
in enhancing the performance of asphalt mastic and mix (3, B filler, on fatigue and moisture damage performance of
4). Use of regular sized hydrated lime (RHL) as an active asphalt mastic. The asphalt mastics were produced in the
filler or modifier has a beneficial effect on the performance laboratory using AC-30 binder with different combinations
of the asphalt binder, mastic, and mixes due to its rugose of basalt–RHL and basalt–NHL fillers. The dosages of RHL
surface with high specific surface area (SSA), antistripping, and NHL were selected as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by
and antioxidant behavior (5). Many researchers have shown weight of asphalt binder, and the percentage of basalt filler
that addition of RHL improves the resistance of asphalt mas- was adjusted accordingly. Filler to binder (F/B) ratio was
tic and mixes to fracture growth, oxidative aging, rutting, selected as 0.8 (by mass ratio) for all mastic sample prepara-
fatigue, and moisture damage (3, 6–8). Some researchers tion. The fatigue damage behavior (number of cycles to
have also reported that effectiveness of HL for asphalt mixes fatigue damage/failure) of asphalt mastic was evaluated
may be enhanced by reducing its size to nano level (9, 10). using the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, which is based
Nano size materials often possess better physicochemical
properties that significantly differ from those of regular size 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
bulk structured materials of the same elemental composition Powai, Mumbai, India
because of the high specific area and interaction potential Corresponding Author:
(11). It has been reported that addition of nano sized hydrated Address correspondence to Aditya Kumar Das: [email protected]
2 Transportation Research Record 00(0)

Table 1. Conventional Properties of AC-30 Binder and Fillers

Penetration Softening Ductility at Absolute viscosity

Binder 0.1 mm at 25°C point (°C) 25°C, mm at 60°C, poise
AC-30 46 48 >100 Min. 2400
Particle Specific
Fillers diameter SSA (m2/g) gravity Plasticity index

B 45 µm 9.2 2.78 Non-plastic

RHL 27 µm 2.15 2.19 <4
NHL 358 nm 43.17 2.15 <4

on the visco-elastic continuum damage (VECD) principle size of B, RHL, and NHL fillers was found to be 45 µm,
(14). The LAS test is an accelerated test method for analyz- 27 µm, and 358 nm, respectively. SEM images show that the
ing fatigue behavior of asphalt mastic under a controlled surface texture of all the three fillers is flaky in appearance
strain condition. Further, the interfacial bond strengths of (Figure 1), which may contribute towards better bonding
asphalt mastic and aggregate samples were evaluated using a with asphalt. Furthermore, B and RHL fillers have lower
pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) SSAs of 9.2 m2/g and 2.15 m2/g, respectively (Table 1), but
known as the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test (2, 15). This NHL has a high SSA of 43.17 m2/g. Thus, NHL may have
test is a reliable method for understanding the adhesive and better interaction with asphalt particles and may possibly
cohesive behavior of asphalt mastic-aggregate systems (15). lead to improving the performance of asphalt mastic. The SG
It is expected that the present study will help in developing a of B filler was high compared with RHL and NHL filler,
better understanding of the effects of RHL and NHL fillers indicating that B filler is denser than the others. All three fill-
on the performance of asphalt mastic. ers are approved for use as a typical mineral filler for asphalt
mastic preparation (Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways (MORTH) 5th revision, 2013, New Delhi, India).
Materials
Asphalt and Fillers Preparation of Asphalt Mastic Samples
A control viscosity grade asphalt binder (AC-30) commonly In this study, filler to binder (F/B) ratio was selected as 0.8
used for the construction of flexible pavements in India was (by mass ratio) for all mastic sample preparation, which is
selected in this study. Three types of mineral fillers—Basalt filler the average value of the F/B range of 0.6–1.2 (MORTH, 5th
(B), RHL and NHL—were used for the preparation of asphalt revision, 2013), and having a corresponding volume concen-
mastic samples. All the three fillers have particle-size distribu- tration of 22.5%. Asphalt mastics were produced in the labo-
tion of 100% passing a 0.075 mm sieve. The NHL was produced ratory using AC-30 binder with nine different combinations
from milling of RHL using a planetary ball mill by maintaining of basalt and regular sized hydrated lime fillers (B-RHL) and
250 rpm with a ball to powder ratio of 5:1 for a period of 10 h basalt and nano sized hydrated lime fillers (B-NHL). The
(12). The conventional test properties of AC-30 binder and all dosages of RHL and NHL were selected as 0%, 5%, 10%,
three fillers (B, RHL, and NHL) are shown in Table 1. 15%, and 20% by weight of asphalt binder. The high dosages
of RHL and NHL (20%) were chosen based on the equivalent
percentage of HL used in the asphalt mix (1% to 2%). The
Characterization of Fillers nine different combinations of asphalt mastic are:
The average particle size was determined using light scatter-
ing (LS) graphs for B and RHL fillers, while dynamic light •• Asphalt mastic with B filler: M80-0 (AC-30 + 80% B
scattering (DLS) was used for NHL filler. LS and DLS meth- + 0% RHL);
ods are widely used to measure particle size of micron level •• Asphalt mastic with RHL filler: M75-5RHL (AC-30 +
and nano level materials, respectively. In addition, the SSA 75% B + 5% RHL), M70-10RHL (AC-30 + 70% B +
of fillers was measured using the Braunauer, Emmett, and 10% RHL), M65-15RHL (AC-30 + 65% B + 15%
Teller (1938) method. In addition, plasticity index and spe- RHL), M60-20RHL (AC-30 + 60% B + 20% RHL);
cific gravity (SG) tests on all three fillers were conducted •• Asphalt mastic with NHL filler: M75-5NHL (AC-30
along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. + 75% B + 5% NHL), M70-10NHL (AC-30 + 70% B
Figure 1 shows the particle-size distribution and shape struc- + 10% NHL), M65-15NHL (AC-30 + 65% B + 15%
ture for the B, RHL, and NHL fillers. The average particle NHL), M60-20NHL (AC-30 + 60% B + 20% NHL).
Das and Singh 3

Figure 1. Particle-size distribution of fillers (a) B, (b) RHL, and (c) NHL, and SEM images of (d) B, (e) RHL, and (f) NHL.

MXX-YY represents the type of AC-30 mastic for differ- AC-30 and B-RHL/B-NHL fillers were mixed using a high-
ent combinations of B-RHL and B and B-NHL fillers, where: shear mixer at a speed of 2000 rpm for 1 h at 150°C ± 5°C for
XX is % of B (% by weight of binder) and YY is % of RHL the production of a homogenous mastic and to ensure uni-
or NHL (% by weight of binder). To first prepare the mastic form filler distribution in asphalt. Figure 2 shows the flow
samples, blends of RHL or NHL with B filler were made chart for the experimental program.
using the planetary ball mill for all the combinations. To
achieve homogeneity in blending of fillers, the milling was
executed by maintaining 250 rpm of speed with a ball to Experimental Investigation
powder ratio of 1:1 for 10 min. Second, AC-30 binder was
preheated in the oven for about 30 min at 150 ± 5°C to ensure
Fatigue Performance using LAS Test
its proper fluidity. Thereafter, different blends of B-RHL and The LAS test method is intended to evaluate the resistance of
B-NHL fillers were conditioned in an oven at 150°C to make asphaltic materials against cyclic load induced fatigue dam-
sure that the fillers reached mixing temperature. Finally, age using VECD analysis. The VECD concept has been
4 Transportation Research Record 00(0)

The value of D(t) at failure, Df, is defined as the D(t) which

corresponds to the reduction in initial |G*| at the peak shear
stress, using

1/ C2
 C − C at peak stress 
Df =  0  (3)
 C1 

Finally, the number of fatigue cycles (Nf) is evaluated using

B
N f = A ( γ max ) (4)

where A and B are regression parameters, and γmax is the

maximum expected binder strain for a given sample. A
binder having a high value of Nf indicates superior resis-
tance to fatigue cracking. First, the test procedure includes
a strain amplitude of 0.1% for the frequency range from 0.1
to 30 Hz to calculate B, which indicates undamaged mate-
rial properties. Second, parameter A is estimated based on
the VECD concept and the test is conducted at a specified
Figure 2. Flow chart for experimental program. temperature using oscillatory shear loading in the strain-
controlled mode of 10-Hz frequency. The samples are sub-
jected to a loading pattern that involves a continuous
extensively used by various researchers in order to simulate the oscillatory strain sweep. Loading is increased linearly from
fatigue damage analysis of binders (12, 16). This accelerated 1% to 30% over the sequence of 3,100 loading cycles. Peak
test procedure systematically increases the load amplitude shear stress, strain, δ (degree), and G*(Pa) are measured at
and has been reported to be a reliable test methodology for every 10 load cycles (1 s) (AASHTO-TP-101-14) (16). In
characterizing fatigue damage resistance (14). The LAS test this study, to access the fatigue damage behavior of asphalt
is conducted using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) with mastics by simulating field conditions, asphalt mastic sam-
the standard geometry of 8 mm parallel plates and 2 mm ples underwent a short-term aging condition using the thin
thickness gap as per AASHTO-TP-101. The damage accu- film oven (TFO) method. The LAS test was conducted for
mulation in the sample is calculated using short-term aged asphalt mastic containing RHL and NHL at
25°C.
α /1+α
∑ ( ti − ti −1 )1/1+α
n
D(t ) ≅ πγ 2 ( Ci −1 − Ci )  (1)
i =1  0 
BBS Test
where: The BBS test can be used for the evaluation of the bond
*
G (t ) strength of asphalt mastic or asphalt binder at the aggregate
C (t ) = = integrity parameter; interface in dry and wet conditions (1, 2, 15, 17). The BBS
G* device is composed of a portable pneumatic adhesion tester,
initial
γ0 = applied strain (%); pressure hose, piston, reaction plate and a metal pull-out stub
G* = complex shear modulus in MPa; (Figure 3). The evaluation of the BBS test is represented
α = 1/m, where m is the slope of logarithmic plot between using three parameters as pull-off tensile strength (POTS),
storage modulus and applied frequency; percentage loss in POTS (% loss), and mode of failure. The
t = testing time in seconds. POTS can be calculated using
The relationship between C(t) and D(t) is developed by the
curve fitting method using the power law expressed in
POTS =
( BP × A ) − C
g
(5)
Aps
C (t ) = C0 − C1 DC2 (2)

where C1 and C2 are coefficients of curve fitting equations. where POTS is in kPa, BP is burst pressure in kPa, Ag is
Further, damage value at failure point is being calculated. the contact area of gasket with reaction plate in mm2
Das and Singh 5

Figure 3. BBS test device: (a) BBS test set up with the typical sample arrangement, (b) water bath set up for moisture conditioning of
sample, (c) typical cohesive failure surface, and (d) typical adhesive failure surface.

(2.009 mm2), C is the piston constant (0.25), and Aps is the Results and Discussion
area of the pull-off stub in square millimeters (0.4869
mm2). To identify the potential effect of mastic on mois- Fatigue Damage using LAS Test
ture damage resistance, % loss in bond strength is calcu- Influence of RHL and NHL on Fatigue Damage Parameters.
lated using Table 2 shows fatigue damage parameters for asphalt mastics
containing RHL or NHL, obtained from the LAS test. The C0
POTSdry − POTSwet parameter for all asphalt mastics was found to be 1, indicat-
% Loss in bond strength = (6)
POTSdry ing the highest integrity with no damage. Parameters α, A
and τmax were evaluated through damage analysis using the
where POTSdry is POTS measured in dry conditioning at amplitude sweep test and are presented in Table 2. The
ambient temperature and POTSwet is measured after condi- fatigue damage resistance of asphalt is sensible to the param-
tioning in water for 24 h at 40°C. Finally, the mode of failure eters α and A. Parameter α indicates the rate of reduction in
can be identified based on the visual inspection of the aggre- fatigue life with increase in strain amplitude (18). In addi-
gate surface (Figure 3, c and d). tion, parameter A is directly proportional to Nf as per Equa-
The BBS test was conducted on short term aged asphalt tion 4. Thus, a lower value of α and a higher value of A are
mastic specimens containing B-RHL and B-NHL for dry desirable for superior resistance to fatigue damage. A
and wet conditions at ambient temperature (Figure 3, a and decrease in the α value with an increase in A can be seen for
b). In this study, basalt aggregate was used for the prepara- asphalt mastic with increase in RHL or NHL content. For
tion of aggregate samples, which underwent diamond saw example, asphalt mastic with addition of 5% RHL (i.e., M75-
cutting followed by polishing and then ultrasonic cleaning. 5RHL) and 5% NHL (i.e., M75-5NHL) decreased the α
A smooth surface was required so that friction would not value by 5% and 6%, respectively, compared with base
make any contribution to the bond strength of asphalt. Five asphalt mastic (0% RHL) (i.e., M80-0). Similarly, the A
test replicates of mastic specimens were tested for both dry value for M75-5RHL and M75-5NHL mastic was increased
and wet conditions. The effect of moisture on bond strength by 13% and 30%, respectively, relative to base asphalt mas-
of asphalt mastic was simulated by conditioning the whole tic (0% RHL). Moreover, similar trends in α and A values
specimen arrangements (Figure 3b) in a water bath at 40°C were observed for asphalt mastics containing 10%, 15%, and
for 24 h. 20% of RHL or NHL. Overall results imply that considering
6 Transportation Research Record 00(0)

Table 2. Fatigue Damage Parameters for Asphalt Mastics (LAS Results)

Mastic C0 C1 C2 α A B τmax (kPa)

M80-0RHL 1 0.448 0.17 2.538 135582 −4.553 375
M75-5RHL 1 0.364 0.209 2.407 153267 −4.813 481
M70-10RHL 1 0.309 0.257 2.378 188194 −4.755 523
M65-15RHL 1 0.3 0.261 2.344 249674 −5.077 533
M60-20RHL 1 0.37 0.205 2.276 313252 −4.688 551
M75-5NHL 1 0.274 0.264 2.381 177052 −4.356 561
M70-10NHL 1 0.212 0.348 2.256 212714 −4.203 574
M65-15NHL 1 0.292 0.25 2.178 361642 −4.553 593
M60-20NHL 1 0.307 0.257 2.101 567726 −4.88 732

Figure 4. Integrity parameter versus damage intensity for asphalt mastics. Comparison of 0% RHL with (a) 5% of RHL and NHL, (b)
10% of RHL and NHL, (c) 15% of RHL and NHL, and (d) 20% of RHL and NHL.

similar amounts of dosage, NHL can contribute more effec- RHL content from 5% to 20%, while increasing the NHL
tively to improving the fatigue resistance of asphalt mastic as content from 5% to 20% showed an increase in τmax values
compared with RHL. from 561 kPa to 732 kPa. Thus, the results indicate improved
Likewise, the increase in the τmax value for asphalt mastic shear stress carrying capacity of asphalt mastic after inclu-
was found to be from 481 kPa to 551 kPa with increase in sion of RHL or NHL. However, it can be observed that NHL
Das and Singh 7

can perform better to resist early fatigue as compared with performance of asphalt mastic with NHL, especially in the
RHL. Figure 4, a–d show that the rate of decrease of integrity case of asphalt mastic containing 20% NHL. Furthermore,
level to asphalt mastic increases with increase in RHL or the rate of increase in POTS was higher for asphalt mastic
NHL content. It can also be observed that at any particular containing NHL (slope: 3.08, Figure 6a) as compared with
level of integrity, the damage to asphalt mastic was found to that of RHL (slope: 2.26, Figure 6a). Such an increasing
be highest in case of M60-20NHL (20% NHL) and lowest in response in POTS value implies that the contribution of NHL
case of base asphalt mastic. It has been reported that RHL is predominant over RHL in enhancing the bond strength of
particles can effectively remove the viscosity building com- asphalt mastic with the aggregate surface. It is also important
ponents (resulting from oxidative aging) and thus increase to note that with the inclusion of NHL, the high SSA and
the ability of the asphalt to dissipate stress build up in the potential interaction properties may have a key role in
asphalt matrix, which helps to increase the fatigue damage improving the bond strength of asphalt mastic to a superior
resistance (19). Hence, better performance in the fatigue level. Thus, the reduced size of HL can have a significant
behavior of asphalt mastic containing NHL may be thought role in improving the performance of asphalt mastic.
to take place because of its high surface area and improved
interaction with asphalt mastic. Influence of RHL and NHL on POTS in Wet Condition. Figure 6b
shows POTS of all combinations of asphalt mastic contain-
Effect of RHL and NHL on Fatigue Life (Nf). The fatigue life Nf ing RHL or NHL, tested after 24 h of moisture conditioning
for asphalt mastics containing RHL and NHL was estimated (Figure 3b). The results showed that POTS values of asphalt
at 2.5% of strain level using Equation 4. Figure 5a shows mastic increase with an increase in RHL or NHL content in
that asphalt mastic exhibited an increase in Nf with an wet condition. The POTS value of asphalt mastic with 5%
increase in RHL or NHL dosages. It can be critically RHL (M75-5NHL) was found to be 2.21 MPa, which
observed that with the addition of NHL, Nf of asphalt mastic increased to 2.45 MPa after addition of 20% RHL. Similarly,
increased by about or over 50% more than that for RHL. with an increase in NHL content from 5% to 20%, the POTS
Such a finding signifies the potential role of NHL over RHL values increase from 2.29 MPa to 2.55 MPa. It should be
in improving the fatigue damage resistance of asphalt noted that, in wet condition, the POTS values of asphalt mas-
mastic, which was possibly because of an improvement in tics containing RHL or NHL decreased as compared with
antioxidant nature. Moreover, the results indicate the estab- those in a dry condition, which may be the result of moisture
lishment of a well-developed interaction between asphalt intrusion at the interface of mastic and aggregate surface.
mastic and NHL, which possesses high SSA (43.17 m2/g) The rate of increase in POTS value for asphalt mastic con-
and thus helps to reduce deleterious effects of oxidative taining NHL was higher (slope: 2.28, Figure 6b) than that for
aging of asphalt mastic (6). Figure 5, b–e show that, at any RHL (slope: 1.88, Figure 6b). Also, results signify that
strain level, Nf of asphalt mastic increases with an increase asphalt mastic with NHL had better bond strength and mois-
in RHL or NHL content. More critically, it can be noticed ture damage resistance compared to mastic with RHL, espe-
that the difference in their fatigue life decreased with cially in the case of 20% NHL. It is believed that RHL
increases in strain level. A similar trend was observed for particles are involved in a cation exchange mechanism of
both cases of asphalt mastic containing RHL or NHL. Such agglomeration and pozzolanic reactions resulting in an alter-
a response in fatigue life describes the higher strain suscep- ation in properties of filler particles, which act as agglomer-
tibility performance of asphalt mastic containing NHL, ates and are held together by a pozzolanic cement. Thus, this
especially for M60-20NHL (20% NHL) mastic. makes the filler particles less susceptible to moisture by
reducing hydrophilic nature (6). Hence, the superior perfor-
mance of NHL in resisting moisture damage may be due to
BBS Test its high surface area and better interaction characteristics,
Influence of RHL and NHL Fillers on POTS in Dry Condition. which considerably helped to improve the hydrophobic
Figure 6a shows variations in pull-off tensile strength behavior.
(POTS) for asphalt mastics containing RHL or NHL fillers in
dry condition. It can be seen that the POTS value of asphalt Influence of RHL and NHL on % Loss in Bond Strength. Figure
mastic increased with an increased percentage of NHL or 7 shows % loss in bond strength of asphalt mastics after wet
RHL. For example, the POTS value for asphalt mastic with conditioning, determined using Equation 6. The % loss in
5% RHL (i.e., M75-5RHL) was found to be 2.58 MPa, which bond strength for asphalt mastic containing 0%, 5%, 10%,
increased to 2.83 MPa for asphalt mastic with 20% RHL 15%, and 20% RHL was found to be 12.5%, 11%, 9.7%,
(i.e., M60-20RHL). Similarly, the POTS values for 5% NHL 10.3%, and 9.6%, respectively. In addition, % loss in bond
(i.e., M75-5NHL) and 20% NHL (i.e., M60-20NHL) were strength for asphalt mastic with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and
observed to be 2.64 MPa and 3.03 MPa, respectively. It can 20% NHL was 12.5%, 9.5%, 9.4%, 5.7%, and 4.5%, respec-
be seen that asphalt mastic with NHL showed higher POTS tively. It can be seen that % loss in bond strength decreases
compared with RHL, indicating better bond strength with increase in RHL content from 0% to 10%; however, a
8 Transportation Research Record 00(0)

Figure 5. (a) Variations in Nf for asphalt mastics containing RHL or NHL. Plot of Nf versus strain level comparison of 0% RHL with (b)
5% of RHL and NHL, (c) 10% of RHL and NHL, (d) 15% of RHL and NHL, and (e) 20% of RHL and NHL.
Das and Singh 9

failure (20). Such failure can be defined as failure due to

influence of moisture The BBS test showed that all asphalt
mastics containing RHL and NHL had cohesive failure
mode, which indicates that both RHL and NHL filler have
the ability to resist moisture diffusion and migration at the
interface of asphalt mastic and aggregate surface to some
extent.

Conclusions
This laboratory study evaluates fatigue and moisture induced
bond strength of AC-30 mastic prepared with various combi-
nations of B and RHL or NHL fillers. The effects of RHL and
NHL fillers on fatigue damage behavior of AC-30 mastic
were evaluated using an LAS test. The bond strength and
moisture damage performance of AC-30 mastic were evalu-
ated using a BBS test. Based on the results, the following
conclusions can be drawn.

•• LAS test results showed that asphalt mastic contain-

ing NHL fillers resulted in better fatigue life as com-
pared with RHL fillers. In contrast, M60-20NHL
mastic (20% NHL) had the highest fatigue life, indi-
cating less susceptibility to fatigue damage at inter-
mediate temperature.
•• The BBS test (dry condition) revealed that addition of
Figure 6. Effect of RHL and NHL on (a) POTS in dry condition NHL filler can be superior compared to RHL filler in
and (b) POTS in wet condition. improving bond strength performance of asphalt mas-
tic. Among all combinations of B and RHL or NHL
filler used in this study, it can be concluded that the
further increase in RHL to 15% caused a marginal increase in 60% B + 20% NHL (M60-20NHL mastic) made the
% loss in bond strength. Such a resulting trend may be due to best contribution to enhancing the bond strength and
the difference in the decrease in POTS value of asphalt mas- moisture damage resistance of asphalt mastic.
tic (15% RHL) after 24 h of wet conditioning. Moreover, the •• The mode of failure surface of all asphalt mastics con-
addition of 20% RHL exhibited the lowest % loss in bond taining RHL or NHL was cohesive in nature, indicat-
strength, which indicates superior resistance to moisture ing less susceptibility to moisture diffusion and
damage. migration at the interface of asphalt mastic and aggre-
Likewise, with an increase in NHL content from 0% to gate surface.
20%, the % loss in bond strength decreases from 12.5% to •• The overall study implies that the combination of B
4.5%. In this case, the % loss in bond strength for NHL was and NHL filler performed significantly better than the
observed to be much lower than that for RHL (Figure 7a). combination of B and RHL filler in enhancing the
These results showed that mineralogy, surface area, and fatigue life, bond strength, and moisture damage
interaction properties of NHL have a significant influence in resistance of asphalt mastic.
improving bond strength and moisture damage resistance of •• Moreover, the response of the asphalt mastics signi-
asphalt mastic. However, asphalt mastic containing 20% fies that, both the RHL and NHL filler can improve
NHL was observed to be superior in resisting bond failure by fatigue, bond strength and moisture damage resistance
reducing the moisture intrusion at the interface of mastic and of asphalt mastics. However, NHL was found to have
aggregate surface. better potential than RHL, which may be due to its
mineralogy, surface area and improved interaction
Effects of RHL and NHL on Mode of Failure. Mode of failure properties and is thought to take place as a result of
surface can only be detected by visual inspection of the reduction in particle size of RHL.
aggregate surface (Figure 7b). The mode of failure can be
characterized in two ways: cohesive and adhesive modes. Understanding production time and cost of NHL is impor-
Diffusion and migration of moisture in asphalt mastic at tant for its use on a larger scale. The present study produced
aggregate interface can cause of mode of failure to adhesion NHL in the laboratory, and it was observed that production
10 Transportation Research Record 00(0)

Figure 7. (a) Percent loss of bond strength of asphalt mastic after wet conditioning and (b) mode of failure surface after testing.

time is significant. However, it is expected that production 15(sup1), 2014, pp. 239–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468062
time of NHL may be reduced once this technology is adopted 9.2014.927951.
by industry on a larger scale. Based on the findings of the 2. Chaturabong, P., and H. U. Bahia. Effect of Moisture on the
present study, it was found that lower percentages of NHL Cohesion of Asphalt Mastics and Bonding with Surface of
Aggregates. Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 19,
filler can be more promising in improving fatigue, bond
No. 3, 2016, pp. 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2
strength and moisture damage compared to RHL filler.
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