Development of Sustainable Building Information Model Using

Revit and Primavera

A Project Report submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
NAME ROLL NUMBER
BANDARI SAI MANASA 1005-20-732009
GUNTREDDI BHARGAV 1005-20-732024
SHAIK SAJID BABA 1005-20-732048
SINGU VARUN 1005-20-732050

Under the esteemed supervision of

Sr. Prof. M. GOPAL NAIK

Department of Civil Engineering

University College of Engineering (Autonomous)
Osmania University, Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana
 Department of Civil Engineering
University College of Engineering (Autonomous)
Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled " DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING
INFORMATION MODEL USING REVIT AND PRIMAVERA” submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering from University
College of Engineering (Autonomous), Osmania University, Hyderabad, is a record of bonafide work carried
out by them under my supervision during the academic year 2023-2024. The results embodied in the work are
not submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
B.SAI MANASA - (1005-20-732009)
G. BHARGAV - (1005-20-732024)
SK. SAJID BABA - (1005-20-732048)
S. VARUN - (1005-20-732050)

Who carried out the project work under our supervision.

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE OF HOD

Sr. Prof. M. GOPAL NAIK Sr. Prof. P. RAJASEKHAR
 Department of Civil Engineering,
University College of Engineering (Autonomous),
Osmania University,
Hyderabad.

B.E. Major Project Phase-II Evaluation Sheet

Name of the Candidates & Roll No : B. Sai Manasa (1005-20-732009)

: G. Bhargav (100520732024)
: SK. Sajid Baba (1005-20-732048)

S. Varun (1005-20-732050)
:
Department : Civil Engineering
Date of External Viva Voce : 18/05/2024
Grade/Marks :
Signature of the Examiner 1 :
Signature of the Examiner 2 :

Signature of Supervisor Signature of Chairman BOS

Signature of the Head

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that work which is being presented in the project report entitled “DEVELOPMENT OF
A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL USING REVIT AND PRIMAVERA” is a
record of work done by us in the Department of Civil Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad. No part
of this report is copied from books/journals/internet and wherever the portion is taken; the same has been duly
referred in the text. The reported work is based on the project work done entirely by us and not copied from
any other source.

B.SAI MANASA - (1005-20-732009)

G. BHARGAV - (1005-20-732024)
SK. SAJID BABA - (1005-20-732048)
S. VARUN - (1005-20-732050)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to our Supervisor Sr. Prof. M. Gopal Naik Department of Civil Engineering,
University College of Engineering (Autonomous), Osmania University. Hyderabad, who offered us his
valuable guidance despite his busy academic schedule, motivation, and encouragement throughout the study.

We offer our warm thanks to Prof. P. Raja Sekhar Head of Civil Engineering Department, University College
of Engineering (Autonomous), Osmania University for providing us with the necessary facilities in the
Department and suggestions to complete our Dissertation.

We extend our heartfelt thanks to Prof. MV S Sreedhar and Prof. Shashikanth Chairman Board of Studies,
Department of Civil Engineering for the kind help in facilitating the viva-voce examination and providing us
the guidelines on the documentation of our thesis.

We show our genuine appreciation to Mr. L. Ajay Kumar, BE project work coordinator, Sr. Prof. Chandra
Shekhar Principal, University College of Engineering (Autonomous), Osmania University, Hyderabad for all
the help extended during the completion of this project work.

Finally, we acknowledge all those who helped us directly or indirectly with the completion of my dissertation
work.

B.SAI MANASA

G. BHARGAV

SK. SAJID BABA

S. VARUN
11
 ABSTRACT
Building Information Modelling (BIM) and sustainable design are a new type of development that starts with
an idea and progresses through feasibility, programming. initial study, making plans, initial investigation
layout, and production, handover, service, and demolition or maintenance of the construction. However, in the
entire process, a preliminary investigation is the most important component since it is used to design various
critical components. The study procedures are usually performed to obtain the required documentation for the
final purposes. However, there are a few factors that should be considered during the design stages for a
sustainable layout, such as energy efficiency, environmental concerns, social wellbeing, etc.

This study will look at the Application of BIM in Sustainable Design and its impacts on energy and cost
optimizations, which incorporates both BIM and principles in the Sustainable Design process to give
stakeholders a competitive advantage. Moving towards sustainable development, environmental, economic,
and social sustainability are our main concerns. BIM may be viewed as a viable approach for the industry's
transition to sustainability. Environmental data may be paired with BIM to gain a broader viewpoint during
the decision-making process. Integrating environmental standards into smart objects in various BIM libraries
is undeniably a positive first step.
A global approach that considers construction during its whole life cycle from a triple perspective is essential.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) may be seen as a suitable methodology for the industry's
transformation towards sustainability. To achieve a wider perspective during the decision-making process,
environmental information can be combined with BIM. The integration of environmental criteria in smart
objects contained in different BIM libraries is surely a promising initial step. This study will present an
evaluation of such an approach and highlight its respective strengths and weakness.

In this study New Kinnera Boys Hostel is considered as case study to develop a Building Information Model
(BIM) for a building which is located in Osmania University, Hyderabad. This 3D prototype Information
Model is developed using Revit and to extract a time scheduling and cost of the construction project using
Primavera. 6D visualization model has also been developed. The duration of the project is estimated to be 583
days with an overall cost of Rs.39,50,00,000. Energy consumption for the building was calculated,
considering various factors including building orientation, HVAC system efficiency, types of openings,
window glazing materials, and window shading. Adjustments to these factors can lead to the optimization of
energy usage, potentially achieving nearly zero-energy consumption for the building. However, increasing the
number of factors considered will result in greater energy optimization.

Keywords: Building Information Modelling (BIM), Sustainable design, Life cycle assessment

i
 CONTENTS

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………….i
List of Figures……………………………………………..........................................................................v
List of Tables…………………………………………….........................................................................vii
Abbreviations ……………………………………………......................................................................viii

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 General……………………………………………………………………………...……...1
1.2 BIM…………………………………………………………………………………...……3
1.2.1 Sustainable Building Information Model……………………………………...……..4
1.2.2 BIM Tools…………………………………………………………………..………..5
1.2.3 Building Information Modelling Applications………………………………………5

1.2.4 The Benefits of Building Information Modelling…………………………………....6

1.3 Need of the Study………………………………………………………..…………………8

1.4 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………..………………...9
1.5 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………….…………………..10
1.6 Organization of the Report……………………………………….……………………….10

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 General………………………………………………..………………………………….12
2.2 Overview………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.3 Critical Appraisal…………………………………………………………………………21

Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 General…………………………………………………………………..………………..23
3.2 Methods and Materials………………………………………………………..…………..24
3.2.1 Development of 2D Model Using AutoCAD………………….……………………25
3.2.2 Conversion of Autocad Data into Revit……………………………………..………25
3.2.3 Time and Cost estimation using Primavera…...……………………………..………26
3.2.4 Energy analysis using Revit and Autodesk .……………….……………………….29

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Chapter 4 Case Study and Data Collection

4.1 General…………………………………………………………………….....31
4.2 Selecting the Location for the Case Study………………………………………………..31

4.3 Case Study Description…..…………………………………………………………...…..32

4.4 Data Collection………….………………………………………………………………..32
4.4.1 BIM Model Development …….……………………………………………………32
4.4.2 Phase 1…………………………………………………………………………..….32
4.4.3 Phase 2…………………………………………………………………………..….33
4.4.4 Phase 3…………………………………………………………………………...…34
4.4.5 phase 4……………………………………………………………………………...39

Chapter 5 Results and Discussion

5.1 Results…………………………………………………………………………………….40
5.1.1 Primavera Results……………………………………………………………………40
5.2 Energy Analysis…………………………………………………………………………..49

5.3 Energy Analysis Results...………………………………………………………………..52

5.4 Observation from Insight 360………………………………………………53
5.5 Data Interpretation………………………………………………………………………..54
5.6 Building Orientation……………………………………………………………………...55
5.7 Window-wall Ratio……………………………………………………………………….55
5.8 Window Shades for the facades……………….………………………………………….57
5.9 Window Glazing Properties…………...………………………………………………….59
5.10 Wall Construction...……………………………………………………………………..62
5.11 Roof Construction……………………………………………………………………….63
5.12 Day Lighting and Occupancy Controls….……………………………………………...63
5.13 Air Infiltration…………………………………………………………………………...64
5.14 Lighting and Plug Load Efficiency…….……………………………………………….65
5.15 HVAC Systems………………………………………………………………………….65
5.16 Operating Schedule...…………………………………………………………………...66
5.17 PV Analysis……………………………………………………………………………..66
5.18 PV Panel Efficiency……………………………………………………………………..67
5.19 PV Payback Limit...……………………………………………………………………..68

iii
 5.20 PV Panel Coverage...……………………………………………………………………69
5.21 Energy Optimization…………………………………………………………………….69

5.22 Discussions……………………………………………………………………………...73

Chapter 6 Summary and Conclusions

6.1 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………74
6.2 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………....75
6.3. Recommendations……………………………………………………………………….75

6.4 Limitations……………………………………………………………………………….76

6.5 Future Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………..77

References………….……………………………………………………………………………………...78

iv
 List Of Figures

Figure. No. Description Page No

1.1 Building Information Modelling Cycle 8

2.1 Courtesy of The Business Value of BIM in North
America 12
3.1 The Paradigm of the Study 24

3.2 Ground Floor 2D Floor Plan Developed in AutoCAD 25

3.3 3D Model of Hostel Building Developed in Revit 2024 26

3.4 Defining Activities in Primavera 27

3.5 Declaration of Finish to Start or FS Relationship 28

3.6 Overall Budget and Cost in Primavera 28

3.7 Location and Site Settings in Revit 29

3.8 System Zones Created in Revit 30

3.9 Energy Zones Created in Revit 30

4.1 Location of the Case Study 31

4.2 2D CAD Plan Develop in AutoCAD 33

4.3 3D Model Developed in Revit 34

4.4 Cost and Duration of Individual Activities 36

4.5 Overall Time Duration of Project from Gantt Charts 38

4.6 Energy Analysis(6-D) report in Autodesk Insight 360 39

5.1 Breakdown of Duration of Project in Floors 42

5.2 Breakdown of Cost of Project in Floors 43

5.3 Top View of Ground Floor 44

5.4 Top View of First Floor 46

5.5 Top View of Second Floor 47

v
Figure. No. Description Page No

5.6 Top View of Top Floor 49

5.7 Simulation of Work Flow for Energy Analysis 50

5.8 Insight 360 Energy Generated Model Before Optimization 51

5.9 Energy Model of Building 52

5.10 Generated 3D model by Insight 360 53

5.11 Insight 360 Building Benchmark and Model History 53

5.12 Building Orientation in Insight 360 (Not Optimized
and Optimized) 55
5.13 Window Wall Ratio in Insight 360 57
5.14 Window Shade Analysis 58

5.15 Window Shades Analysis for East and West 59

5.16 Window Glass Type in Insight 360 61

5.17 Wall Construction Analysis in Insight 360 62

5.18 Roof Construction Analysis in Insight 360 63

5.19 Daylighting and Occupancy Control Analysis in Insight 360 64

5.20 Infiltration Analysis in Insight 360 64

5.21 Plug Load Efficiency Analysis 65

5.22 HVAC Types Analysis 65

5.23 Operating Schedule Analysis 66

5.24 PV Analysis 67

5.25 PV Panel Efficiency Analysis 68

5.26 Payback Limit Analysis 68

5.27 Surface Coverage Analysis 69

5.28 Optimized Value of Energy 70

vi
 List Of Tables

Table. No. Description Page No

5.1 Duration and Cost for Activities

of Ground Floor 43

5.2 Duration and Cost for Activities

of First Floor 45

5.3 Duration and Cost for Activities

of Second Floor 46

5.4 Duration and Cost for Activities

of Third Floor 48

5.5 Optimization Elements 71

vii
 Abbrevations

BIM - Building Information Modelling

ITCMS - Integration of an Integrated Time and Cost Management System

BREEM -Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method

LOD -List of Documents

O&M -Operation and Maintenance

EVM -Earned Value Management

CAD -Computer Aided Design

CIFE -Centre for Integrated Facilities Engineering

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

viii
ix
 Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 General

The construction process of a building is fraught with a myriad of challenges that can significantly impact
project outcomes. Budget overruns are a common issue, stemming from unforeseen costs and changes in
design. Schedule delays, often caused by factors like weather or unforeseen site conditions, further complicate
construction timelines. Communication breakdowns among project stakeholders can lead to
misunderstandings and mistakes, exacerbating delays. Scope changes, if not managed properly, can disrupt
the construction flow and escalate costs. Quality control issues pose a risk to the functionality and longevity
of the building, necessitating rigorous inspection and adherence to standards. Safety concerns on construction
sites demand stringent protocols to prevent accidents and injuries. Regulatory compliance issues, if neglected,
can result in legal complications and delays. Supply chain disruptions may cause delays in material
acquisition, affecting construction timelines. Environmental and sustainability challenges arise from the
increasing emphasis on green construction practices and sourcing eco-friendly materials. Additionally,
resistance to technology adoption can hinder efficiency and productivity. Effectively addressing these
challenges requires proactive project management, risk mitigation strategies, adherence to safety standards,
and a commitment to quality and sustainability throughout the construction process.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of creating and managing construction information
throughout its lifecycle for nearly half a century; The industry began using two-dimensional (2D) drawings
and later developed 3D parametric technology. BIM's capabilities extend beyond 3D to 4D (where time is
added to create a schedule) and 5D (where combined costs help create cost estimates for construction projects,
which always begins with calculation and is a time-consuming estimating process). extends. Calculate the
output.

Estimators use methods such as spreadsheets and budgets to create cost estimates based on these figures.
Therefore, it acts as a shared knowledge base that provides a reliable basis for decision-making from the
beginning of the hospital throughout its lifecycle. The principle of the model is that different participants
interact at different stages of the lifecycle, adding, deleting, modifying or altering data during the model to
support and influence participants' responsibilities. The model is based on a model of open collaboration as
shared representation. A model can be a repository containing more interrelated data from a single source.

1
The concept of Building Information Design is the proper design of the building before actual construction to
solve problems and simulate and analyze the impact. The heart of Building Information Modelling is an
authoritative building information model. The reality is that all information for a building already exists
electronically is the catalyst which makes implementing BIM a possibility. Our challenge therefore is to pull
all the information together for the specific building being developed.

The creation of a building information model begins with the first thoughts of the project.
It has since been used as evidence of the model building. The model should be complete in every way prior to
construction and all conflicts or clashes between building systems have been worked out prior to physical
construction beginning.

This means that all elements that go into the model will be selected and the manufacturer will be involved in
providing the ports. In a more collaborative environment, all parties will complete the same job faster. Once
conflicts have been eliminated the model is locked.

Detailed analysis can be run on the model at all stages to determine the optimum energy usage, the most
sustainable and lowest lifecycle cost and the most environmentally friendly facility possible.
The model is also connected to the geographical world, providing it with elements of the real world. It also s
yncs with the housing community so that all participants on the site can access the information.

The contractor and subcontractors will build according to the standard without deviation. If something is not
in the right place then the sub-contractor who deviated from the model will go back and make it right.
While the building is being assembled, detailed information about the product is collected from the invoice a
nd other shipping information such as the serial number and the person who installed it, and when the
warranty period runs through can be collected and stored.

What preventative maintenance is required will also be stored in the model and later used to generate work
orders. The work site is safer because more items will be pre-assembled off site and trucked to the site keeping
the on-sire trades to a minimum. Waste will be minimized on-site and products will be delivered when needed
and not stockpiled on site.

Manufacturers will also reduce waste through activities such as cutting sheet metal and pipes to ensure full u
se of scrap materials. More things are built and pre-assembled off site in controlled environments. Once
completed, the model is sent to the office and supervisors and any changes or improvements are noted in the
model. The model is the authoritative source and it will be used to plan and execute changes throughout the
life of the facility.

2
1.2 Building Information Modelling

Building Information Modelling (BIM) has evolved beyond its initial 3D modelling concept to encompass a
multi-dimensional approach, each dimension adding layers of information crucial for various stages of a
building's lifecycle.

The first three dimensions of BIM focus on the physical aspects. The 3D dimension lays the foundation by
creating a digital representation of the building's geometry. It enables stakeholders to visualize the structure,
identify clashes, and plan spatially. Building upon this, the 4D dimension incorporates time, integrating
scheduling information into the 3D model. This dimension allows for the visualization of construction
sequencing and progress over time, aiding in project management and resource allocation. The 5D dimension
adds the financial aspect by integrating cost-related data, enabling cost estimation, budgeting, and expense
tracking throughout the project lifecycle.

Moving beyond the physical and financial aspects, BIM extends into dimensions that address broader
considerations. The 6D dimension delves into the environmental impact, focusing on sustainability. This
dimension integrates data related to energy efficiency, life cycle analysis, and environmental performance to
optimize a building's ecological footprint. Subsequently, the 7D dimension concerns itself with maintenance
and operations, providing valuable information for facility management during the building's operational
phase. It includes maintenance schedules, equipment details, and operational insights to enhance building
performance.

The 8D dimension encompasses health and safety considerations, ensuring compliance with regulations and
standards. It aids in identifying potential hazards, planning safety measures, and maintaining a secure
environment during construction and occupancy. Finally, the 9D dimension deals with legal and security
aspects, integrating data like contracts, permits, and security features into the BIM model. This dimension
facilitates compliance with legal requirements and enhances security measures for the building.

Despite the immense potential and benefits, implementing multi-dimensional BIM poses several challenges.
Interoperability issues between various software and stakeholders hinder seamless data exchange and
integration. The complexity of incorporating multiple dimensions demands substantial efforts in training and
upskilling stakeholders to effectively use and leverage these dimensions. Legal complexities surrounding data
ownership, liability, and sharing also present significant hurdles. Additionally, the initial investment in
technology, infrastructure, and standardization efforts can pose financial challenges for organizations adopting
BIM. Overcoming these challenges is crucial to unlock the full potential of multi-dimensional BIM for the
construction industry's advancement and improved building lifecycle management.

3
1.2.1 Sustainable Building Information Model

A sustainable BIM model represents a transformative approach in the construction industry, combining the
power of Building Information Modelling (BIM) with sustainable practices. At its core, this model embeds
environmental consciousness into every stage of a building's lifecycle. During the design phase, architects and
engineers leverage BIM software to craft and assess various design iterations, evaluating their environmental
impact. This involves analysing factors like energy efficiency, natural lighting, thermal performance, and the
environmental footprint of materials. By utilizing simulations and analytical tools within the BIM
environment, professionals can optimize designs for reduced environmental impact, fostering more
sustainable structures.

Material selection plays a pivotal role in sustainable BIM models. These models emphasize the choice of eco-
friendly, energy-efficient materials. BIM facilitates the assessment of materials based on their life cycle
analysis, considering factors such as embodied energy, recyclability, and their impact from extraction to
disposal. This meticulous selection process ensures that the building's materials align with sustainability goals,
contributing to a reduced ecological footprint over the building's life span.

Moreover, sustainable BIM models address energy efficiency and performance. They empower designers to
simulate a building's energy consumption, allowing for the evaluation of design elements that affect energy
usage, like heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Additionally, these models facilitate
the integration of renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines, optimizing the building's
energy performance and reducing its reliance on non-renewable resources.

nstrCouction waste reduction is another significant facet of sustainable BIM models. By leveraging accurate
quantity take-offs and efficient scheduling tools within BIM, construction processes are optimized,
minimizing material waste during the building phase. This streamlined approach not only reduces
environmental impact but also contributes to cost savings.

Extending beyond the construction phase, sustainable BIM models support facility managers in ensuring
ongoing operational sustainability. These models provide data and tools for monitoring energy consumption,
scheduling maintenance activities, and enhancing overall operational efficiency. By continuously optimizing
building performance, sustainable BIM models ensure that structures maintain their sustainability objectives
throughout their operational lifetimes.

4
Ultimately, the integration of sustainability into BIM models embodies a paradigm shift in the construction
industry. It not only prioritizes environmental stewardship but also encompasses economic advantages through
reduced operational costs and enhanced building performance. This amalgamation of BIM and sustainability
fosters a more socially responsible and environmentally conscious approach to construction practices, aligning
with global efforts toward a greener future.

1.2.2 BIM Tools

Revit Architecture provided by Autodesk Inc. has built-in sequencing options. Each object can be assigned a
phase. Revit then uses snapshots of the model at each stage to create a simple sequence for the viewer. There
are many architects currently using Revit Architecture. Different BIM construction management and schedule
tools are available. BIM Construction management tools that can support coordination are Navisworks
(Manage), Project Wise, Digital Project Designer, and Vico. Furthermore, Vico, Navisworks Time liner, In
Novaya, and Synchro support BIM and integrate scheduling.

Autodesk Navisworks Manage is well known for the feature of detection of clashes. However, it comes with
a feature called Time liner to simulate construction schedules.

1.2.3 Building Information Modelling Applications

Building information models can be used for the following purposes:

Visualization: 3D renderings can be easily generated in-house with little additional effort.

Fabrication/Construction Drawings: Fabrication drawings can be easily created for many building projects;
For example, sheet metal air duct construction drawings can be made quickly after the prototype is completed.

Code Review: Fire departments and other authorities can use this model to review construction projects

Forensic Analysis: Building information models can be easily modified to disclose malfunctions, leaks,
evacuation plans and more

Facilities Management: Facilities management BIM Can use for renovation, facility planning and
maintenance work.

Cost Estimating: BIM software(s) have built-in cost estimating features. When there is a change in the
sample, the used amount is withdrawn and replaced.

Conflicts, Outages and Collisions: Since BIM models are designed to measure in 3D space, all major systems
can detect outages.

5
This process ensures that the pipes do not hit metal lines, pipes or walls.

1.2.4 The Benefits of Building Information Modelling

Implementing a design information design solution can improve the quality, speed and efficiency and reduce
costs of construction industry professionals in architecture, construction and business.

Higher Quality:

The design information design solution allows tasks to be searched and replaced at any time during the design
or information process without interrupting design team rework. They also reduce collaboration time and
manual review, giving the design team time to design and solve real-world architectural problems. By sharing
common building information modeling tools, more experienced team members work together concurrently
with the production members of the project team through all phases of the project, Close control decisions and
detailed design information.

The outcome of a request or purchase in construction can be easily researched and understood.The builder can
quickly and easily prepare plans showing site utilization or renovation phasing for the owner, communicating
and minimizing the impact of construction operations on the owner's operations and personnel. Landlords use
building information standards to improve property management. The building information model provides a
digital record of building renovations and improves move planning and management.

Greater Speed:

With information design solutions, the design and information of the building can be done simultaneously
instead of separately. Design thinking is captured during design and embedded into the document as the work
progresses. All deliverables for the design team-schedules, colour-filled diagrams, drawings are created
dynamically while the design work is being done. When a change is made, all the consequences of that change
are automatically coordinated through the project. All of this allows the design team to deliver better work
faster

The production of key project deliverables, like visualizations and regulatory approval documents, requires
less time and effort by the design team, so the project can move ahead faster. During the construction process,
developers can use the building information model (or create one) to determine the value of the building for
project estimation and value goals. The model is then reused for revised estimates and construction planning.
Building information modelling accelerates the adaptation of standard building prototypes to site conditions
for businesses such as retail that require similar buildings in many different locations

6
Lower Cost:

Using building information modeling, design teams get more work done with fewer people. A smaller design
team means lower costs and less chance of miscommunication. Because the data is integrated with the
computer, it can be made more efficient, and change and coordination in construction management can be
reduced.

Floor area-based (square-foot) budgeting and cost estimating are easier with a building information model,
and cost information is available earlier and can be updated more frequently than with conventional tools.
Changes late in the design process to reduce construction costs are difficult, inefficient, and expensive for the
design team. With better cost information available from a building information model these kinds of changes
are less likely.

In construction, less time and money is spent on processes and management due to better information and
better construction planning. More of the owner's construction dollar goes into the building instead of
administration and overhead in design and construction.

The building information model can also be used to track and manage physical information of the building,
such as the building's completion status, tenants or occupations, furniture and equipment as financially
important data regarding leasable areas and rental income or departmental cost allocations. Access to this
information improves both revenue and cost management in the operation of the building.

The key benefit of BIM is its accurate geometrical representation of the parts of a building in an integrated
data environment (CRC Construction Innovation). Other related benefits are:

1. Faster, more efficient processes make it easier to share, add value and reuse data.
2. Better design can be analyzed rigorously and simulations can be performed quickly and efficiently,
leading to improvements and new solutions.
3. Manage lifecycle costs and environmental performance is more desirable and lifecycle costs are easier
to understand. Improved productivity – data transfer is easy and automatic.
4. The collection of digital data materials can be used in low-level systems and used in the
design/assembly of systems.

Better customer service visualization. proposals are better understood through accurate Information on living
requirements, design, construction and performance information can be used for facility management.

7
Figure 1.1 explain the cycle of building information modelling from programming to demolition in
construction industry.

Figure 1.1: Building Information Modelling Cycle

Stanford University's Centre for Integrated Facilities Engineering (CIFE) reported the following benefits
(CIFE) based on 32 major projects using BIM:

• Elimination of up to 40% of free changes.

• The time required to create cost estimates can be reduced by up to 80%.
• Reduce runtime by up to 7%.

1.3 Need of the Study

The need for a comprehensive study of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is crucial for several
reasons. Firstly, it enables 3D visualization of the building, providing stakeholders with a detailed and
accurate representation of the project. This visualization can lead to better decision-making and improved
understanding of the building's design and layout.

8
 Additionally, BIM facilitates clash detection, allowing for the identification and resolution of potential
conflicts within the building design. This proactive approach helps in minimizing errors and discrepancies
during the construction phase, leading to cost and time savings.
Furthermore, the optimization of time and cost for project completion is a key benefit of BIM. By
leveraging BIM tools, project managers can develop more accurate schedules and cost estimates, leading
to greater project efficiency and financial predictability.
Moreover, BIM supports the development of sustainable building models by enabling the creation of
energy-efficient and eco-friendly designs. This can help in reducing the life cycle cost of the building and
aligning the project with environmental and sustainability goals.
Another critical aspect is the integration of safety considerations within the BIM model. This involves
leveraging BIM to identify and address safety risks during the construction phase, ultimately enhancing
the overall safety of the project.
In summary, conducting a study on BIM is essential for estimating time and cost, developing sustainable
building models, integrating safety considerations, and facilitating 3D visualization and clash detection
within the construction industry.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study encompasses various essential components. It includes a general introduction,
providing an overview of the project and its objectives. An architectural description of the project will be
presented to offer insights into the design and layout. Additionally, a general description of the building will
be detailed to provide context and understanding of the structure.

Furthermore, the study will involve the estimation of time and cost for the completion of the project, which is
crucial for effective project management and financial planning. Additionally, the study will culminate in
presenting the results and recommendations, which will serve as actionable insights derived from the analysis
conducted throughout the study. This comprehensive approach will ensure that the study provides a holistic
view of the project, encompassing architectural, financial, and strategic considerations.

9
1.5 Objectives of the Study

• To develop a 3D visualization model of the newly constructed Hostel Building from the
floorplans using Revit software
• To develop a time and cost model for newly constructed Hostel Building using Primavera
software.
• To optimize the time and cost resources of construction project using Primavera.
• To estimate the total energy consumption of the building using BIM
• To develop a sustainable building Information model using Revit Software by reducing the
energy consumption of the building.

1.6 Organization of the Report

After a brief introduction and description of BIM in the first chapter, the literature has been reviewed and
presented in chapter two. The detailed methodology and model development have been addressed extensively
in the third chapter. Case study description and data collection were presented in the fourth chapter. Finally,
Results, conclusions and recommendations were discussed in the fifth and Sixth chapter.

10
11
 Chapter 2
Literature Review

2.1 General

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a term that has become ubiquitous in the design and construction
fields over the past 20 years, but where did it come from? The story is rich and complex, as players from the
United States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union compete to create the best architectural software
solutions to disrupt 2D CAD workflows.

Figure 2.1: Courtesy of The Business Value of BIM in North America: Multi-Year Trend Analysis and

Using Rating Smart Market Report (Tacoma, 2012).

The benefits of an architectural design model tied to a relational database have proven to be incredibly
valuable, with contractors becoming the primary drivers of BIM technology for the first time in 2012.With
the rapid adoption of BIM in the construction industry and its gradual use in the design industry, it is a good
idea to make the transition from traditional design information methods to BIM at the same time. There are
plenty of positives, negatives, and unknowns that have to be considered when implementing BIM. This chapter
will discuss research that was done about the background of BIM, its perceived positive and negative effects,
and productivity improvements for the AEC industry shown in Fig2.1.

12
Visualization, the language of most people, can help people understand information. It improves
communications in all life cycle phase of buildings. observed that visualization of natively non visual data for
large asset inventories can be a highly useful cognitive aid for grasping the overwhelming amount of
information required for decision making in management. For more effective results, visualization should be
combined with model driven (integrated) construction environment. The AEC/AM/FM industry recognizes
that visualization enhances communication. At present, visualization seems to be used as a tool for improving
communication with major clients during the conception of needs. It is not employed for the rest of the
stakeholders during the subsequent phases of the life cycle However operation simulation tools are emerging
for owners that use data from their BIMs These include simulations of crowd behaviour emergency evacuation
or response.

2.2 Overview

The literature highlights the potential of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to revolutionize various
aspects of the construction industry. From sustainability assessments to estimating, operational maintenance,
and constructability, BIM offers opportunities to optimize design choices for sustainability, enhance precision
in material quantities, and streamline estimating processes. However, the literature also emphasizes the
challenges such as slow adoption, resistance to change, limitations in BIM software, and the need for expertise
in BIM-related processes. Overall, these insights underline the transformative potential of BIM while
acknowledging the complexities and barriers surrounding its implementation across different facets of
construction and project management.

Pravin Kumar et al. (2023) have discussed about the Resource management, crucial for complex construction
projects, involves planning, scheduling, and allocating people, funds, and technology. Primavera P6 is a key
software for this, adept at managing projects across various industries. Compared to traditional methods, it's
highly effective for optimizing resource scheduling and project duration. Work delays are common due to
uncertainties, but Primavera P6 enables techniques like resource dependencies, rescheduling, and fast-tracking
critical activities to mitigate them. The main aim is to optimize time and cost for a residential building project
by using Primavera P6 for planning, scheduling, resource allocation, budgeting, and tracking. Crashing and
resource levelling techniques help optimize time and cost, necessitating changes in the schedule compared to
initial expectations. Adjustments to the schedule are crucial to complete the paper reflecting optimized
progress.

13
Taher Salamah et al. (2023) have addressed the challenges faced by the construction sector in Syria,
particularly in terms of project delays, cost overruns, and lack of technological advancement. It proposes the
use of Earned Value Management System (EVMS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) as tools to
improve project performance in terms of schedule, cost, and quality. Through a case study approach, the
research will demonstrate the effectiveness of implementing these methodologies compared to traditional
approaches. The study not only seeks to enhance project management practices but also aims to contribute to
the establishment of BIM standards and EVMS guidelines in Syria. Overall, it represents a significant step
towards improving efficiency and effectiveness in the construction industry in Syria

Vishal Uttam et al. (2022) have focused on utilizing BIM-based software for planning, analysis, scheduling,
and estimation in the design of a G+20 Residential Building in Mumbai, India. BIM technology helps manage
the complexities of the project and caters to the diverse needs of designers and contractors. It facilitates the
creation of a detailed 3D smart model, comprehensive design report, scheduling, and approximate estimation.
The design considers the challenges of tall structures, particularly in handling lateral loads like wind and
earthquake forces. Software such as Etabs and Revit streamline the design process, improving accuracy and
efficiency. Primavera P6 aids in project management, scheduling, and estimation. The project adheres to
Indian codes and standards. With advancements in AR and VR technologies like Gamma AR and Enscape,
visual representation of the building becomes more effective. Overall, the construction industry is embracing
advanced software and tools, including BIM, to enhance project outcomes.

Ahmad Alothman et al. (2021) study says that around the world, global warming and energy consumption in
the building had become the most important reasons to have directed the world’s attention to energy-efficient
building. Building sectors have increased parallel with the urbanization expansion in the developed countries,
which increases the energy demand use in the building. External parameters and internal building components
have a significant impact on the enhanced energy performance of the building. The use of energy assessment
tools along with building information modeling could provide an effective contribution to support decision
making in the early design stages. This will enable a selection for proper building components and materials
as well as minimize the influence on the overall energy consumption of buildings. This case study examines
an education building located in the city of Alexandria (Egypt). The examine include life cycle electricity, fuel
use, and life cycle energy cost along with the annual energy use intensity and annual peak demand considering
four-building parameters (Orientation, Wall, Roof, HVAC) have been evaluated and compared with the initial
design. This work enables stakeholders to have a previous virtual imagination to whole building components

14
and to measure the total and annual energy need for each component, thereby driving to achieve near-zero-
energy building as well as better cost-savings of building life cycle.

Van-Hoan et al. (2021) have addressed the challenge of accurately estimating daily concrete requirements in
construction projects, which can lead to wastage or shortages. It proposes integrating 3D Building Information
Modelling (BIM) and project schedules to automatically extract concrete supply schedules. By leveraging
BIM for quantity takeoffs and project schedules, the study aims to streamline the process and improve
accuracy. The developed tool integrates quantity information from BIM with time information from project
schedules, focusing on large and complex projects with phase-wise construction. The extracted schedules can
be exported for analysis and visualization, aiding decision-making. A residential building project in Vietnam
serves as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

Mullapudi Durga and Achuthan Aravindan (2020) have highlighted the importance of resolving conflicts in
construction projects to enhance cost and schedule management. Earned Value Management (EVM) is
emphasized as a key tool for tracking project progress by considering time and cost factors. The main objective
is to analyse the cost and schedule of a residential building project using EVM. Through a case study approach,
the paper assesses project performance in terms of time, cost, and resources, facilitating the identification and
control of delays and critical issues. Primavera software is highlighted as an effective tool for calculating
Earned Value Analysis, ensuring projects stay on schedule and within budget.

Sandvik and Fougner (2019) mainly focused on the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) with
sustainability assessments like BREEAM and LEED allows for a comprehensive view of a project's
environmental impact. By incorporating sustainability data directly into BIM, stakeholders can optimize
design choices for sustainability throughout the building's lifecycle, including demolition. This approach
enhances precision in material quantities, resource usage, and waste reduction, empowering designers to create
durable and sustainable structures.

Paliwal and Divya Chouriya (2019) highlighted about that effective planning and scheduling are vital for
smooth execution of construction projects. The best schedule ensures the project meets key objectives: quality,

15
on-time completion, within budget, and safety. Primavera, a management tool, helps achieve this by managing
scheduling, resource allocation, and time effectively. Comparing project execution with the Primavera
schedule ensures alignment and success.

Xinghua and Pishdad (2019) have provided an overview of the potential for Building Information Modelling
(BIM) to enhance facility Operation and Maintenance (O&M) activities and discusses the current state of
BIM-O&M research. Most research focuses on energy management, with emerging interest in topics like
emergency management and maintenance. The challenges of interoperability in BIM-O&M, understanding
O&M principles for BIM implementation, and justifying the value of BIM-O&M applications are highlighted.
The adoption of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cyber-Physical Systems Framework is
proposed to address interoperability challenges. The need for further surveys to understand O&M principles
for BIM implementation and studies on the return on investment for BIM-O&M applications is emphasized.

Rajat and Masoom Reza (2019) have focused on managing an ongoing residential building construction
project (G+2) by collecting data and tracking processes using Primavera P6 software. Despite the long history
and continuous efforts to innovate in the construction industry, challenges persist in achieving faster, safer,
cheaper, and more accurate construction processes. By analysing data and comparing actual versus planned
time and cost, the study aims to identify inefficiencies and areas for improvement in project management
practices. The findings will contribute to learning from past mistakes and enhancing future project
performance.

Anurag Mahure and Amitkumar Ranit (2018) have compared conventional project management methods with
the use of Primavera, a management tool known for its effectiveness in handling large projects. The study
found that Primavera provides optimal project plans and facilitates adjustments, resulting in successful project
completion. Professionals use Primavera to plan and analyse multiple projects, ensuring timely completion
and staying within budget. Delays in construction projects can lead to penalties and damage the company's
reputation, highlighting the importance of effective project planning and management. Primavera P6 software
aids in planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and time management, ultimately improving the quality of
construction management processes and yielding better results.

16
Shivsharan et. al (2017) have discussed how Energy analysis has become a critical consideration in the
Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry due to escalating concerns surrounding global
warming and energy scarcity. It's imperative to incorporate energy analysis into the design phase of buildings
to comply with increasingly stringent regulations worldwide. Predicting the energy usage of a building and
implementing appropriate energy-conserving measures during construction is paramount. This paper focuses
on leveraging Autodesk Building Information Modeling (BIM) capabilities to perform energy analysis for a
G+9 residential building. By utilizing BIM energy analysis results, the aim is to accurately predict the
building's energy consumption. Integrating BIM energy analysis results into the building design process
facilitates tracking and studying energy consumption during the building's lifecycle, aiding in future
maintenance planning. Any significant variations in energy consumption can be identified, and steps to reduce
energy expenses or prevent energy wastage can be implemented based on the analysis results. To achieve these
objectives, the study utilizes Autodesk Revit Software along with a BIM software, namely Green Building
Studio, which offers cloud-based energy analysis capabilities. By leveraging these tools, the paper aims to
provide insights into the effective use of BIM energy analysis results for predicting and managing energy
consumption in buildings, thereby contributing to energy-efficient and sustainable construction practices.

Anaya Meshram (2018) explained that in the construction industry, software like PRIMAVERA aids in project
scheduling, but lacks direct links to project components in 2D or 3D. To address this, Building Information
Modelling (BIM) is recommended by researchers to visually represent schedules and project models.
However, BIM tools alone can't handle tasks like schedule generation, topography modelling, and geospatial
analyses effectively. To address these gaps, an integration of project schedules and 3D models from software
like REVIT is proposed. Additionally, GIS modules like ArcGIS and ARCSCENE are utilized to link
schedules and drawings. This integration enables planners to quickly assess buildability and identify
construction sequences, minimizing errors and optimizing project progress monitoring. By reducing overlaps
and rework, this approach enhances efficiency and provides clearer visualization of construction project
advancements.

Anurag Mahure and Amitkumar Ranit (2018) have compared the effectiveness of conventional project
management methods with the use of Primavera software. Primavera is chosen for its ability to provide
optimal project plans, particularly for large projects, leading to efficient management and cost savings. The
analysis reveals that Primavera offers numerous features and benefits for successful project completion,
including effective planning and analysis by professional schedulers. Delays in construction projects can have

17
severe consequences, making efficient time planning crucial. Primavera P6 software aids in planning,
scheduling, resource allocation, and time management, improving overall project quality and results.

Vignesh (2017) has explained that construction projects are complex endeavors fraught with uncertainties and
risks, particularly regarding resource allocation and cost management. Project success hinges on efficient
utilization of planned resources including labor, materials, machinery, finances, and time. However, creating
accurate plans, especially for large-scale projects, presents a significant challenge due to limited resource
availability within firms. In the planning phase, Project Managers often schedule tasks concurrently to
expedite project timelines. However, this approach can lead to conflicts where the same resource is required
for multiple tasks simultaneously, exacerbating resource scarcity issues. To address these challenges, modern
software tools like Primavera (P6) R8.3 offer Resource Balancing functionalities. This paper delves into the
techniques of smoothing and leveling, which are employed to resolve resource conflicts and optimize project
schedules. By leveraging Primavera P6's capabilities, Project Managers can streamline the process,
minimizing manual computations and expediting decision-making. A case study is presented to illustrate how
Resource Balancing techniques are applied using Primavera P6 and their impact on project duration and cost.
Through this analysis, the paper demonstrates the practical implementation of Resource Balancing to achieve
more efficient project management and mitigate resource-related challenges.

Olsen and Mark Taylor (2017) have highlighted the challenges and slow adoption of building information
modelling (BIM) in the construction industry. It highlights the reluctance to change from traditional methods,
citing reasons such as the time and cost required to train employees, upgrade hardware, and the fundamental
change in work processes associated with BIM adoption. Legal issues around defining BIM within contracts
and its incorporation into project are also noted. Additionally, the passage mentions the varying adoption of
BIM across architectural firms and construction companies, with larger firms mostly using BIM for
visualization and constructability and intending to employ it for estimating and cost control in the future. It
also touches on the concept of "Levels of Development" (LOD) in BIM models, emphasizing their importance
in different stages of estimating accuracy.

Mudassir Zahid et al. (2016) have discussed that conventional methods used in Architecture, Engineering, and
Construction (AEC) industry often lack clarity in planning, scheduling, and monitoring projects, leading to
inefficiencies. Building Information Modelling (BIM) addresses these drawbacks by providing a single-file
concept that consolidates various project databases into one platform. It serves as a comprehensive data
18
repository for building design, construction, and maintenance information, facilitating collaboration among
stakeholders. This paper emphasizes the perspective of a planning engineer on conventional methods versus
BIM. It proposes a methodology to create a 4D simulated model of a Gr. (Stilt) + 16th Floor residential
building, incorporating time as the fourth dimension. By integrating time into the model, stakeholders can
visualize project progress and anticipate scheduling conflicts more effectively, enhancing overall project
management and coordination.

Kamar Aljundi et al. (2016) have presented how Building design typically begins with the inception phase and
progresses to the creation of digital representations using Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools. These
tools, such as Revit® software and Green Building Studio Autodesk®, generate digital models that closely
resemble the final construction product. Throughout this digital process, information is managed using
collaborative environments provided by BIM methodologies and tools, allowing for effective management of
project lifecycle information. This paper focuses on the reliability and flexibility of energy analysis conducted
through BIM-based simulations. By using BIM tools, designers can simulate energy performance with high
accuracy and explore various design alternatives before implementing final solutions. The study compares
results obtained from BIM-based simulations with those from Energy Plus software and physical
measurements. The research specifically examines the thermal and energy performance of a well-insulated
test cell and evaluates the impact of changes in thermal mass and insulation thickness. By analyzing the
advantages and disadvantages of each tool, the study concludes that BIM tools offer significant benefits,
allowing designers to experiment with different design alternatives throughout the project lifecycle. This
approach saves time and money while contributing to the development of more energy-efficient buildings.

Franco et al. (2015) have discussed the limited use of BIM for estimating and scheduling in multi-family
construction projects due to the time and cost involved in creating BIM models. It also highlights the potential
benefits and obstacles in adopting automated estimating methods, stressing the reluctance of subcontractors
to transition due to experienced labour, time, and initial cost requirements. Overall, it addresses the challenges
and opportunities of utilizing BIM for estimating and scheduling in construction projects.

Ahmad Jrade and Julien Lessard (2015) discussed the significance of BIM as an enabler of constructability,
highlighting its potential to improve project quality and reduce costs and duration. Additionally, it emphasizes
the utility of Earned Value Management (EVM) as a valuable tool for monitoring and controlling time and
cost relative to the project scope, offering construction managers the means to compare project progress
19
against planned baselines. Integration of an Integrated Time and Cost Management System (ITCMS) with
BIM is seen as an effective approach to enhancing construction practices and achieving better budget and
schedule outcomes in future projects.

Farzad Jalaei and Ahmad Jrade (2014) have stated energy consumption in buildings is a significant concern
due to its high levels, prompting increased attention from building owners, architects, and engineers towards
sustainability and energy performance. Traditionally, energy analysis tools have been employed by designers
primarily at the end of the design stage, after the selection of building components and elements. However,
conducting energy analysis at the conceptual design stage offers numerous benefits. It provides designers with
valuable insights into the energy consumption of various design alternatives, aiding in the selection of the
most energy-efficient building solutions. Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays a crucial role in
facilitating this process. BIM enables users to assess different design alternatives comprehensively and
evaluate vital energy strategies and systems early in the conceptual design phase. By leveraging BIM tools,
designers can make informed decisions regarding the selection of materials and energy-related systems,
influencing the entire building's lifecycle. Moreover, utilizing BIM tools allows designers to anticipate and
address energy-related challenges early in the design stage, leading to more efficient and sustainable building
designs. By integrating energy analysis into the conceptual design phase, BIM enhances the overall energy
performance of buildings and contributes to long-term sustainability goals.

Subramani et al. (2014) have aimed to quantify the time-saving benefits of using Industrialized Building
System (IBS) in construction projects, particularly high-rise residential buildings. By comparing conventional
construction methods with IBS, using Primavera (P3) project planning software, the study models the
construction process for similar-sized structures. Results indicate significant time savings, with IBS
components expediting the construction of an 18-story residential building by 42%, totaling 405 days. While
not all IBS components contribute equally to time savings, the overall findings support the efficiency and
effectiveness of IBS in reducing construction duration.

Andrew Fernans and Sachin Paul (2013) have focused on monitoring the progress of constructing a four-story
factory building in Cochin, Kerala, known as the "Standard Design Factory." It utilizes project management
software, Primavera P6, to compare planned construction progress with the actual progress. Despite
established principles and policies for project monitoring, inefficiencies can arise due to practical challenges
during implementation. By identifying these challenges, the study aims to improve the monitoring and control
20
process, enabling better recognition of problem areas and implementation of corrective actions to address
deviations from the plan.

Anoop and Bradford (2011) have discussed the potential for using Building Information Modelling (BIM) to
automate estimating processes in the construction industry and the current challenges in its adoption. While
many contractors are using BIM, only a minority are leveraging it for automated estimating. The survey
reveals the gap in expertise, with employees skilled in BIM lacking estimating experience and vice versa. The
aim is for BIM to streamline quantity take-off and transfer it to estimating software for rapid and accurate cost
estimation, but current limitations in BIM software and contract negotiation processes hinder its efficiency.
The need for upgraded BIM software and detailed BIM models is emphasized for more effective cost
estimating by general contractors.

Sylvester and Charlotte (2010) have considered that there is an increasing importance of accurate estimating
in construction, particularly in the context of teaching and utilizing building information modelling (BIM)
methods. It emphasizes the need for reliable and effective estimating techniques, especially for undergraduate
students, and highlights the potential benefits of BIM-enabled estimating processes. It also underlines the
importance of faculty training and the potential limitations and costs associated with implementing BIM
estimating methods in the industry.

2.3 Critical Appraisal

The paper "Energy Performance Analysis of Building for Sustainable Design Using BIM: A Case Study on
Institute Building" explores the critical role of energy-efficient building design in addressing global warming
and the increasing energy demand in urban areas. By integrating energy assessment tools with building
information modeling (BIM), the study demonstrates how decision-making in the early design stages can be
supported, enabling the selection of proper building components and materials to minimize overall energy
consumption. Through a case study on an education building in Alexandria, Egypt, the research evaluates
various building parameters and compares them with the initial design to assess energy performance. This
comprehensive analysis provides stakeholders with insights into the total and annual energy requirements for
each building component, ultimately aiming to achieve near-zero-energy buildings and improve cost savings
over the building's lifecycle.

21
Similarly, the paper "3D Modeling and Energy Analysis of a Residential Building using BIM Tools"
underscores the importance of integrating energy analysis into the architectural, engineering, and construction
(AEC) industry to combat global warming and energy crises. Leveraging Autodesk BIM capabilities,
particularly Autodesk Revit Software and Green Building Studio, the study focuses on performing energy
analysis for a G+9 residential building. By predicting and tracking energy consumption during both
construction and future maintenance phases, stakeholders can identify energy-saving measures and optimize
energy expenses, ultimately contributing to sustainable building practices.

In contrast, the paper "Optimization of Time and Cost of a Residential Building (G+24) Using Primavera P6"
shifts the focus to resource management and project scheduling. Recognizing the complexity of construction
projects and the need for effective resource allocation, the study employs Primavera P6 software to plan,
manage, and execute project work. By optimizing project duration and cost through planning, scheduling, and
resource allocation, the research aims to minimize delays and uncertainties. Through techniques such as
crashing and resource levelling, the study seeks to achieve optimized project schedules and costs, highlighting
the importance of adapting schedules based on expected and optimized progress.

Together, these papers demonstrate the multidimensional approach required for sustainable building design,
encompassing energy performance analysis, 3D modeling, energy consumption prediction, and project
optimization. By integrating advanced technologies and methodologies, stakeholders can address the complex
challenges of global warming, energy crises, and resource management in the construction industry.

22
 Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1 General

Taking the right decisions at the right time is very important even in the case of a building project. So important
decisions related to sustainable building design have to be taken in the conceptual stage itself. Though only
conceptual sketches and drawings are available at the early stages, the most important decisions about the later
stages of building construction have to take at the early stages themselves. Otherwise, during the design
process, more complex problems arise leading to the complexly of the situation, and the flexibility to make
decisions in the solution section will decrease

Decisions taken at the conceptual stage of the design impose more impact on the final result of the project,
even though only a little knowledge is available in the earlier stages. The fact is that if an engineer or an
architect can take major decisions on sustainability in the initial stages itself, one could reduce the negative
impacts such as overexploitation of natural resources, biodiversity and even the total project cost of the
structure can be immensely reduced. Most of the environmental impacts, energy usage, life cycle costs, etc
which are considered to play a major role in sustainability can be assessed and evaluated at the conceptual
stage itself. Traditionally, the energy analyses of proposed building projects have been conducted toward the
end of their design stage. The ultimate aim of sustainable construction is to design, operate, and build a better
environment based on resource efficiency and environmental balance by giving importance to resource
consumption reduction, using recyclable resources, protecting nature, eliminating toxic materials, applying
life cycle costing, and finally focusing on quality.

Experts say BIM covers all the important aspects of a building such as geometry, spatial relationships, analysis
of daylighting, quantity estimation, etc BIM energy analysis tools can predict the energy performance of a
building and the thermal comfort of the occupants. It simulates the weather conditions near the building
location and determines the thermal values of the entire project by using data such as the type of materials
used, the colour of the paint, the conductivity of the materials, etc. Having all the necessary data within BIM,
construction products, materials, and chemicals available to all as early as the design stage gives a chance to
check that the right and energy-efficient products are incorporated in the building. Figure 3.1 illustrates the
flow chart of the project methodology adopted in this work.

23
3.2 Methods and Materials

Figure 3.1 The Paradigm of the Study

24
3.2.1 Development of 2D Model Using AutoCAD

From the floor plans available to us, we created 2D drawing in AutoCAD using commands like

• Line
• Text
• Labels
• Hatch
• Edit
• Dimensions
• Save and export
Figure 3.2 shows us the 2D CAD Plan which was developed using Floor plans received from site.

Figure 3.2 Ground Floor 2D Floor Plan Developed in AutoCAD

3.2.2 Conversion of AutoCAD Data into Revit 3D

The steps for converting 2D CAD model to Revit Autodesk software for

making 3D model:

• Go to the insert tab

25
 • Select "Import CAD".
• Browse for the cad file that you wish to import.
• On the positioning tab leave the default position" Centre to Centre".
• On the "Place at" tab select the level you want to import.
• Pick your colour preference on the "Colours" tab.
• On the Layers tab leave "All" selected, if you want to import all the layers from the file. Otherwise,
you can select which layer to import individually. By doing so it will not import any object on
unselected layers.
• Leave the "Import units as Auto Detect.
• Select "Open"
Once the file is imported you can edit the CAD drawing as a Revit file as shown in figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 3D Model of Hostel Building Developed in Revit 2024

3.2.3 Time and Cost Estimation by PRIMAVERA

An excel sheet is prepared from the data given by the supervisor at the site i.e., breakdown of work into 3
milestones and specified series of activities in each milestone and time required for each activity and in each
milestone the works were divided among the 3 group of civil man works, PEB man works and machinery,

26
cost breakdown per labour, material, and quantity of work the data is substituted into primavera through which
an overall time and cost were estimated

The procedure for estimating 4D and 5D through Primavera

• Creation of a new project in primavera

• Assign project title and start date
• Defining each activity in each milestone as shown in Figure 3.4

•
Figure 3.4 Defining Activities in Primavera

• Allocation of resources of each activity among (civil manhours, PEB works, machinery)
• Declaration of time for each activity
• Link activities
• Give the type of link between the predecessor/successor activities
• Finish to Start or FS Relationship: A successor activity cannot be started until a predecessor activity
is finished as shown in Figure 3.5

27
•
Figure 3.5 Declaration of Finish to Start or FS Relationship

• Start to Start or SS Relationship: A successor activity cannot be started until a predecessor

activity is started.
• Calculation of overall budget and time from individual activities as shown in Figure 3.6.

•
Figure 3.6 Overall Budget and Cost in Primavera

28
 3.2.4 Energy analysis using Revit and Autodesk
In this phase the energy analysis is being carried in following ways
Autodesk Revit itself integrates with Autodesk Insight 360 through a plugin to do energy analysis
The procedure followed is in these steps
• Open Revit and import the 3D model into it
• Go to Analyze tab in their energy optimization tab
• In that set the location and site accordingly as shown below in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7 Location and Site Settings in Revit

• In advanced energy settings set the changes accordingly
• Create System zones from the model in Revit as shown in Figure 3.8.

29
 Figure 3.8 System Zones Created in Revit

• Generate Energy model from the option given there in Revit as shown in Figure 3.9

Figure 3.9 Energy Zones Created in Revit

• Perform system analysis of Annual Building Energy Simulation and run analysis
• Optimize the energy and environmental performance using optimization tab.
Hence the energy analysis of building comes to end

30
 Chapter 4
Case Study and Data Collection

4.1 General
4.2 Selecting the Location for the Case Study

In this study, a G+3 residential building of 7944 sq. m (85508 sq. ft) area is located in Hyderabad, Telangana
was taken. The building is a 500 Bed Hostel for the Engineering Students. The building’s location is the capital
city of Telangana State. The Coordinates of the site are 17.4044425, 78.5213833 as in Figure 4.1.

The Site was a barren land earlier and is being decided to construct a new hostel there for students by utilising
the barren land and by demolition of the old hostel present there. With a target to complete the project within
one year the project has been set of. The building environment has been quite peaceful with plenty of natural
resources available and which are suitable for construction.

Figure 4.1 Location of the case study (500 beds hostel)

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4.3 Case Study Description

A G+3 residential building of 7944 sq. m (85508 sq. ft) area is considered for visualizing the potential
of BIM technology and development up to 5D model is done using AUTOCAD, REVIT and PRIMAVERA
in construction projects. The building is a 500 Bed Hostel for the Engineering Students.

The Floor plans used for developing 2D model were provided by Aarvee Associates, Hyderabad. The 1D and
2D which are Research planning and Drawing was created using the AutoCAD software using different tools.
The 2D plan is being imported to Revit and developed in it to get the 3D in BIM which is modelling. The
activities and schedules data which were done, ongoing and will get completed in near future were taken from
the site engineer. The data about the quantity of work was also taken from Aarvee Associates, Hyderabad.

These activities, schedules and quantity of work along with price per each quantity are being given to the
Primavera software in order to get Time and Cost estimations the 4D and 5D of BIM. According to the data
given by the site engineer, the work is divided in to 3 milestones, the first milestone is up to plinth beam,
second is up to slab& brickwork, third milestone is total Finishing Works. In each milestone the series of
activities were listed and made a estimation of cost for material and labour, by dividing the works into civil
works PE works is calculated according to the site data, and estimated an overall budget as by summing
individual activities with the use of PRIMERVERA.

4.4 Case Study Data Collection

4.4.1 BIM Model Development

The aim is to develop 6D model from the given floor plans using BIM. Since the proposed methodology
integrates different applications, as is represented, the development will be implemented through the following
3 phases:

4.4.2 Phase 1
The BIM 2D model was created with the help of the technical Floor plans drawings made of the building.
AutoCAD allows the modelling of two- dimensional building elements such as walls, floors, roofs, etc. along
with opening components such as doors, windows, and ventilators using the floor plans as reference. Figure
illustrates the AutoCAD 2D plans of the residential building. Figure 4.2 shows the developed Autocad plan.

32
 Figure 4.2 2D CAD Plan Developed in AutoCAD

4.4.3 Phase 2
Focuses on customizing the BIM tool to fit the modularity requirements of the model. The first step is to
design and implement a 3D module capable of storing newly created families, in BIM tools, and their
associated keynotes for components commonly used in residential buildings. Using Autodesk Revit 2024 to
generate the BIM model as in Figure 4.3 , allows the creation of quite accurate representations of the real
building that is going to be constructed. We are developing the 3D BIM model of the basic structure. In this
case study the 2D model is being imported into Revit 2024 and multi storey is being developed in further
phases.

33
 Figure 4.3 3D Model Developed in Revit

4.4.4 Phase 3

An excel sheet is prepared from the data given by the supervisor at the site i.e., breakdown of work into
different activities floor wise and time required for each activity and the works were assigned to 3 group of
resources i.e, civil man works, Material and machinery, cost breakdown and duration of each activity data is
substituted into primavera through which an overall time and cost were estimated.

The overall time is estimated from the gannts charts and cost from addition of individual activities .The bar
graphs are developed between various relations are presented below in Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5.

34
(a)

35
 (b)

Figure 4.4 (a&b) Cost & Duration of Individual Activities

36
 (a)

37
 (b)

(c)

Figure 4.5(a..c) Overall Time Duration of Project from Gantt Charts

38
4.4.5 Phase 4

Energy analysis is being carried out in this phase to achieve sustainability of the building through the
recommendations and the results of the energy analysis carried out. Energy analysis is being done with help
of Revit and Autodesk Insight 360 software’s. Various components of a building are being analyzed deeply to
get energy usage statistics and the optimization is also being carried out to know about the ways in energy is
being less used and sustainability is being achieved as in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6. Energy Analysis(6-D) Report in Autodesk Insight 360

39
 Chapter 5

Results and Discussion

5.1 Results

5.1.1 Primavera Results

As per 4D and 5D in BIM we have carried out the necessary calculations in the primavera software as per the
data collected from site engineer and other relavent sources

The 4th and 5th dimensions in Building Information Modeling (BIM) are incredibly useful for several reasons:

1. 4D BIM (Time):

• Visualizing Construction Sequences: It allows stakeholders to visualize the construction process

over time, enabling better understanding and planning.
• Clash Detection and Conflict Resolution: By simulating construction sequences, clashes between
elements can be identified early, allowing for proactive resolution and avoiding costly rework.
• Optimized Scheduling: Helps in optimizing project schedules, resource allocation, and identifying
potential delays or bottlenecks.

2. 5D BIM (Cost):

• Accurate Cost Estimation: Integrates cost-related data with the 3D model and schedule, enabling
accurate cost estimation and budgeting throughout the project lifecycle.
• Cost Forecasting: Helps in forecasting project costs based on changes in design, materials, labor, or
schedule, aiding in better financial planning.
• Value Engineering: Facilitates value engineering by evaluating design alternatives based on cost
implications, helping in making informed decisions to optimize costs without compromising quality.

Overall, these dimensions enhance project collaboration, improve decision-making, reduce risks, and lead to
more efficient and cost-effective construction projects. The results obtained are

• Overall Duration of the project is 583 days

• Overall Cost of the project is Rs.395000000

40
For the estimation of time and cost we have subdivided overall project into individual activities which help
for the completion of project.

Each floor had the following activities along with some miscellaneous works.

• columns
• beams and slabs
• brick work
• cutting of walls
• Plumbing works
• Electrical
• Plastering
• Doors
• Ceiling
• Tile work
• Glass and aluminium
• Grills
• Painting

The following bar graph and line graph have been prepared according to each floors in terms of duration and
cost. They are interpreted below in Figure 5.1.

(a)

41
 (b)

Figure 5.1(a&b) Breakdown of Duration of Project in Floors

(a)

42
 (b)

Figure 5.2 (a&b) Breakdown of Cost of Project in Floors

From the above figures we can infer that duration for completion of ground and first floor is more as compared
to other floors, this could be due to the extra foundation works and due to slow movement of work in initial
days

In cost criteria it is observed that third floor has more cost to build because of utilities provided in that floor.

Recommendations and suggestions to optimize these are provided in further part of report.

Each activity, its duration and cost for each floor along with its 3D top view have been formulated in Table
5.1 below.

Table 5.1 Duration and Cost for Activities of Ground Floor

Sl.no Activities Estimated Actual Estimated Actual

Duration Duration Cost Cost

(days)
(Days) (rupees) (rupees)

1 Columns 14 14 8503543 8503543

2 beams and slabs 21 22 13229854 13224453

3 brick work 12 12 9247988 9247988

4 cutting of walls for 6 6 147883 147883

electrical &

43
 5 plumbing works 6 6 988957 999964

6 electrical works 6 6 4349874 4357421

7 Plastering works 12 14 5472145 5480512

8 Doors choukas 8 8 4554686 4554686

9 Ceiling work 8 8 1974703 1974703

10 Tiles 12 14 8046215 8249317

work
11 Glass and Aluminium 7 7 37413 37413

12 Grills 5 5 1457198 1457198

13 Paint work 12 15 9654200 9702000

Here is the description of the data given in table 5.1 i.e duration and cost for activities of ground floor.
The activity Beams and slabs have a high duration of 22 days and a high cost of Rs.13224453. columns,
plastering works and tile works have a duration of 14days and cost of RS.8503543,Rs.5480512and
Rs.8249317. Three consecutive works cutting of walls for electrical and plumbing work , plumbing work
and electrical works having same duration of 6 days and cost of Rs.147883,Rs.999964 and 4357421
respectively. Glass and aluminium works having a least cost of Rs.37413 and duration of 7 days. Grills
work having least duration of 5 days and cost Rs.1457198.

Figure 5.3. Top View of Ground Floor

44
 Table 5.2 Duration and Cost for Activities of First Floor

Sl.no Activities Estimated Actual Estimated Cost (rupees)

Duration Duration Cost

(days)
(days) (rupees)

1 Columns 12 14 4187941 4191695

2 beams and slabs 21 22 12362561 12368560

3 brick work 10 12 6475481 6480446

4 cutting of walls for 6 6 346123 346123

electrical &

5 plumbing works 6 6 972523 972523

6 electrical works 5 6 4349874 4357421

7 Plastering works 12 14 5289745 5292692

8 Doors choukas 8 8 434365 434365

9 Ceiling work 7 8 1576587 1586545

10 Tiles 12 14 609874 616954

work
11 Glass and 7 7 200288 200288
Aluminium

12 Grills 5 5 17496 17496

13 Paint work 14 15 2399547 2400689

45
 Figure 5.4. Top View of First Floor

Here is the description of the data given in table 5.2 i.e duration and cost for activities of ground floor.
The activity Beams and slabs have a high duration of 22 days and a high cost of Rs.12368560. columns,
plastering works and tile works have a duration of 14days and cost of RS.4191695,Rs.529269and
Rs.616954. Three consecutive works cutting of walls for electrical and plumbing work , plumbing work
and electrical works having same duration of 6 days and cost of Rs.346126,Rs.972523 and Rs.4357421
respectively. Glass and aluminium works having a least cost of Rs.200288 and duration of 7 days. Grills
work having least duration of 5days and cost Rs.17496.

Table 5.3. Duration and Cost for activities of Second Floor

Sl.no Activities Estimated Actual Estimated Actual

Duration Duration Cost Cost

(days) (days) (rupees) (rupees)

1 Columns 14 14 4185478 4191695

2 beams and slabs 21 22 1344879 1346856

3 brick work 11 12 7024578 7035630

4 cutting of walls for 6 6 346123 346123

electrical &

46
 5 plumbing works 5 6 968457 972523

6 electrical works 6 6 4415188 4415188

7 Plastering works 12 14 5468795 5474411

8 Doors choukas 8 8 4374350 4374350

9 Ceiling work 8 8 1586545 1586545

10 Tiles 12 14 6525478 6538748

work
11 Glass and 7 7 200288 200288
Aluminium

12 Grills 5 5 17496 17496

13 Paint work 12 15 2457890 2516250

Figure 5.5. Top View of Second Floor

Here the description of the data given in table 5.4 i.e duration and cost for activities of ground floor. The
activity Beams and slabs have a high duration of 22 days and a high cost of Rs.1346856. columns,
plastering works and tile works have a duration of 14days and cost of RS.4191695,Rs.5474411and
Rs.6538748. Three consecutive works cutting of walls for electrical and plumbing work , plumbing work
and electrical works having same duration of 6 days and cost of Rs.346123,Rs.4191695 and Rs.4415188
respectively. Glass and aluminium works having a least cost of Rs.200288 and duration of 7 days. Grills
work having least duration of 5days and cost Rs.17496

47
 Table 5.4 Duration and Cost for Activities of Third Floor

Sl.no Activities Estimated Actual Estimated Actual

Duration Duration Cost Cost

(days)
(days) (rupees) (rupees)

1 Columns 14 14 4317191 4317191

2 beams and slabs 21 22 12460574 12462265

3 brick work 10 12 7154639 7154639

4 cutting of walls for 6 6 369848 369848

electrical & plumbing

5 plumbing works 6 6 1023874 1024989

6 electrical works 5 6 4425410 4432707

7 Plastering works 11 14 5784512 5794180

8 Doors choukas 7 8 4407541 4409847

9 Ceiling work 7 8 1765478 1774449

10 Tiles 14 14 9897259 9897259

work
11 Glass and Aluminium 7 7 224407 224007

12 Grills 5 5 27667 27667

13 Paint work 18 21 2787452 2911981

Here is the description of the data given in table 5.5 i.e duration and cost for activities of ground floor. The
activity Beams and slabs have a high duration of 22 days and a high cost of Rs.12462265. columns,
plastering works and tile works have a duration of 14days and cost of RS.4317191,Rs.5794180and
Rs.9897259. Three consecutive works cutting of walls for electrical and plumbing work , plumbing work
and electrical works having same duration of 6 days and cost of Rs.369848,Rs.1024989 and Rs.4432707
respectively. Glass and aluminium works having a least cost of Rs.224007 and duration of 7 days. Grills
work having least duration of 5days and cost Rs.27667.

48
 Figure 5.6. Top View of Top Floor

5.2 Energy Analysis

The energy analysis is done using the Insight 360 add-in for Autodesk Revit software. Insight 360 is a cloud-
based energy analysis system that uses the energy model generated by Autodesk Revit 2024. This BIM model
is exported to the Insight 360 program which then computes the annual energy use intensity in kWh/m2/yr
and the annual operation cost in USD/yr. The cost is determined by combining the unit utility rates for
electricity and gas.

BIM energy model simulation workflow illustrated in Figure 5.7 shown below

49
 Figure 5.7 Simulation of Work Flow for Energy Analysis

Insight 360 recognizes only nine currencies. The default currency which is globally accepted is the American
Dollar. Therefore, the utility rates local to Kabul, Afghanistan are converted to USD and used for the net yearly
cost calculation. The utility rates used are: 1) Electricity- 0.08 USD/kWh, and 2) Gas-0.4 USD/cubic meters.
Figure 5.8 shows the energy generated model by Insight 360.

50
 Figure 5.8 Insight 360 Energy Generated Model Before Optimization

This energy analysis program compares the obtained result of the BIM model with the standard
ASHRAE 90.1 benchmark and an Architecture 2030 energy value. Architecture 2030 is a
challenge issued by the American Institute of Architects. It projects a sustainable net-zero
energy future concerning the building and design sector. For the present-day scenario, an
energy use intensity value between the ASHRAE 90.1 benchmark and the Architecture 2030
projection is the recommended amount. As the value comes closer to the Architecture 2030
projection, the building is said to be a high- performing building. However, the Architecture
2030 projection is only available for those buildings located in the United States of America,
so this building's energy use intensity can only be compared to the global ASHRAE 90,1
benchmark value.

The Insight 360 program develops an energy model of the built form highlighting all the
analytical components and elements used for the analysis and a wide range of comparative data
which assists in conducting a thorough analysis. It generates a benchmark comparison that
displays the possible range of energy use intensity values that this building can have depending
on changing its various analytical elements such as orientation, window to wall ratios, roof and
wall construction, etc. Following this, Insight 360 displays adjustment tiles, each of which
represents a specific design element. These tiles compare the effects of each design element of
the BIM model against a set of standard design options proposed by Insight 360,
concerning the net energy use intensity or cost. Using this, a comparative analysis using
different design scenarios was conducted and practical design alternatives were compiled.
51
5.3 Energy Analysis Results

The current chapter details the result and discussion in the research work on the selected case study. The
energy analysis has been presented along with the various trends and patterns at different building orientations.
The energy consumption patterns have been completed and a comprehensive comparative analysis has been
formulated Different factors affecting these patterns have also been discussed and optimization has been
performed. Figure 5.7 shows developed analytical model for energy simulation (Energy model)

BIM energy model simulation workflow illustrated in Figure 5.9 shown below

Figure 5.9. Energy Model of Building

The Energy Analysis results were obtained from Autodesk Insight 360 website. The results show the Energy
Assessment Model, EUI (Energy Usage intensity), and different combinations of important criteria including
Building Orientation, Window wall ratio (WWR), Window Shades, Window Glass, Wall, and Roof
Construction properties. By toggling among the different given alternatives, the value of energy cost in
USD/m2/ year can be varied and the most efficient model can be selected. Insights give the results in
USD/m2/year which is the cost of energy per unit of areas for a year and the prices for KWh usage of electricity
are considered as per the location by applying standard conversion rates. The 3D model from Autodesk

Insights and the colours are just for differentiating various components of the energy model Figure 5.10 shows
the generated 3D model of the BIM

52
 Figure 5.10. Generated 3D Model by Insight 360

5.4. Observation From Insight 360

Insight 360 generated an analytical building from model. Figure 5.11 shows the observation from Insight 360

Figure 5.11 Insight 360 Building Benchmark and Model History

The results of the designed BIM model are as follows:

• The net Energy Use Intensity of the given design sums up to 144kWh/m²/yr. This translates to the use
of USD 8.15 per kWh/m2/yr.
• The ASHRAE 90,1 benchmark provided for this building design is 244 kWh/m²/yr.
• The benchmark comparison range is 112 kWh/m2/yr to 155 kWh/m2/yr.

53
 • Based on the given design scenario the building is categorized as a Mid-Level Performance design.
• Using the data from this energy analysis program, the potential energy saving for different building
parameters options have been obtained by tabulating and compiling the energy use intensity about each
design element.
• The building has already adopted many energy-efficient design choices that allow its overall energy
use intensity to be on the lower end of the possible spectrum.

5.5. Data Interpretation

The Insight 360 program provides the net annual energy use intensity and its corresponding yearly cost per
unit EUL. It further attributes the energy use intensity to the main parameters that can affect it significantly.
Insight 360 provides energy use values for the BIM model and other options provided by the program.
Additionally, for reference in all further-mentioned comparative data, the BIM model EUl is to be taken as
zero as it is considered as the baseline. The factors used by Insight 360 are as follows

1. Building Orientation

ii. Window-Wall Ratio (for exterior walls facing all four cardinal directions)

iii. Window Shading (for exterior walls facing all four cardinal directions)

iv. Window Glazing Material used (for exterior walls facing all four cardinal

v. directions)

Vi. Wall Construction

vii. Roof Construction

viii. Daylighting and Occupancy Control

ix. Air Infiltration

x. Lighting and Plug Load Efficiency

xi. HVAC Systems

xii. Operating Schedule

xiii. PV Analysis

54
5.6. Building Orientation

The modeled BIM building has been designed to orient towards the West direction. From the below graph, it
can be seen that there isn’t any significant change in the energy use intensity and would decrease if it is faced
in North direction. The range of increase in energy use intensity is from 0 (North) to 270 (East). Therefore, it
is understood that any direction except the North orientation would generate a significant increase in the
overall energy use intensity of the building and that the modeled building uses the optimum energy in
comparison to its options. Figure 5.12 LS shows the not optimized orientation of the building, while in RS the
orientation is optimize

(a) (b)

Figure 5.12. (a&b) Building Orientation in Insight 360 (Not Optimized and Optimized)

5.7. Window-wall Ratio (for exterior walls facing all four cardinal directions)

The window to wall ratio in a building can massively affect its energy use intensity. The above graph represents
the variation in energy use intensities for the four main exterior walls, based on their cardinal orientation as
shown in Figures 5.13. The range of window to wall ratio of 0 to 95% translates to a wall with zero openings
to a curtain wall system. From the graph, we find that using 0% of openings can reduce the energy use intensity
by up to almost 10 kWh/m2/yr. However, that case is not practical. The black line defines the energy use
intensity of the model as the baseline. The most practical scenario that helps any amount of energy-saving is
that of using up to 15% WWR in the North and South facing walls from its designed values of 0% and 20%

55
respectively. Reducing this ratio to 15% amounts to a quite insignificant reduction in terms of
continuous annual usage.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

56
 (g) (h)

(i) (j)

Figure 5.13. (a…j) Window Wall Ratio in Insight 360

5.8. Window Shades for the Facades

Window shades can reduce the requirement of HVAC systems and consequently their energy use. This is also
dependent on other factors of the window such as size and solar heat gain. This graph compares the energy
use intensities when window shades are used at different heights as shown in Figure.5.14 and Figure 5.15.
The height proportions considered in the graph are concerning the height of the window. From the graph, it is
understood that using window shades at any height between 1/6 and 2/3 of the window height on the North
and South facades, can reduce the EUI by 0.2% to 0.6%. It can be further inferred that window shades used
on any or all facades can significantly reduce the EUI when placed at ½ to 2/3rd of the window height.

57
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 5.14. (a…d) Window Shade Analysis

Window shades can decrease energy utilization for heating and cooling due to solar radiation which depends
on factors like solar properties in terms of heat gain and size of the window. Some portion of solar radiation
is directly caught by the shade and reflected from the window. Some shades are partially transparent so the
radiations directly pass through them. Heat absorbed by the shades is mainly carried away from the window
by airborne convection currents or radiation.

58
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 5.15. (a…d) Window Shades Analysis for East and West

5.9. Window Glazing Properties

The properties of the glass used in the windows affect the thermal characteristics of the space due owing to
the solar heat gain, heat transfer coefficient, etc. The graph highlights the comparison of the percentage change
in energy use intensity for each type of glazing provided by the Insight 360 analysis which in tum varies with
the direction of the wall is given in Figure 5.16. It can be concluded from this graph that Trp LoE (Triple Panel
Low-Emissivity) glazing is the design option that can be used instead of that used in the BIM model
(represented by the black line). This can save up to 15% of the energy consumption by the building.

59
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

60
 (e) (f)

(g) (h)
Figure 5.16. (a...h) Window Glass Type in Insight 360

The amount of daylight that enters a building along with heat transfer and gain is controlled by the glass
properties, along with additional factors. External Windows usually made up of glass that is a transparent
glazing material used in the building envelope.

61
5.10. Wall Construction

Insight 360 provides a set of eight types of wall construction materials as design options.
Concerning the graph, the BIM model energy use intensity is considered as the baseline and
comes between the R13+R10 Metal and R13 Wood wall construction types as shown in Figure
5.17. Since the proposed building uses fly ash bricks and plaster for the wall construction, the
energy use intensity is comparatively lesser than a regular uninsulated wall or that which uses
R2 concrete masonry units, despite using no thermal insulation

The thermal conductivity and U-factor are minimal. From the graph, it is seen that if a
Structural Insulated Panel or Insulating Concrete form was used as the wall material, almost
10% of the energy used by the building can be conserved. However, SIPs cannot be used in
this case study as this material is not designed to handle rain or even a form of moisture. ICF
is a sustainability-certified material that can be used in all terrains and climates but it is
significantly more expensive and less flexible than other locally and cheaper available building
materials

In energy analysis, the purpose of wall construction is strength and its overall ability for
resistance towards heat gain and loss, In this case study, walls are made up of building blocks
and plaster insulation and paint on them later on. Insulations in the wall significantly affect the
internal environment of the building

(a) (b)

Figure 5.17. (a&b) Wall Construction Analysis in Insight 360

62
5.11. Roof Construction
Different types of roof construction contribute to varying amounts of solar and heat gain capacities. The graph
represents the effects of different types of roofs and roof systems on the energy use intensity of the BIM
modeled in the graph, the model's characteristics are at 0% and the change in EUt is relative to that is shown
in Figure 5.18. From the graph, it can be understood that there is no significant savings potential . It gets
increased up to 25% if its uninsulated material.

The proposed condition allows the building to use minimal energy

(a) (b)
Figure 5.18. (a&b) Roof Construction Analyses in Insight 360

5.12. Daylighting and Occupancy Controls

This refers to using controls- manual, automatic, or both, for the electrical equipment installed in the building.
Daylighting controls refer to using any form of manual control to switch on and off the equipment. Occupancy
controls refer to using automatic sensors that switch on only when the space is in use.

Daylighting controls are the basic default controls installed in any building. From the graph, however, it can
be seen that using both daylighting and occupancy controls can reduce the net energy use by almost 10%
as shown in Figure 5.19.

63
 (a) (b)

Figure 5.19. (a&b) Daylighting and Occupancy Control Analysis in Insight 360

5.13. Air Infiltration

Air infiltration refers to the unintentional leaking of air into or out of conditioned spaces. This often happens
due to gaps in the building envelope. The graph highlights that minimizing and controlling air infiltration to
0.17 to 2.0 air changes per minute can reduce the EUI by up to almost 5-10% as shown in Figure 5.20. The
air infiltration value for the BIM model is found to be between 0.4 to 0.8 air changes per minute as the graph
represents the relative energy loss and savings concerning the modeled value (set at 0%). The maximum
increase in energy can hike up to 8-10% for infiltration of 2.0 air changes per minute

(a) (b)

Figure 5.20. (a&b) Infiltration Analysis in Insight 360

64
5.14. Lighting and Plug Load Efficiency

The lighting and plug load for the BIM model is found to be of minimum value as compared to the range of
values provided by Insight 360 as visible in Figure 5.21. The graph shows that power surges have the
maximum capacity to increase the energy use intensity by up to 0% in lighting and 70% in plug loads.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.21. (a&b) Plug Load Efficiency Analysis

5.15. HVAC Systems

The BIM model uses a high-efficiency packaged terminal air conditioner. That is set as the baseline for the
graph above as shown in Figure 5.22. Utilizing any of the HVAC options provided by Insight 360 would lead
to a huge rise in the EUl of the building The ASHRAE PTHP is the only option that can further reduce energy
consumption, but this type of system is not applicable in this case study.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.22. (a&b) HVAC Typrs Analysis

65
5.16. Operating Schedule

The operating schedule defines the typical number of hours or frequency of use by the building occupants.
This case study being an independent residence is a 24 by 7 facility which means the building is constantly
occupied and in use as it is viable in Figure 5.23

(a) (b)

Figure 5.23. (a&b) Operating Schedule Analysis

5.17. PV Analysis

Solar Photo Voltaic analysis is used to determine the cost and energy savings that can occur by using PV panels
on the roof surface of the building for the project. Figure 5.24 the PV details.

66
 Figure 5.24. PV Analysis

The above figure represents the areas that receive direct solar energy which can be harnessed and used. The
coloured legend can be used to identify the range of solar energy obtained by the roof surface of the BIM
model. The total roof area is 9235.45 m2. Insight 360 uses the following PV panel criteria to determine the
amount of energy and cost that can be saved by using these panels to harness solar energy

• PV Panel Efficiency-The percentage of the sun's energy that will be converted to AC energy
• PV Payback Limit-Factors in the amount of time the PV system has to recover the energy used
concerning the panels' lifetime.
• PV Surface Coverage- It defines the amount of roof area that can be used to install the PV
panels excluding areas needed for maintenance and services.

5.18. PV Panel Efficiency

The above graph represents the energy savings potential of solar panels of three types of efficiencies as shown
in Figure 5.25. The BIM model contains no panels and hence is at 0% saving. Panels used with 16% efficiency
save up to almost 16% energy usage, whereas using 18.6% or 20.4% efficiency panels reduces energy
consumption by 5.5 to 6% respectively.

67
 (a) (b)
Figure 5.25. (a&b) PV Panel Efficiency Analysis

5.19. PV Payback Limit

About the surface coverage, the length for which the panels are to be used can determine the duration for
which clean energy can be provided using solar power. From the graph it can be found that a 10-year period
breaks even with the amount of energy used bry the building, so, it stays at 10% excess production as shown
in Figure 5.26. With time, the amount of energy production increases exponentially allowing an energy
reduction of up to approximately with around a 30-year usage

(a) (b)
Figure 5.26. (a&b) Payback Limit Analysis

68
5.20 PV Panel Surface Coverage

The PV panel surface coverage refers to the amount of roof area that can be covered using solar panel
installation The graph shows the relation between the range of possible surface coverages and their impact on
energy conservation as shown in Figure 5.27. Insight 360 provides comparative data for 60, 75, and 90%
coverage. And from the graph, it can be seen that the amount of energy saved is directly proportional to the
amount of roof surface covered.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.27. (a&b) Surface Coverage Analysis

5.21. Energy Optimization

In the last step, 0-degree orientation was optimized based on guidelines and factors mentioned
earlier in the methodology section. Figure 5.28 shows die optimized value of energy after the
adoption of energy measures

69
 (a)

(b)
Figure 5.28. (a&b) Optimized value of energy

The most realistic values according to actual building features and specifications were
selected to optimize from the given range as shown in table 5.5.

70
 Table 5.5. Optimization Elements

No Factors Pictorial view Settings Optimized

. Settings

1 Benchmark 244 k-Wh/m2/yr 144 k-Wh/m2/yr

2 Building Orientation 0-270 BIM

3 Window-wall Ratio 0%-95% 0%-20%

4. Window Shading 1/6 to 2/3 Win Height ½ to 2/3rd Win Height

5 Window Sgl Clr Tip LoE

Glazing
Materia
l used

6 Wall Construction Uninsulated to 12.25 inch SIP

R13+R1
0 Metal

7 Roof Construction Uninsulated to BIM BIM

8 Daylighting and None- Daylighting daylighting and

Occupancy Controls &Occupancy Controls occupancy controls

71
 9 Air Infiltration 2.0 ACH to 0.17 ACH BIM

10 Lighting Efficiency 20.45 W/m2 to 3.23 BIM – 7.53 W/m2

W/m2

11 Plug Load Efficiency 29.99 W/m2 to 6.46 10.76 W/m2

W/m2

12 HVAC Systems ASHRAE Heat Pump to High Efficient

Package Terminal Heat Package
Termina
Pump
l Ac

13 Operating Schedule 24/7 to 12/5 12/6

14 PV Analysis 16% to 20.4% 18.6%

Table 5.5 infers us that 180-degree orientation alignment which was actually planned is chosen
for optimization due to the lowest energy utilization value. The Window to wall ratio between
0%-20% was chosen according to building design and drawings

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For wall construction, 12.25-inch SIP is applied which means that the actual wall that is made
up of blocks and plaster on it was analyzed and chosen in optimization. The same case is for
roof construction as usually used reinforced concrete cement slab. The infiltration rate
according to actual openings of buildings was applied. Plug load efficiency is 10.76 W/m2.
Panel efficiency is 18.60% with a payback period of 30 years and surface coverage of 60 %.

5.22 Discussions
The study highlights the significant advancements in construction project management enabled by Building
Information Modeling (BIM) technology. Recent studies suggest that BIM not only allows for the monitoring
of structural details but also facilitates the integration of various dimensions, such as time (4D) and clash
detection, leading to improved quality and efficiency while reducing costs and project duration. Four-
dimensional (4D) BIM involves adding the dimension of time to the model, enabling project stakeholders to
visualize the construction sequence and schedule tasks more effectively. Clash detection capabilities further
enhance this by identifying potential conflicts between different building components or systems before
construction begins, thereby minimizing rework and delays.

Moreover, the statement emphasizes the importance of BIM in optimized project planning, suggesting that
BIM has a crucial role in streamlining construction processes for better cost, time, and resource management.
By integrating architectural, structural, and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) aspects into a
comprehensive five-dimensional (5D) BIM model, project teams can achieve further optimization in these
areas. In terms of sustainability, the statement mentions an optimized energy utilization value of 144
kWh/m2/yr, which represents a significant reduction of more than 50% compared to conventional usage. This
reduction aligns with sustainability goals such as the Architecture 2030 challenge, which aims to promote
green building practices and reduce carbon emissions.

The statement also highlights the key factors responsible for optimizing energy consumption in buildings.
These factors collectively contribute to a 50% reduction in total energy consumption, indicating the
importance of a holistic approach to energy efficiency. By addressing aspects such as building orientation,
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system efficiency, insulation, and use of renewable energy
sources, stakeholders can achieve substantial energy savings while ensuring sustainable building performance.

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 Chapter 6
Summary and Conclusion

6.1 Summary

This document is a report of a project that aims to develop a 6D BIM model for a G+3 residential building in
Hyderabad, Telangana. The report is divided into five chapters: Introduction, Literature Review,
Methodology, Case Study, and Results and Discussions. The Introduction section provides a general overview
of the challenges and benefits of using BIM for construction projects, especially for sustainability, estimating,
and scheduling. It also defines the need, scope, and objectives of the project. The Literature Review chapter
reviews the existing literature on the potential and limitations of BIM for various dimensions, such as 3D, 4D,
5D, 6D, 7D, 8D, and 9D. It also discusses the BIM tools and sustainable BIM models that are relevant for the
project.

The Methodology chapter describes the flow chart and the steps involved in developing the 5D BIM model,
using AutoCAD, Revit, and Primavera software. It also explains how the energy analysis and sustainability
assessment are performed using BIM. The Case Study chapter presents the details of the case study building,
such as the location, description, data collection, and model development. It also shows the 2D, 3D, 4D, and
5D models of the building using various screenshots and figures. The Results and Discussions chapter
summarizes the results obtained from the model development and the discussions on the advantages and
challenges of using BIM for the project. It highlights the potential of BIM for enhancing construction practices
and achieving better budget and schedule outcomes. It also discusses the limitations and challenges of BIM
implementation and suggests future research directions.

The summarization of energy analysis, optimization, and its integration with sustainability are that. Building
orientation has been observed as a vital fact to optimize the energy performance of the building up to 5%.
Among different orientations, 45 degrees is the most effective alignment. This analysis and research that was
conducted helped establish the value and potential for Building Information Modelling and Energy Analysis
in evaluating energy conservation measures in the design and construction industry. Carrying out these types
of processes has now become increasingly essential in building a sustainable and eco-friendly world.

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This analysis and simulation conform to a programmed set of standard design alternatives suggested by Insight
360. Further research can be conducted to broaden the methods used to optimize a given design. The objective
of this project was to conduct thorough research, generate an energy model using Autodesk Revit 2020, and
performs an energy analysis on this BIM model was successfully achieved

6.2 Conclusions
• Architectural plans using AutoCAD were developed based on the floor plans provided by the
construction supervisor for the New Kinnera Boys Hostel Building.
• A three-dimensional visualization model was created using Revit software, accurately
portraying the hostel building as it stands under construction.
• Detailed time and cost estimations were conducted using Primavera software. The estimations
indicate that the project's time and cost are comparatively lower than the actual figures for
project completion.
• The project duration is estimated at 583 days, with an overall cost of Rs. 39,50,00,000. Further
reductions in both time and cost are possible through meticulous planning and scheduling,
contingent upon precise data such as labour availability, cash flow, and material resources on
a daily basis.
• Energy consumption for the building was calculated, considering various factors including
building orientation, HVAC system efficiency, types of openings, window glazing materials,
and window shading.
• Adjustments to these factors can lead to the optimization of energy usage, potentially achieving
nearly zero-energy consumption for the building. However, increasing the number of factors
considered will result in greater energy optimization.
• It can be observed that with minor increments in Windows Shades, Air Infiltration, and Plugin
Load Efficiency, a considerable amount of EUI loss can be reduced.

6.3. Recommendations

Based on the results, analysis, and conclusion of the work, it is recommended that

• A proper selection of various optimization factors in compliance with the ARCHITECTURE 2030
challenge can help to achieve a significant reduction in energy consumption and help to achieve
optimized energy patterns using virtual technology at the early stage of the design phase.
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 • India being a rich resources country and in order to conserve it , this research will help to reduce energy
usage in the building sector, in the early design phase as well as already constructed buildings in
aspects of the HVAC system, insulations, daylighting, and occupancy control, and panel efficiency, etc
• Therefore, early energy optimizations may be made a part of contractual requirements for new
construction ventures
• Cost is one of the vital aspects of achieving sustainable consumption patterns Thus, to explore this
relation, a comprehensive cost analyses for optimized energy saving should be performed.
• Properly sized windows and shading elements can balance daylighting and heat loss could also
attribute to energy saving and also changing the orientation of the building such that maximum
sunlight is received
• Assign costs to activities and resources to track and optimize project expenses. Analyze cost
performance to identify areas for improvement and cost reduction.
• Simulate different scenarios to evaluate their impact on project schedule and cost. This
helps in identifying the most efficient course of action to minimize both time and cost.
• Identify and manage constraints such as resource availability, budget limitations, and
regulatory requirements to optimize project schedule and cost.
• Assess potential risks and their impact on project schedule and cost. Implement risk mitigation
strategies to minimize disruptions and cost overruns.

6.4 Limitations

• The duration of the project is estimated to be 583 days with an overall cost of Rs. 39,50,00,000. Further
reductions in time and cost are possible through detailed planning and scheduling. However, achieving
this requires precise data, such as the exact availability of labour, cash, and materials on each day.
• Detailed time and cost estimations conducted using Primavera software provide valuable insights into
project planning. However, these estimations are subject to uncertainty and may not fully account for
unforeseen factors, such as changes in scope, weather delays, or unexpected site conditions, which
could impact project timelines and costs.
• Achieving nearly zero-energy consumption for a building requires meticulous optimization of various
factors, as mentioned in the conclusions. However, implementing these optimizations can be complex
and may require significant investment or trade-offs in other aspects of the building
design or operation.

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6.5 Future Scope of the Study

The present project involves developing a Building Information Model (BIM) up to its sixth dimension, which
focuses on sustainable design and planning. This project can be extended by further developing the BIM model
up to its tenth dimension, which encompasses construction industrialization. Additionally, there is future scope
for enhancing the BIM model by integrating different software tools such as Microsoft Project (MSP) for
scheduling and Green Building Studios/Energy Plus for energy analysis of buildings. This would enable us to
compare the results and optimize the project's overall performance.

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