MECH5210 Fluid Mechanics

CHAPTER 04
Conservation Laws
Chapter 04 4.1 Conservation of Mass
4.1.1 Derivation B  mb
DBsys 
Bsys    bd 
t C.V.
  bd    b V  ndA Reynolds Transport Theorem sys
Dt C.S.

BC.V.    bd 
b 1 Bm Bsys    d   msys BC.V.    d   mCV C.V.
sys C.V.

Dmsys 
t C.V.
  d     V  ndA  0 Continuity Equation
Dt C.S.
Vn n V  n  Vn
Net mass flow rate through the C.S.
V  V  ndA  Q
Time rate of change of the mass in the C.V. C.S.

Time rate of change of the mass in the system = 0

CS C.S.
 V  ndA  m

  V  ndA
Mean velocity  A
 V  ndA  m  VA V  A

A
If Gauss’s theorem is used A
a  ndA     ad 
   V  ndA      V  d
C.S. C.V.

Continuity Equation
      
d      V  d  0 C.V.  t      V   0  Vi   0
t C.V.
    V  d   0 
C.V. t t xi

u v w
For steady flows     V   0 If a flow is incompressible V  0   0
x y z
Chapter 04 4.1 Conservation of Mass
Example Pumping capacity of the pump m 3 s ?
0

t C.V.
 d     V  ndA  0
C.S.

C.S.
 V  ndA  
C.S.in
 V  ndA  
C.S.out
 V  ndA  m 2  m 1  0

1Q1   2Q2 Q1  Q2 Q1  V2 A2  0.0251  m3 s 

4.1.2 Moving, Non-deforming C.V.

DBsys 
t C.V.
  bd    b W  ndA
Dt C.S.

b 1 Bsys    d   msys
sys


t C.V.
 d     W  ndA  0
C.S.



m out  m in
Chapter 04 4.1 Conservation of Mass
4.1.3 Deforming C.V.
If a C.V. is deforming, its size may change and it is usually in motion


t C.V.
 d     W  ndA  0
C.S.


t C.V.
 d   m 2   Qleak  0
?
  l
Example t C.V.
 d   
t
 lAp    Ap
t
   ApV p

Q2  Qleak
  ApV p   Q2   Qleak  0 Vp   660  mm min 
Ap
Chapter 04 4.2 Conservation of Momentum
4.2.1 Derivation
B  mb
DBsys 
t C.V.
  bd    b V  ndA Reynolds Transport Theorem Bsys    bd 
Dt C.S. sys

BC.V.    bd 
bV B  mV Bsys   V d   M sys BC.V.   V d   M CV C.V.
sys C.V.

DM sys 
V d    V V  ndA   Fcontent of CV
t C.V.
 Liner Momentum Equation
Dt C.S.

Net momentum flow rate through the C.S.

Momentum change in the C.V.
DM sys D  msys V  DV
Momentum change in the system   msys  msysa   Fsys
Dt Dt Dt

V d    V W  ndA   Fcontent of CV
t C.V.
For moving C.V. C.S.

Example 
V d    V V  ndA   Fcontent of CV
(2)
t C.V. C.S.

0
A1  0.0006 m 2 
u  d    u  V  ndA   FAx
t C.V.
(1) x: C.S.

0

w d    w V  ndA   FAz
t C.V.
z
x z:
C.S.

?
Chapter 04 4.2 Conservation of Momentum
Example 
V d    V V  ndA   Fcontent of CV
(2)
t C.V. C.S.

A1  0.0006 m 2
(1) x:  u  V  ndA   FAx
C.S.


C.S.

(1)

(2)
z
x z:  w V  ndA   FAz
C.S.

?
At (1) u  V1 w0 V  n  V1

At (2) u  V2 cos  w  V2 sin  V  n  V2

x: V1   V1  A1 V2 cos V2 A2  FAx

z: 0 V2 sin V2 A2  FAz

1 1
p1  V1   z1  p2  V2   z2 Continuity Eq. V1 A1  V2 A2 A1  A2
2 2
Bernoulli Eq. V1  V2
2 2

1 1 1  cos     mV
 1 1  cos  
x : FAx    AV 2

z : FAz   AV
1 1 sin 
2
 1 sin 
 mV

The anchoring force is to compensate the time rate of change of momentum

Chapter 04 4.2 Conservation of Momentum
4.2.2 Moment-of-Momentum Equation

V d    V V  ndA   Fcontent of CV
t C.V. C.S.
Liner Momentum Equation

Take cross product with position vector r on both sides


 r  V   d   C.S.  r  V   V  ndA   r  Fcontent of CV
t C.V.

Steady flows

  r  V   V  ndA   r  F content of CV
C.S.

 
torque
Section (1)
z
V1
rV k Torque about z axis is zero
ω r

Section (2)
r  V   rV k   r  V   V  ndA  rV m k  
C.S.
fluid

Rotary lawn sprinkler Movie Torque on the sprinkler is in the opposite

direction
Chapter 04 4.3 Conservation of Energy
4.3.1 Derivation B  mb

DBsys Bsys    bd 
   bd    b V  ndA Reynolds Transport Theorem
sys

Dt t C.V. C.S.
BC.V.    bd 
C.V.

Total Energy, E  V 2
be e u  gz B  me  E Bsys   e d   Esys BC.V.   e d   ECV
mass, m 2 sys C.V.


 
DEsys
Dt

t C.V.
e d    e V  ndA  Q net in  Wnet in
C.S. CV
Energy Equation (E.E.)
Net energy flow rate through the C.S.
Energy change in the C.V.
Energy change in the system

dE   Q   W First law of thermodynamics

 W   V  n A   pV  n A
dE  Q  W
   
DEsys
   Q net in  Wnet in  Q net in  Wnet in Wstress    pV  ndA
CV
dt dt dt Dt sys CS

   V2 
t C.V. C.S.  2
Q net in Conduction, convection, and radiation e  d   u   gz   V  ndA 

Wnet in Volume change and moving shaft


 

 Q net in  Wshaft   pV  ndA
CS
FV Tω
   V2 p

If only p or normal stress  on the control surface is known t C.V.
e d     u 
C.S.
 2
 gz    V  ndA  Q net in  Wshaft

Chapter 04 4.3 Conservation of Energy
4.3.2 Application of E.E.
   V2 p

t C.V.
e d     u 
C.S.
 2
 gz    V  ndA  Q net in  Wshaft


For steady flows

  V2 p
C.S.  2
u   gz 

 
  V  ndA  Qnet in  Wshaft

 V2 p
If terms u, , gz , and are uniformly distributed over the flow cross-section
2 
  V2 p   V2 p   V2 p
C.S.  2
 u   gz  

 V  n dA   
flow out 
u   gz 

 
m    u   gz 

 m
2  flow in  2 

  Vout2
 Vin2  p  p 
m uout  uin   g  zout  zin          Q net in  Wshaft
 2   out   in 
One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flows

If enthalpy h  u  p  is used If the flow is completely steady
  Vout2
 Vin2    Vout2
 Vin2  p  p 
m  hout  hin   g  zout  zin    Q net in  Wshaft m uout  uin   g  zout  zin          Q net in
 2   2   out   in 
Popular for compressible flows One-dimensional steady flows energy equation
Chapter 04 4.3 Conservation of Energy
4.3.2 Application of E.E.
  Vout2
 Vin2  p  p 
m uout  uin 
  g  zout  zin          Q net in  Wshaft
 2   out   in 

Example The process is adiabatic

0 0
  V V 2 2
 p  p 
2.5 cm m uout  uin  out in  g  zout  zin          Q net in  Wshaft
 2   out   in 
D1  11362 L/min
9 cm m   Q  19 kg/s
m 1  m 2 Q Q
Q1  Q2  Q V1  V2 
p2  414 kPa A1 A2
p1  124 kPa
278 N  m/kg Wshaft  24.8 kW V1  2.98 m/s V2  38.57 m/s

0
  Vout 2
 Vin2  p  p  
m uout  uin   g  zout  zin          Qnet in  Wshaft
 2   out   in 
0 0
T  ?   Vout  Vin
2 2
 p  p
uout  uin   g  zout  zin         0
2   out   in
 
128 m uout  uin  g  zin  zout 

c  T  g  zin  zout 
g  zin  zout 
T    0.3 K
c
Chapter 04 4.4 Summary
B  mb
DBsys 
Bsys    bd 
t C.V.
  bd    b V  ndA Reynolds Transport Theorem sys
Dt C.S.

BC.V.    bd 
C.V.


t C.V.
b 1 Bm  d     V  ndA  0 Continuity Equation V , Q, m
C.S.


V d    V V  ndA   Fcontent of CV
t C.V.
b  V B  mV C.S.
Liner Momentum Equation F


be BE
t C.V. C.S.

e d    e V  ndA  Q net in  Wnet in  CV
Energy Equation (E.E.) T , Q , W
Chapter 04 Issues
DBsys 
t C.V.
  bd    b V  ndA RTT
Dt C.S.

y
V1 V2
1 2
z x

Control Volume

What can we get from RTT?

Flow velocity V, flowrate Q at the in/outlet ----- Continuity Eq.

Force F acting on the C.V. ----- Linear Momentum Eq.

Work, Energy change in the C.V. ----- Energy Eq.

What should we do if we need to know the property change in the C.V.?