Hindawi

Journal of Tropical Medicine

Volume 2022, Article ID 4952221, 22 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4952221

Review Article
Medicinal Plants of Solanum Species: The Promising Sources of
Phyto-Insecticidal Compounds

Kumarappan Chidambaram ,1 Taha Alqahtani ,1 Yahia Alghazwani,1 Afaf Aldahish,1

Sivakumar Annadurai,2 Kumar Venkatesan,3 Kavitha Dhandapani,4 Ellappan Thilagam,5
Krishnaraju Venkatesan ,1 Premalatha Paulsamy,6 Rajalakshimi Vasudevan,1
and Geetha Kandasamy7
1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Al-Qara, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Al-Qara, Abha, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, A-Qara, Abha, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher
Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
5
Department of Pharmacognosy, JKKMMRF's Annai JKK Sampoorani Ammal College of Pharmacy, Namakkal 638183,
Tamilnadu, Tamil Nadu 638183, India
6
Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Kumarappan Chidambaram; [email protected]

Received 22 November 2021; Revised 14 May 2022; Accepted 31 July 2022; Published 21 September 2022

Academic Editor: Mohammed Bourhia

Copyright © 2022 Kumarappan Chidambaram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Several medicinal plants have the potential to be a promising alternative pharmacological therapy for a variety of human illnesses.
Many insects, including mosquitoes, are important vectors of deadly pathogens and parasites, which in the world’s growing
human and animal populations can cause serious epidemics and pandemics. Medicinal plants continue to provide a large library
of phytochemicals, which can be used to replace chemically synthesized insecticides, and utilization of herbal product-based
insecticides is one of the best and safest alternatives for mosquito control. Identifying new effective phyto-derived insecticides is
important to counter increasing insect resistance to synthetic compounds and provide a safer environment. Solanum genus
(Solanaceae family or nightshades) comprises more than 2500 species, which are widely used as food and traditional medicine. All
research publications on insecticidal properties of Solanaceae plants and their phytoconstituents against mosquitoes and other
insects published up to July 2020 were systematically analyzed through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EBSCO, Europe PMC, and
Google Scholar databases, with focus on species containing active phytoconstituents that are biodegradable and environmentally
safe. The current state of knowledge on larvicidal plants of Solanum species, type of extracts, target insect species, type of effects,
name of inhibiting bioactive compounds, and their lethal doses (LC50 and LC90) were reviewed in this study. These studies provide
valuable information about the activity of various species of Solanum and their phytochemical diversity, as well as a roadmap for
optimizing select compounds for botanical repellents against a variety of vectors that cause debilitating and life-threatening
human diseases.

1. Introduction been important in therapeutic development, particularly in

cancer and infectious diseases. Medicinal plant-derived
Medicinal plants are traditionally used to treat numerous natural products have garnered much interest in recent years
human infections, and their bioactive compounds have long as potential bioactive agents for insect vector control. Vector
 2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2 Journal of Tropical Medicine

control is threatened by the emergence of resistance to literature review revealed 19 Solanum medicinal plants used
conventional synthetic insecticides in vectors, among which in all parts (leaves, roots, bark, and flowers). )e goal of this
mosquitoes pose high threats to human and animal health review is to compile most of the scientific literature on
and life, often leading to the transmission of serious diseases, mosquito-larvicidal and insecticidal investigations of Sola-
such as dengue, Ebola, filariasis, and malaria, resulting in num plants and their active bioactive chemicals from various
millions of deaths each year [1–4]. Because chemical control scientific sources, including the types of extracts examined,
of mosquitoes has been linked to such detrimental outcomes dosages, and effect on target organisms.
as the development of insect resistance, it is urgently nec-
essary to discover and develop reliable and environmentally 2. Source of Data
sustainable alternatives to current synthetic chemical
insecticides. A comprehensive systematic review of the literature up to
As an alternative to synthetic insecticides, plant-based July 2020 on Solanaceae plants with larvicidal effects present
insecticide preparations have the advantages of rapid bio- in standard electronic databases, such as EBSCO, Europe
degradability and low toxicity to humans and animals [5]. PMC, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and
Several plants and their constituents, especially those in Web of Science, was conducted using various keywords
medicinal herbs, have been traditionally used as insecticides, (adulticidal, botanical, essential oil, insecticidal, larvicidal,
due to being rich in various bioactive phytochemicals and repellency, Solanaceae, Solanum, and steroidal alkaloids).
providing potential sources of natural mosquito control )e search was restricted to publications having English
agents [6–9]. Recently, attention has been given to prepa- titles. In addition, a manual search was performed to cat-
rations of mosquito-larvicidal compounds based on herbal egorize related articles using references from the retrieved
origin to enhance insecticidal effects and reduce the prob- literature.
ability of development of resistance by the target pest A total of 51 full-text original research articles published
population [10, 11]. While several plants from different in peer-reviewed journals on Solanaceae plants were re-
families have been reported with mosquito-larvicidal trieved, and data were culled for larvicidal effects. Roles of
properties, only a few species show promising effects and larvicidal activities were assessed in Solanaceae plant solvent
could be developed into natural insecticidal agents [12]. extracts, such as acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane,
)e Solanum family of plants is a large genus within the and methanol from seventeen different medicinal plants.
Solanaceae family that contains up to 2,000 species ranging Other parts of these plants with significant larvicidal
from food crops to medicinal herbs. )e genus Solanum has properties against various mosquito vectors were
received much interest in chemical and biological studies highlighted.
over the last 30 years. Several steroidal saponins, steroidal
alkaloids, disaccharides, flavonoids, and phenols have been 3. Solanaceae Family
implicated in the biological activities [13]. )e genus Sola-
Solanum L genus is the largest of the Solanaceae family or
num appears to have a lot of potential, although most of the
nightshades containing approximately 85–90 genera and
species are unknown or have had little research on their
2,500–3000 species distributed in tropical and subtropical
chemical contents. Several reviews of the Solanum genus and
regions (Table 1) [12, 13]. Local names are given in various
their phytochemistry have been published. )ese com-
languages to describe a specific species for a particular local
pounds have been linked to various health-promoting ac-
use. In Saudi Arabia, some species of Solanaceae are found
tivities in the fight against several noncommunicable
primarily in the Asir Region and Jizan Region of Abha
diseases, which are the leading causes of death worldwide.
(Figure 1). A recent ethnobotanical study recorded three
Many species belonging to this genus present a huge range of
new collections of Solanum spp. in the southwest regions of
pharmacological activities such as anticancer, hep-
Saudi Arabia [18].
atoprotective, antimalarial, anthelmintic, and other activities
[14]. Plants in this family are recognized for having a wide
spectrum of alkaloid compounds, some of which are ther- 3.1. Ethnopharmacological Use. Solanaceae is the most
apeutically the most potent. Steroidal glycoalkaloids are the economically important family in the genus Solanum (Ta-
most common and important group of nitrogen-containing ble 2). Solanaceae family offers a diversity of medicinal,
secondary metabolites identified in Solanaceae plants. More culinary, and ornamental applications. )e genus Solanum
than 350 Solanum species have yielded more than 100 has attracted much interest in chemical and biological in-
different forms of glycoalkaloids [15, 16]. Many medicinal vestigations over the last 30 years. Biologically important
plants belonging to the Solanaceae family are promising products for medicine and food include atropine, hyoscine,
therapeutic candidates to develop as bioinsecticidals against solasodine, and withanolide [19–21]. Although rich in al-
vector-borne human diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, kaloids of medical importance, Solanaceae plants contain
and dengue fever due to the presence of different phyto- alkaloids with toxicity to humans and animals, ranging from
constituents. Various Solanum spp. provide a potential mild irritation to fatal outcomes [22–25]. In addition, Sol-
source of useful adulticidal drugs because of the presence of anaceae spp. have potential importance as food supplements
phytochemicals that can be used for the treatment of many worldwide [22, 26]. S. nigrum, S. xanthocarpum,
diseases [17]. )us, more scientific efforts should be made to S. tuberosum, and S. lycopersicum are a few economically
identify and develop Solanum-based phyto-insecticides. Our important species of the Solanum genus. Various species in
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Journal of Tropical Medicine 3

Table 1: Taxonomy of Solanaceae family.

Taxonomic placement Scientific division
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Infrakingdom Streptophyta
Superdivision Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta/Tracheophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Asteridae
Superorder Asteranae
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Subfamily Nicotianoideae
Genus Solanum L
Common name Nightshade

(a) (b)

Figure 1: Leaves (a) and fruits (b) of Solanum incanum, Asir Region, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

this genus have completed various pharmacological research and warts and to prevent wrinkles on the face [32].
to verify and validate their ethnopharmacological usage. S. integrifolium is native to Africa; its unripe fruits are eaten
However, various reviews of the Solanum genus have been daily to check high blood pressure, inflammation, pain
published, most of which focused on a single species remedy to alleviate edema or cure stomach pain, lymph-
[14, 27–30]. Table 3 summarizes the scientific literature and adenopathy, or sore armpits in indigenous medicine [34].
reveals a variety of ethnopharmacologically based traditional S. villosum is a traditionally important plant used in various
insect repellents derived from Solanum plants utilized by systems of medicine for the treatment of leucorrhea, nappy
local ethnic communities in various countries to avoid rash, wounds, and cold sores, and as an ointment for sores
mosquito bites. and abscesses. A well-known traditional herb
Solanum genus has several species found in tropical and S. xanthocarpum is widely used in India to manage different
subtropical areas and is used in folk medicine and dietary ailments, including urolithiasis [35]. S. trilobatum is a widely
supplements. Among them, S. nigrum has been considered used plant in the Indian indigenous systems of medicine. It is
ethnobotanically important due to its use in the traditional mainly used to treat respiratory diseases such as bronchial
healthcare system to cure various ailments. )e leaves and asthma [37]. S. virginianum L. has been used to manage
bitter berries with pungent have been traditionally used fever, bronchial asthma, and cough for thousands of years
against severe ulcers, heart diseases, piles, dysentery, gas- [48].
tritis, and stomachache [27]. S. sisymbriifolium, known as In traditional medicine in Peru, S. mammosum is used to
“wild tomato,” is a traditional medicine used by indigenous treat fungal infections and respiratory disorders via topical
people of Central and South America to treat veterinary and application. S. incanum is commonly found in Africa and is
human diseases. Various parts of the wild tomato have been used as a folklore remedy for sore throat, angina, stom-
widely used to prevent and treat numerous diseases, in- achache, colic, headache, wounds, pain relief in toothache,
cluding hypertension, diarrhea, and respiratory and urinary cure of snake bites, and sexually transmitted disease in
tract infections [31]. wounds [49]. S. elaeagnifolium is called silverleaf nightshade
S. tuberosum is used in folk medicine to treat burns, and traditionally is used for the treatment of sore throats as
constipation, hemorrhoids, corns, cough, tumors, scurvy, an antiseptic agent, toothaches, and gastrointestinal disorders.
 2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
4 Journal of Tropical Medicine

Table 2: Common and scientific names of Solanum spp.

Common name Scientific name
Silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium
Scarlet eggplant S. integrifolium
Sticky nightshade S. sisymbriifolium
Potato S. tuberosum
Black nightshade S. nigrum
Red nightshade S. villosum
Yellow-fruit nightshade S. xanthocarpum
S. virginianum L.
)ai nightshade S. trilobatum
Indian ginseng (ashwagandha) Withania somnifera
Nipplefruit nightshade S. mammosum
Garden tomato S. lycopersicum
Jasmine nightshade S. laxum
Mullein nightshade S. verbascifolium
Jerusalem cherry S. pseudocapsicum
)orn apple S. incanum
Turkey berry S. torvum

Table 3: List of various phytochemicals and ethnopharmacological uses from Solanum plants.
Species name Medicinal uses Parts used Phytochemicals Country used References
Used as contraceptive
febrifuge, to treat syphilis, Solamargine and β-solamarine, Paraguay, India,
Whole
S. sisymbriifolium hypertension, diarrhea, and cuscohygrine, sisymbrifolin, Brazil, Perunad, [31]
plants
respiratory and urinary tract neolignan and Argentina
infections, and as analgesics
Used to treat burns,
constipation, hemorrhoids,
corns, cough, tumors, scurvy, Tubers, Solanidine, demissidine,
Europe and South
S. tuberosum and warts, to prevent wrinkles skins, raw α-chaconine, α-solanine, solavilline, [32]
America
on face, pain, acidity, and juice solasdamine
swollen gums, and to heal
burns
Used to treat Liver disorders, Steroidal alkaloids
diarrhea, inflammatory Steroidal saponins
conditions, chronic skin
Whole Kenya, China,
S. nigrum ailments (psoriasis and [27]
plants India, and Pakistan
ringworm), fever, hydrophobia, Glycoprotein
painful periods, and eye
diseases
Africa, Central and
Used to treat leucorrhea, nappy Whole Solanidine, α-chaconine, (d) South America,
S. villosum [33]
rash, wounds, and cold sore plants α-solanine China, India, and
Pakistan
Used to treat high blood
South-East Asia,
pressure and edema or to cure N-caffeoyl putrescine, 5-
Brazil, Argentina,
S. integrifolium stomach, lymphadenopathy, Fruits caffeoylquinic acid, and 3-acetyl-5- [34]
Uruguay, and
and inflammation, and as pain caffeoylquinic acid
Paraguay
remedy to alleviate edema
Used to treat urolithiasis,
respiratory disorders
South-East Asia
(expectorant, coughs, bronchial Saponins, solanacarpine,
Whole including India,
S. xanthocarpum asthma, and chest pain), solanacarpidine, solancarpine, [35, 36]
plants Malaysia, and
gonorrhea, pest repellent, solasonine
tropical Australia
tympanitis, misperistalsis, piles,
and dysuria
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Journal of Tropical Medicine 5

Table 3: Continued.
Species name Medicinal uses Parts used Phytochemicals Country used References
Used to treat cough and cold,
respiratory disease (chronic
bronchitis and tuberculosis), China, Myanmar,
and male fertility, and to cure )ailand, Vietnam,
Sobatum, solasodine, solanine,
snake poison, dyspnea, Sri Lanka,
S. trilobatum Leaves tomatidine, diosgenin, [37–39]
anorexia, worm infestation, Peninsular
soladunalinidine
skin diseases, hemiplegia, Malaysia, and
edema, urinary calculi, southern India
amenorrhea, and urinary tract
disorders.
Used to treat sore throats, chest
India, Sri Lanka,
pain and catarrh, stomach and Arabinogalactan, chlorogenic and
South-East Asia,
respiratory complaints, fever, Whole caffeic acid, khasianine, solasonine,
S. virginianum Malaysia, tropical [40]
influenza, painful and difficult plants solamargine, beta-solamargine,
Australia, and
urination, bladder stones, and solanocarpine, and solanocarpidine
Polynesia
rheumatism
Used to treat fungal infections
and respiratory disorders Northern and
Leaves, Indioside D, solamargine, tomatine,
(asthma, cough, cold, and South America,
S. mammosum fruits, and solasonine, diosgenin, solamargine [41]
sinusitis), skin ulcer, scabies, Caribbean islands,
seeds and β-solamargine
furunculosis and rashes, and Africa
insecticide, and rat poison
Used to treat skin and
cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
burns, scalds and sunburn,
Lycopene, zeaxanthin, esculoside A, South and Central
S. lycopersicum rheumatism and severe Fruits [42]
beta-carotene America
headaches, filarial worm
swellings, incipient leprosy
spots, and toothache.
To cure cold and infant, Asia, Africa,
typhoid, pneumonia, sore Solanine, solasonine, solasodine, Australia, and
Whole
S. elaeagnifolium throats, an antiseptic agent, kaempferol 8-C-beta-galactoside, tropical and [43]
plants
toothaches, and β-solamarine, solanidine subtropical
gastrointestinal disorders America
Used to treat sore throat,
angina, stomachache, ear
Africa, Middle East
inflammation, snake bites, Khasianine, incanumine, solasodine,
Whole and Far East Asia,
S. incanum wounds, liver disorders, skin kaempferol, isoquercitrin, [44]
plants and Arabian
ailments (ringworm), warts, yamogenin
Peninsula
inflammatory conditions,
painful periods, and fever
Uruguay, Brazil,
Steroidal glycosides—inunigroside
S. jasminoides or Aerial South America,
Used to kill insects A; steroidal sapogenol—jasminoside [13]
S. laxum parts Paraguay, Uruguay,
A, solasodine, laxumin A, laxumin B
and Argentina
Used to treat boils and Bark, Solanocapsine, solacasine,
gonorrhea, male tonic and fruit, solateinemine, O- India, Nepal, and
S. pseudocapsicum [45]
abdominal pain, somnolence, leaves, methylsolanocapsine, episolacapine, the Philippines
and diabetes and seeds and isosolacapine
Used to treat fever, wounds,
)ailand, India,
tooth decay, reproductive Fruits and Chlorogenin, torvoside A-L,
S. torvum West Indies, and [46]
problems, and arterial leaves chlorogenone
South America
hypertension
Used to treat diarrhea,
dysentery, eczema, edema, Leaves
S. verbasicum Pentanone and c-sitosterol India and China [47]
gout, headaches, ulcers, fever, and roots
hematuria, and toothache
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6 Journal of Tropical Medicine

Phytochemical analysis of berry extracts S. elaeagnifolium aegypti were found to be 0.112 and 0.258%, 0.058 and
revealed the presence of kaempferol 8-C-β-galactoside that 0.289%, and 0.052 and 0.218%, respectively, at the LC50 and
possesses medicinal proprieties [50]. S. verbascifolium is used LC90 levels. It was discovered that crude extracts have lar-
in Chinese folklore for diarrhea, dysentery, eczema, edema, vicidal capability due to their volatile oil content, implying
gout, headaches, ulcers, fever, hematuria, and toothache [45]. that they could be used as an environmentally friendly,
Despite being a poisonous plant, S. pseudocapsicum is used in effective larvicidal in managing various vector-borne epi-
traditional medicine to treat boils and gonorrhea and relieve demics [66, 97]. Methanol leaf extract of S. trilobatum is
abdominal pain, and as a male tonic [47]. S. torvum is another effective against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and An.
commonly used Solanaceae herb in traditional medicine. )e stephensi pupae and larvae with an LC50 value of 125, 128,
plant extracts have been widely used to treat fever, wounds, and 117 ppm, respectively [73]. Chloroform: methanol (1 : 1
tooth decay, reproductive problems, and arterial hypertension v/v) extract of S. nigrum mature leaves is toxic against Cx’s
[46]. )us, leaves, fruits, roots, and aerial parts of Solanum early 3rd instar larvae of the Cx. vishnui group and An.
plants can benefit humans by enhancing their health when subpictus [56].
consumed as part of a daily diet, nutraceutical, or )e seed hexane extract of S. trilobatum exhibited (38%)
biopharmaceutical. acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult of
H. bispinosa (Ixodidae) and hematophagous fly H. maculata
Leach (Hippoboscidae). )erefore, this study provides the
3.2. Phytopharmacology and Insecticidal Properties of Sol- first report on the parasitic activities of plant extracts from
anaceae spp. Medicinal Solanaceae plants have traditionally southern India [75]. )e leaf extract of S. trilobatum was
been used as insecticidal, anti-infectious, and antimicrobial found to have an oviposition deterrent effect, reducing egg-
agents [51, 52]. Table 4 shows the different types of test laying by An. stephensi by 18 to 99% and providing 70 to 120
organisms, bioassays, and doses applied to investigate the minutes of mosquito bite protection skin repellent activities.
mosquitocidal activity of crude plant extracts from the S. trilobatum leaf extract had dose-dependent oviposition
Solanum genus. Crude and chloroform-methanol extracts of deterrent and skin repellent effects. Several solvent extracts
S. tuberosum at very low concentrations are effective in of S. trilobatum were tested against the filarial vector Cx.
mosquito control [54]. Volatile oils of S. xanthocarpum were quinquefasciatus; petroleum ether had the highest larvicidal
effective as insect repellents, giving rise to >5 hours of activity, with LC50 values of 203.87 and 165.04, respectively,
protection against Culex quinquefasciatus without apparent after 24 and 48 hours, followed by acetone and chloroform
dermal irritation to human skin [72]. Chloroform-methanol extracts [96]. According to the findings, S. trilobatum leaf
extract of S. villosum green berries was used as a biocontrol extract is an efficient oviposition preventive and cutaneous
agent against Aedes aegypti [90]. S. villosum green berries repellent against A. stephensi [72]. )e crude extract of the
had the greatest biocidal activity against St. aegypti. aegypti, leaves or fruits of S. incanum and W. somnifera has an equal
and Cx. quinquefasciatus in chloroform and methanol ex- effect on the A. messinae mortality (96% mortality). How-
tracts. As a result, crude extracts or protein fractions/isolated ever, the percentage mortality of the termite was 100% with
bioactive phytochemicals from S. villosum could be utilized 135 µg from the crude extract of S. incanum leaves. Based on
as a possible biocontrol agent against these mosquitoes, findings, both crude extracts have the potential to be used as
especially because of its larvicidal impact [58, 59, 90]. termite control agents in termite breeding areas in the field
S. integrifolium chitin-binding lectins (CBLs) inhibit Spo- or infested homes [80].
doptera frugiperda (sf21) insect cell growth by binding to )e larvicidal efficacy of S. torvum was tested against An.
carbohydrates and depolarizing mitochondrial membrane stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus, with the results indi-
potential [60]. cating that the leaf methanol extract of S. torvum had the
Table 5 summarizes detailed investigations of the highest LC90, ranging from 70.38 to 210.68 ppm. As a result,
mosquito-larvicidal efficiency of various Solanum species. isolated plant metabolites from S. torvum from southern
Some examples are highlighted (according to the author’s India have the potential to be used as environmentally safe
viewpoint) as follows: S. xanthocarpum extracts show var- and long-lasting mosquito repellents [85]. )e mosquito
ious larvicidal and pupicidal activity against Cx’s first-to- repellant effect of S. lycopersicum esculentum leaf hydro-
fourth instars. Cx. quinquefasciatus fruit aqueous extract ethanolic extract on the larvae of multiple mosquito species
exhibits 100% killing after 48-hour exposure compared with was tested at varied concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, and
its root extract [61, 62]. )e previous study has reported that 250 ppm, with larva mortality seen within 24 hours. )e
the fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum and copepod Meso- hydro-ethanolic extract caused complete mortality in
cyclops thermocyclopoides could serve as a potential highest mosquitoes at 200 ppm in 18–19 hours, and the study found
mortality rate against dengue vector Ae. aegypti [63]. )is that S. lycopersicum esculentum may kill mosquitoes at a
mosquitocidal efficiency may be caused by detrimental ef- lower concentration [77]. )e insecticidal effects of meth-
fects of the S. xanthocarpum active principle compounds anolic extracts of S. elaeagnifolium seeds were investigated
(solanocarpine and solanocarpidine) on the mosquito lar- further against S. littoralis, and 100% larval mortality was
vae. Similarly, S. xanthocarpum fruit extracts had larvicidal observed with the strongest growth inhibition (59.68%)
action against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus, as well compared to leaves [110]. Methanolic extracts from the
as one culicine species, Ae. aegypti. )e toxic concentrations leaves and seeds of S. elaeagnifolium also showed insecticidal
of fruit extract against An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, and Ae. efficacy against P. operculella and T. castaneum. Seed extract
 2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Journal of Tropical Medicine 7

Table 4: Different types of test organisms, bioassays, and doses used to study the mosquitocidal activity of crude plant extracts from
Solanum genus.
Species name Species tested Types of bioassays Dose References
S. sisymbriifolium Anophelinae (insects and larvae) Biocidal assay 0.005–5 g/ml [53]
Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. 1.1–0.5% (AE)
S. tuberosum Larvicidal assay [54]
stephensi 1.2 25–75 ppm (CME)
Cx. quinquefasciatus and An.
Mosquito-larvicidal assay 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm [55]
stephensi
S. nigrum
Cx. quinquefasciatus Larvicidal bioassay 1–3% [56]
Cx. quinquefasciatus Mosquitocidal assay 15, 20, and 25 mg/L [57]
Cx. quinquefasciatus 30, 50, and 100 ppm
30, 50, 100, and
An. subpictus
S. villosum Larvicidal assay 200 ppm [58, 59]
0.1–0.5% and 15, 25,
S. aegypti
and 30 ppm
S. integrifolium Spodoptera frugiperda Insecticidal assay 1 μg/mL [60]
Mosquito-larvicidal and
Cx. quinquefasciatus 50–650 ppm [61]
pupicidal assays
Culicine larvae Larvicidal assay 1–5 ml [62]
100, 150, 200, 250, and
Ae. aegypti Mosquitocidal assay [63]
300 ppm
Ae. aegypti Insecticidal 0.82 mg/ml [64]
62.5, 125, 250, 500,
S. xanthocarpum Cx. quinquefasciatus Mosquito-larvicidal assay [65]
and 1000 mg/L
Cx. quinquefasciatus Larvicidal assay 7500–20 000 ppm [66]
An. stephensi Larvicidal assay 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 4%
[67–69]
Cx. quinquefasciatus Larvicidal assay 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 4%
An. stephensi Larvicidal assay 7500–20 000 ppm [70]
Cx. Vishnui and L. acuminata Mosquito-larvicidal assay 75, 100, and 150 ppm
[71]
Cx. quinquefasciatus Mosquito-larvicidal assay 15, 20, and 25 ppm
Oviposition deterrent 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075,
[72]
assay and 0.1%
An. stephensi
0.001, 0.005, 0.01,
Skin repellent assay
0.015, and 0.02%
[73]
Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Larvicidal and pupicidal 50, 100, 150, 200, and
S. trilobatum
and An. stephensi assays 250 ppm
Ae. aegypti and Cx. 100, 200, 300, 400, and
Larvicidal assay [74]
quinquefasciatus 500 ppm
Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Acaricidal and insecticidal
46.88 to 3,000 ppm [75]
Hippobosca maculata assays
1500, 3000, 4500, and
Solanum Mammosum-Silver 6000 ppm
Ae. aegypti Larvicidal assay [76]
Nanoparticles (Sm-AgNPs) 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, and
0.08 ppm
Ae. aegypti and Cx. 50, 100,150, 200, and
S. lycopersicum Larvicidal activity [77]
quinquefasciatus 250 ppm
Fourth instar larvae Larvicidal assay [78]
S. elaeagnifolium Tribolium castaneum and 2% extract (5 µl spray)
Insecticidal assay [79]
Phthorimaea operculella
S. incanum A. messinae and M. najdensis Insecticidal assay 2.5–135 µg/ml [80]
S. laxum—laxumin A Schizaphis graminum Insecticidal assay 50–500 µm [81]
S. laxum—luciamin Schizaphis graminum Repellant assay 50–500 µm [82]
Phlebotomus papatasi and
S. jasminoides Insecticidal assay — [83]
Bougainvillea glabra
S. surattense Callosobruchus chinensis Insecticidal assay 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% [84]
An. stephensi and Cx.
S. torvum Larvicidal bioassay 1.25 to 400 ppm [85]
quinquefasciatus
100, 300, 500, or
S. verbasicum Cx. quinquefasciatus Larvicidal activity [86]
1000 ppm
S. asperum Biomphalaria glabrata Molluscicidal activity 10, 50, and 100 µg/ml [87]
Nicotiana glauca Pieris rapae Larvicidal assay 0.7 mg to 2.8 mg/ml [88]
Repellent and antifeedant 200 μl/disc (2%
S. elaeagnifolium Tribolium castaneum [89]
assay extract)
 8
Table 5: Insecticidal efficacy of Solanaceae plant extracts and their fraction/compound as adulticides.
Part
Solanum spp. Target insect species Effect Extract/compound fraction Bioactive compound LC50, LC90 Reference
used
Anopheles funestus and
S. sisymbriifolium F Insecticidal Total alkaloid fraction Solamargineβ-solamarine 0.45–0.75 mg/ml [53]
Anopheles gambiae
An. stephensi (malaria
vector)Culex Mosquito-
S. tuberosum T Aqueous, chloroform: methanol (1 : 1) NI 1.18–1.30 mg/l [54]
quinquefasciatus (filaria larvicidal
vector)
An. stephensi (malaria
vector)Cx. Mosquito-
S. nigrum B, L Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) Alkaloids 1.26–2.44 ppm [55]
quinquefasciatus (filaria larvicidal
vector)
Aedes aegypti (dengue Mosquito-
S. villosum B Chloroform:methanol Steroids 21.02 (3rd instar) ppm [90]
vector) larvicidal
S. integrifolium F Spodoptera frugiperda Insecticidal Chitin-binding lectins (CBLs) and crude Polysaccharide 1 µg/ml [60]
Mosquito-
Cx. quinquefasciatus 155.3–448.4 ppm,
S. xanthocarpum L larvicidal and Crude ethanolic NI [61]
(filaria vector) 687.1–1,141.6 ppm
pupicidal
Mosquito-
Ae. aegypti (dengue 253.2, 435.2 ppm79.5,
S. xanthocarpum F larvicidal and Crude ethanolic SolanocarpidineSolanocarpine [63]
vector) 462.1 ppm
pupicidal
Mosquito 8% repellency;
Cx. quinquefasciatus
S. xanthocarpum L repellent Volatile oil Volatile oil 311 minutes of [72]
(filarial vector)
effect protection
Oviposition 99.4% repellency;
An. stephensi (malaria
S. trilobatum L deterrent and Leaf extract Volatile compounds 123 minutes of [72]
vector)
skin repellent protection
Cx. quinquefasciatus Larvicidal and Quinine, terpenoids, and other 227.9 ppm,
S. xanthocarpum WP Chloroform fraction, crude [91]
(filaria vector) pupicidal compounds 411.4 ppm
S. xanthocarpum F, R Culicine larvae Larvicidal Crude aqueous AlkaloidsSaponins ∼100% mortality [62]
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)An. stephensi
S. trilobatum L (malaria vector)Cx. Adulticidal Crude methanolic NI 116.6–127.8 ppm [73]
quinquefasciatus (filaria
vector)
An. subpictus Cx. 3.68–5.64 mg/l,
S. nigrum L Larvicidal Chloroform:methanol (1 : 1 v/v) Phytosteroids [56]
vishnui group 24.74–44.33 mg/l
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)An. stephensi
Mosquito- 644.7–747.2 ppm,
S. villosum L (malaria vector)Cx. Leaf protein Polypeptides [90]
larvicidal 1,882.4–2,220.0 ppm
quinquefasciatus (filaria
vector)
Ae. aegypti (dengue
S. virginianum WP Insecticidal Methanolic NI 0.82 mg/ml [92]
vector)
Journal of Tropical Medicine

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 Table 5: Continued.
Part
Solanum spp. Target insect species Effect Extract/compound fraction Bioactive compound LC50, LC90 Reference
used
Leaf: 9.8 ml/l,
26.4 ml/l
Green berry: 51.4 ml/
Ae. aegypti (dengue Eugenol (E)-6-hydroxy-4,6-
S. nigrum B, L Larvicidal Crude l, [93]
vector) dimethyl-3-heptene-2-one
459.8 ml/l
Black berry: 9.9 ml/l,
56.1 ml/l
Journal of Tropical Medicine

Cx. quinquefasciatus Mosquito-

S. nigrum L Crude AlkaloidsSteroids 0.08%, 0.37% [57]
(filaria vector) larvicidal
Cx. quinquefasciatus Mosquito-
S. nigrum B Crude, chloroform: methanol (1 : 1, v/v) Aromatic amide compounds 61.5 mg/l, 297.0 mg/l [55]
(filaria vector) larvicidal
SX: 48.4 mg/l,
218.2 mg/l
SX : WS (1 : 1 v/v):
Ae. aegypti (dengue 32.7 mg/l,
S. xanthocarpum, vector)An. stephensi 149.4 mg/lSX : WS (1 :
Synergistic
Withania F (malaria vector)Cx. Crude aqueous NI 2 v/v): [65]
larvicidal
somnifera quinquefasciatus (filaria 22.9 mg/l, 109.8 mg/
vector) lSX :
WS (1 : 3 v/v):
50.2 mg/l,
361.9 mg/l
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)An.
culicifaciesAn. stephensi 91.7–450.6 ppm,
S. xanthocarpum WP Larvicidal Methanolic Edible oils [94]
(malaria vector)Cx. 379.0–1,881.0 ppm
quinquefasciatus (filaria
vector)
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)Cx. Mosquito- 788.10, 1288.91 mg/l,
S. xanthocarpum NI Ethanolic NI [95]
quinquefasciatus (filaria larvicidal 573.20, 1066.93 mg/l
vector)
1,631.3 ppm,
Ae. aegypti (dengue
S. mammosum NI Larvicidal Aqueous silver nanoparticles Steroidal alkaloids 4,756.2 ppm; [76]
vector)
0.06 ppm, 0.08 ppm
Ae. aegypti (dengue
189.5 ppm, 444.3
vector)Cx. Mosquito-
S. trilobatum L Acetone Cyclodecanol and other compounds ppm167.4 ppm, [74]
quinquefasciatus (filaria larvicidal
371.8 ppm
vector)
9

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 Table 5: Continued.
10

Part
Solanum spp. Target insect species Effect Extract/compound fraction Bioactive compound LC50, LC90 Reference
used
Acetone: 186.4 mg/l,
366.5 mg/
lChloroform:
Cx. quinquefasciatus Mosquito- 346.1 mg/l, 595.6 mg/
S. trilobatum AP Acetone, chloroform, petroleum ether NI [96]
(filarial vector) larvicidal l
Petroleum ether:
165.0 mg/l, 293.5 mg/
l
An. stephensi (malaria
S. xanthocarpum R Larvicidal Petroleum ether NI 0.93 ppm, 8.48 ppm [67]
vector)
An. stephensi (malaria
S. xanthocarpum R Larvicidal Petroleum ether with temephos (1 : 1) NI 0.02 ppm, 0.09 ppm [69]
vector)
An. stephensi (malaria
vector)Cx.
S. xanthocarpum F Larvicidal Carbon tetrachloridepetroleum ether NI 1.27 ppm, 59.45 ppm [97]
quinquefasciatus (filaria
vector)
Cx. quinquefasciatus 38.48 ppm,
S. xanthocarpum R Larvicidal Petroleum ether NI [66]
(filaria vector) 80.83 ppm
Cx. quinquefasciatus
S. xanthocarpum R Larvicidal Temephos:plant (1 : 1) NI 0.01 ppm, 0.02 ppm [67]
(filaria vector)
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)An. 0.05–1.16 ppm,
S. xanthocarpum F, R Larvicidal Fruit, root NI [98]
culicifaciesAn. stephensi 0.22–3.58 ppm
(malaria vector)
Cx. quinquefasciatus
S. villosum L Larvicidal Chloroform:methanol (1 : 1 v/v) NI 39.19 ppm [58]
(filaria vector)
S. villosum L An. subpictus Larvicidal Chloroform-methanol Glycoalkaloids 23.47–30.63 ppm [59]
100% mortality at
S. lycopersicum L Culex and Aedes spp. Larvicidal Aqueous ethanolic NI [77]
250 ppm
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)An. culicifacies 0.027–0.032%,
S. nigrum L Larvicidal Crude aqueous NI [99]
Cx. quinquefasciatus 0.027–0.212%
(filaria vector)
Repellent
S. elaeagnifolium F Blattella germanica Ethanolic, hexane NI 50 mg/ml [100]
effect
Larvicidal LC90 (24 h) 209.8,
S. elaeagnifolium L, B An. labranchiae Aqueous, ethanolic Glycoalkaloid extracts [78]
effect 123.4 ppm
Fasciola hepaticaGalba Molluscicidal
S. elaeagnifolium Total saponin fractionTotal alkaloid fraction β-solamarine 0.94 mg/L14.67 mg/L [101]
truncatula Müll. activity
Amitermes
40% mortality at
S. incanum F, L messinaeMicrotermes Insecticidal Crude hexane β-chaconine, α-solanine [80]
67.5 µg/ml
najdensis
Journal of Tropical Medicine

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 Table 5: Continued.
Part
Solanum spp. Target insect species Effect Extract/compound fraction Bioactive compound LC50, LC90 Reference
used
Median survival � 8
Larvicidal and
Phlebotomus papatasi days
S. jasminoides WP repellent Branch NI [83]
(Leishmania vector) (confidence interval:
effect
17.1–18.9)
Ae. aegypti (dengue
vector)An. culicifacies
AAn. culicifacies CAn.
Journal of Tropical Medicine

Mosquito-
S. nigrum F stephensi (malaria Aqueous, hexane NI <20 ppm, <100 ppm [102]
larvicidal
vector)Cx.
quinquefasciatus (filaria
vector)
Helicoverpa Maximum
Antifeedant,
S. pseudocapsicum NI armigeraSpodoptera Ethyl acetate (5%) NI insecticidal � [103]
insecticidal
litura 66.5–75.3%
Maximum
L, Antifeedant,
S. pseudocapsicum Agrotis ipsilon Ethyl acetate (5%) NI insecticidal [104]
SD insecticidal
� 60.1%
S. nigrum L, F Ae. caspiusCx. pipiens Larvicidal 70% ethanolic NI 3.37 mg/l [105, 106]
Reduction in
F, L, Callosobruchus
S. surattense Pesticidal Aqueous extract, aqueous suspension NI oviposition [84]
R, S chinensis
� 2–5 eggs/pair
S. surattense and Cx. quinquefasciatus
L Insecticidal Ethyl acetate, petroleum ether NI 46.04 ppm [107]
S. trilobatum (filaria vector)
An. stephensi (malaria
vector)Cx. (LC90) 70.38
S. torvum L Larvicidal Methanolic NI [85]
quinquefasciatus (filaria –210.68 ppm
vector)
L, 495.61–432.77 ppm,1,
S. trilobatum Hippobosca maculata Insecticidal Hexane NI [75]
SD 914.84–1,872.33 ppm
Cx. quinquefasciatus 100% mortality
S. verbasicum L Larvicidal Various solvents NI [86]
(filaria vector) at 72 hours
Leptinotarsa
S. tuberosum T decemlineataEmpoasca Insecticidal Crude sample ChaconineSolanine 100% defoliation [108]
fabae
S. laxum WP Schizaphis graminum Insecticidal Steroidal glycoalkaloid fraction Laxumin A and B 4.3 μM and 6.1 μM [81]
70% mortality at 24
S. laxum AP Schizaphis graminum Insecticidal Ethanolic Luciamin [82]
hours
Mosquito- 80% mortality at 72
S. nigrum B Cx. quinquefasciatus Chloroform: methanol (1 : 1, v/v) solvent NI [57]
larvicidal hours
Solanum steroidal
89–100%
alkaloids and SA Tribolium castaneum Larvicidal Isolated compounds in diet Steroidal glycoalkaloids [109]
larvicidal effect
glycoalkaloids
11

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 12

Table 5: Continued.
Part
Solanum spp. Target insect species Effect Extract/compound fraction Bioactive compound LC50, LC90 Reference
used
Lymnaea acuminata LC50 55.45 and
Mosquito-
S. nigrum L Cx. vishnui(vector of Aqueous 11.59 ppm,Aliphatic amide compounds [70]
larvicidal
Japanese encephalitis) respectively at 72 h.
32–48% mortality
Mosquito-
S. nigrum L Cx. quinquefasciatus Ethyl acetate Glucosisaustrin at 72 hours of 4th [71]
larvicidal
larval instars
Molluscicidal Methanolic extractAlkaloidal LC9044.1;17.3399.
S. asperum L Biomphalaria glabrata SolanandaineSolasonineSolamargine [87]
activity fractionSolanandaineSolasonineSolamargine 772.063.6
Larvicidal EC50-1.202 mg/larva
Nicotiana glauca L Pieris rapae Total alkaloid anabasine Anabasine [88]
effect 0.572 mg/larva
% repellent effect:
Insecticidal
Seeds: 94% after
S. elaeagnifolium S, L Tribolium castaneum (repellent Methanol (seed and leaves) Glycoalkaloids [89]
2 hrsLeaves: 74%
assay)
after 2 hrs
AP: aerial part; B: berry; F: fruit; FL: flower; L: leaf; LC50: 50% lethal concentration; LC90: 90% lethal concentration; LC100: 100% lethal concentration; mg/l: milligrams per liter; mg/ml: milligrams per milliliter; ml/l
milliliter per liter; µg/ml: micrograms per milliliter; μM: micromoles; NI: not identified; ppm: parts per million; R: root; S: stem; SA: Solanum alkaloids; SD: seed; SX: S. xanthocarpum; T: tuber; v/v: volume/volume;
WP: whole plant; WS: W. somnifera.
Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Journal of Tropical Medicine 13

inhibited oviposition and egg hatching the most (95.9% and S. trilobatum possesses oviposition deterrent and skin re-
98.6%, respectively), with an aphid mortality rate of 23.6% pellent activity against An. stephensi. Both oviposition de-
[79]. )ese findings suggested that numerous Solanum terrent and skin repellent activity were dose-dependent
species might be used as plant-based mosquitocidal. )ey [112]. Two major compounds of steroidal glycoalkaloids
could be a valuable source for developing novel natural were isolated from the fraction C MeOH extract of
repellents as an alternative to chemical repellents in the S. sisymbriifolium and were identified as solamargine (1) and
future. )e structure of phytochemicals with promising β-solamarine. )e toxicity of fraction C is 10-fold higher
mosquitocidal and insecticidal effects from Solanum species than that of Anophelinae larvae. )ese two steroidal alka-
is summarized in Figure 2. loids were known to possess molluscicidal activity where
they could be used as a molluscicide in the future [53].
Luciamin, a spirostanol saponin, was isolated from the
3.3. Solanaceae spp. Phytochemicals with Insecticidal ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of S. laxum and was
Properties. For decades, Solanum species have been widely tested against the aphid S. graminum by incorporation in
used in healthcare systems as a source for various phyto- artificial diets. Luciamin showed a deterrent (toxic) activity
chemicals, including steroidal alkaloids. Solanum is distin- against the insect and is the first spirostanol glycoside re-
guished by the presence of the steroidal alkaloid solasodine, ported to have this activity. Luciamin’s aphid repelling effect
which is a potential starting material for the manufacture of deserves further exploration to determine its biological and
steroid hormones. Because of the wide spectrum of bio- economic effects against viral vectors [81]. Two Solanum
logical activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, glycosides isolated from S. laxum were found to have in-
antioxidant, and anticancer, Solanum alkaloids have been a secticidal effects against S. graminum with LC50 4.3 µM
topic of interest in pharmacological and therapeutical in- (laxumin A) and LC50 6.1 µM (laxumin B), respectively [82].
vestigations. Because of metabolites such glycoalkaloids, )e insecticidal effect of the isolated steroidal alkaloids
some of the Solanum species are poisonous. Several phar- fraction B from S. sisymbriifolium was investigated on
macologically important lead compounds are found in So- Anophelinae larvae (A. gambia, A. funestus). Compared with
lanum species, including steroidal alkaloids such as other extracts and fractions, fraction B, which contains
solasodine, solasonine, solamargine, and other medicinally solamargine and β-solamarine, appears less hazardous to
important alkaloids; solasodine and its glycosylated deriv- larvae. As a result, fraction B could potentially be employed
atives, such as solamargine and solanine; and other chem- as an insecticide in the future [53]. Solanum species steroidal
icals with medicinal potential for developing new drugs alkaloids are unique in their pharmacological properties and
against various human diseases. are important lead molecules for drug development [113].
S. xanthocarpum is an important source of many Glucosisaustrin, a glucosinolate group of bioactive
pharmacologically and medicinally useful alkaloids. Recent compounds from S. nigrum, was responsible for larval
GC-MS analysis showed that several essential oils from mortality. Glucosinolate is a plant-derived secondary me-
leaves, fruits, roots, and stems of S. xanthocarpum were tabolite and hydrophilic, having potent mosquito-larvicidal
responsible for larvicidal activity [111]. Six important properties against Cx. quinquefasciatus and found to be safe
phytosteroids (1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl for the environment [87]. For several decades, N. glauca has
phthalate, phytol, lauric acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hex- been known for its content of the pyridine alkaloids, such as
adec, and 7-hexadecenal) with larvicidal activity against anabasine, nicotine, and nornicotine. In the P. rapae larval
early 3rd instar larvae of the Cx. vishnui group were iden- bioassay, the median effective concentrations of anabasine
tified from mature leaves of S. nigrum using GC-MS [32]. A were 0.572 mg/larva. Despite this, the insecticidal activities
short polypeptide (15 amino acids) from mature leaves of of the N. glauca extract are likely related to anabasine, as
S. villosum exhibited a moderate larvicidal effect. Further several phytochemical experiments and bioassays have
studies will be needed to determine its mode of action and shown [88]. )is review intended to collect all of the sci-
appropriate formulations for field applications [90]. Eugenol entific data on mosquitocidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal
and (E)-6-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-3-heptene-2-one in investigations on medicinally important Solanum com-
S. nigrum crude extract were proposed as being the main pounds including steroidal alkaloids. Because most of the
compounds responsible for mosquito-larvicidal activity studies are laboratory-based and do not meet clinical
[93]. )e GC-MS analysis of acetone leaf extract of standards, this comprehensive review is expected to bolster
S. trilobatum revealed cyclodecanol (12.42%), β-sitosterol investigators in furthering their research into this field,
(10.25%) and 2-tetradecycloxirane (6.07%) as the major which could lead to the development of plant-based mos-
components and were possibly responsible for larvicidal quito repellents with significant economic benefits.
activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti [74].
β-Solamarine isolated from the methanolic extract of
seeds of S. elaeagnifolium was found to have molluscicidal 3.4. Solanum Plant-Mediated Nanoparticles. Plant extract-
activity against G. truncatula and F. hepatica. )e median based silver nanoparticles have recently been developed to
lethal concentration of β-solamarine in molluscicidal ac- improve the control of mosquitoes without causing any
tivity (LC50) was of 0.49, and the study emphasizes that this significant harm to humans [114, 115]. According to the
glycoalkaloid may be used as molluscicides [101]. Another recent literature, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized
mosquitocidal investigation revealed that the leaf extract of from aqueous extracts of S. nigrum and S. mammosum have
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14 Journal of Tropical Medicine

H3C OH
O
S O
O
HN O
O CH3
HS
O CH3
HO O
O
N O
OH H
HO N Dibutyl phthalate
Anabasine
OH
Glucosisaustrin

CH3 O O
H 3C O
CH3O O
H3C
OH O
H
O Methoxyacetic acid
H3C H H O
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid
H H
HO
Diosgenin
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
H N O
O H 2-Tetradecycloxirane
CH3 H H

H H
O
O O CH3 CH3
O CO2H H3C
HO OH H CH3
H3C
OH OH H H3C H CH3
OH O OH
O
CH3 H H
O 1
OH HO
(-)-isosteviol Beta-sitosterol
β-solamarine

O OH
O CH3

P
H3C O O CH3
O
Triethyl phosphate
O

Rocellaric acid
(a)
Figure 2: Continued.
2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
15

Tomatidine (TO) and Tomatine (TN). For TO, R=H, For TN, R=Lycotetraose
CH3
H3C H

N
H

O H
N
CH3

Solanidine
H

H
H3C

HO

RO

Figure 2: Continued.
(b)
O H
N

O
HN

H
H

H
H

H
H

H
O

H
Silicic acid, diethyl bis (trimethylsilyl) ester

H
H

OH

Solasonine
O

OH
Solamargine
O

O
O
OH

OH
Permethrin

O
O

Si

O
O

Si

O
OH

HO
O
Journal of Tropical Medicine

O
O

O
OH

HO

O
HO
O

Si

O
HO

OH
O
O

HO
HO
CI

HO
HO
HO

HO
CI
2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Journal of Tropical Medicine

OH
CH3
Geraniol

CH3

α-Bisabolol
CH3
OCH3
CH3
OH

OH
H3C
OH

Eugenol
CH3

H3C OH
CH3
OH HO

H
OH

α-Cubebene
O

α-Terpineol
HO

H2C

H3C
O
O

H3C

Figure 2: Continued.
O HO
O

Laxumin B

(c)
O

O
O

OH
HO

O
HO

Foliumin
O
HO

HO
OH
OH

OH
O
O

OH

OH
Luciamin
O
OOH

O
HO
O

OH HO
OH

HO

HO
O
O
O

O
O
OH

OH
HO

HO HO

O
HO

HO

HH
O O
16
 2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Journal of Tropical Medicine 17

CH3
H3C CH3

H
H3C
CH3 H
H3C CH3
α-Cubebene

H
H3C OCH3
OH
α-Murolol
H2C OCH3
Methyl eugenol
H3C CH3

H
CH3 H3C OCH3

H3CO OCH3
(Z)-Asarone

H H3C H
H3C OH H3C
α-Cadinol
H3C H N
H CH3
HO H
O H H
CH2 HO O
CH3
H
H3C O O O
HO
OH
O
HO OH
H OH H3C OH
CH3 OH
HO
Pogostol α-solanine
H3C H
H3C H
OH HO H3C H
N
CH3
CH3 CH3 H H
HO O
O
H3C C H
O H
HO HO O
H
CH3 O O CH3
H3C O H
HO OH
Solavetivone
OH
α-chaconine
(d)

Figure 2: Chemical structures of insecticidal and mosquitocidal phytochemicals isolated from various Solanum species.

demonstrated adulticidal and insecticidal activity against Ae. 4. Conclusion

aegypti, implying that AgNPs produced from plant extracts
have higher levels of toxicity than the extracts alone [55, 76]. Mosquito control is an important public health policy in
)us, these herbal-based AgNPs hold great promise as tropical areas. Mosquitoes constitute a part of natural
potent larvicides, but their environmental impact requires biodiversity, and their total eradication is not necessary, but
further investigation for controlling target vector only the diseases they transmit need to be eradicated.
mosquitoes. Nevertheless, bites from disease-bearing insects can be
 2720, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/4952221 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [02/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
18 Journal of Tropical Medicine

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