Pakistan: Ideology,

Constitution and Society

Resource Person: Mrs.Mehwish Younas
Email: [email protected]
 “The more you sweat in peace, the less you
bleed in battle.”
Norman Schwarzkopf
Topic: Tracing History: The Resurgence of Muslim
Political Movement (till 1940)

•Core Reading
•Pakistan Studies by M.R. Kazmi (Page no:61 till
98)
•Recommended:
•‘Why Jinnah Matters’ by Akbar S. Ahmad in
Pakistan beyond the Crisis State
History of sub-continent can be
divided into 3 parts
•Medieval India (712-1857)
•Pre-Partition History (1857-1947)
•Post-Partition History (1947 till date)
Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857)
• The Tripartite struggle was a skirmish for supremacy and
control over the central Gangetic valley
• In AD 712, Attack of Muhammed Bin Kassim
• Growth of Sufism
• Succeeded by:
• Muhammad Ghazni (AD 1000-27)
• Muhammad Ghori (AD 1175-1206)
• The major South Indian kingdoms during Medieval India are
Vijayanagara and Bhamini.
Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857)
• Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)
• Slave Dynasty (Mamluk)
• Khilji Dynasty
• Tuglaq Dynasty
• Sayyid Dynasty
• Lodi Dynasty
• Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857)
• Mughals
• Later Mughals
• Arrival of Europeans
Pre-Partition History (1857-1947)
• 1857 - War of Independence
• 1857-58 the great divide in nineteenth century.
• a reaction to British policies Governor General Lord Dalhousie (1848-
56)
• The immediate spark for mutiny by Indian soldiers was the
introduction of new Enfield rifle, which had cartridge allegedly
greased with cow or pig fat, tips of which had to be bitten off before
loading their weapons. Both Muslim and Hindu soldiers were
outraged at this offence to their religious scruples and refused to
comply. the Bengal Army for refusing to load their weapons.
• The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1858,
which transferred authority to British Crown, represented in India by
Governor General, who thereafter also had the title of Viceroy.
1858 - Aligarh Movement

• Another response was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

(1817-98) which was called Aligarh Movement after
the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (now
Aligarh University), which was founded in 1875 at
Aligarh in north-central India.
• Sir Syed considered access to British education as the
best means of social mobility for the Muslim under
colonial rule.
1866 - Deoband Movement

• Deoband Movement was started by Muhammad

Qasim Nanotavi and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
in 1866. This further gave strength to Aligarh
Movement. Deoband Madrassah started
functioning in 1866 under the supervision of
Muhammad Yaqub.
• Objective: to abolish British rule and restore the
Muslim Community by educating them.
1867 - Urdu Hindi Controversy

• During Muslim rule, Urdu was declared as official language

• In 1867, Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they
demanded replacement of Urdu with Hindi
• The reason for opposing Urdu was that, the language was
written in Persian script, similar to the Arabic script
• The headquarters of this movement were in Allahabad.
• The opposition by Hindus towards Urdu language made it clear
to the Muslims of the region that Hindus were not ready to
tolerate the culture and traditions of Muslims.
1884 - Anjamum Himayat-i-Islam

• On September 22, 1884, the establishment of

Anjuman was formally announced and Qazi Hamid-
ud-Din was elected as its first president.
• Anjuman's aim was to arrange religious and general
education for girls and boys and to counter act the
propaganda against Islam.
1885 - Indian National Congress

• English speaking Indians were discovering efficacy of

associations and public meetings in propagating their
views to a winder audience and in winning the
attention of British Government.
• In 1885 Indian National Congress was founded to
formulate proposals and demands to present to
British.
1891- Fall of Hunza

• Hunza, remote kingdom bordering China fell into hands of

British, bringing an end to the expansion of British Raj.
• 1893 - Durand Line Demarcated
• 1894 - Nadva-tul-Ulema
• 1898 - Sir Syed Ahmed Khan; the founder of Aligarh
movement passed away. He was one of the greatest
personalities of the subcontinent.
1905 - Partition of Bengal
• The partition scheme was announced on September 1,
1905.
• The new province called Eastern Bengal and Assam,
consisted of Assam and Eastern and Northern Bengal.
• On the area of 106,650 sq miles with a population of 31
million out of which 18 million were Muslims and 12
million were Hindus.
• The Hindus started the Swadeshi Movement against this
partition
• Ultimately, the British Government bowed down before
the Swadeshi Movement and reunited both provinces by
ending the partition in 1911.
1906 - Demand at Simla

•It was in October 1906 that a delegation of

about 70 Muslims led by Agha Khan was
received in the Ball Room of Viceroy's House at
Simla by Lord Minto.
•They asked for separate representation of
Muslims in all levels of Government.
1906 - AII India Muslim League
• At the dawn of twentieth century, a number of factors
convinced Muslims of the need, to have an effective
political organization.
• All India Muslim League was founded by Nawab
Salimullah Khan at Dhaka, mainly with the objective
of safeguarding the political rights and interests of
Muslims.
First World War 1914
• First World War started in Europe in which the whole
world was engulfed.
• The British, as leader of the Allied Forces, fully
participated in the War against opposing Central
Powers led by Germany.
• The problem for the Indian Muslims was that Ottoman
Empire sided with the Central Powers. In this way
British Government saw it as their enemy.
1916 - Lucknow Pact
• The Congress - Muslim League rapprochement was achieved at
Lucknow sessions of the two parties in 1916 and a joint scheme of
reforms was adopted.
• In Lucknow Pact, as the scheme was commonly referred to, Congress
accepted the principle of separate electorates and Muslims, in return
for 'weightage' to Muslims of minority provinces, agreed to surrender
their thin majorities in Punjab and Bengal.
• The post Lucknow Pact period witnessed Hindu-Muslim harmony and
the two parties came to hold their annual sessions in the same city
and passed resolutions of identical contents.
1919 - Khilafat Movement
• After World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment. Under
the leadership of Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana
Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched historic Khilafat
Movement to try and save it.
• Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to associate
Hindus with the movement. The ensuing movement was first
countrywide popular movement.
• The general impression among Muslims of India was that the western
powers were waging a war against Islam throughout the world in
order to rob it of all its power and influence.
• Jallianwala Massacre, Brig. Gen. R.E.H Dyre ordered to open fire on a
peaceful crowd which killed 397 to 1500 people and 1200 injured.
1927 - Simon Commission
• The British Government announced constitution of a
commission under the supervision of Sir John Simon in
November 1927.
• The commission having no Indian members was sent to
investigate India's constitutional problems and make
recommendations to the Government on future constitution
of India.
• Congress boycotted the Commission and there was a clear
split in Muslim League over this issue.
1928 - Nehru Report
• After the failure of Simon Commission, there was no alternative for
British Government.
• They knew that Congress and Muslim League were the two main
parties and that they both had serious difference of opinions.
• When All Parties Conference met for the third time in Bombay on
May 19, 1928, there was hardly any prospect of an agreed
constitution.
• It was then decided that a small committee should be appointed to
work out the details of the constitution. Motilal Nehru headed this
committee.
1928 - Nehru Report
• The committee worked for three months at Allahabad and its
memorandum was called the "Nehru Report". The Nehru Report
recommended that a Declaration of Rights should be inserted in the
constitution assuring the fullest liberty of conscience and religion.
• The recommendations of Nehru Report went against the interests of
the Muslim community. It was an attempt to serve Hindu
predominance over Muslims. The Nehru Committee's greatest blow
was the rejection of separate electorates.
• The Muslims were asking for one third representation in the centre
while Nehru Committee gave them only one fourth representation.
1929 - Fourteen Points
• A positive aspect of Nehru Report was that it resulted in the unity of
divided Muslim groups.
• In a meeting of the council of All India Muslim League on March 28,
1929 Quaid-e-Azam termed Nehru Report as a Hindu document, but
considered simply rejecting the report as insufficient.
• It was in this meeting that Quaid-e-Azam presented his famous
"Fourteen Points".
• A resolution was passed according to which no scheme for the future
constitution of Government of India would be acceptable to Muslims
unless and until it included the demands of Quaid presented in the
fourteen points.
1930 - Allahabad Muslim League Annual
Conference
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal gave the most lucid explanation of the inner
feelings of Muslim community in his address to All India Muslim
League at Allahabad in 1930.

• In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major
formative factor in the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished
those basic emotions and loyalties, which gradually unify scattered
individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-defined
people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own.
1930 to 1933 - Round Table Conferences
• The first session of the conference opened in London on November
12, 1930. All parties were present except for Congress, whose leaders
were in jail due to Civil Disobedience Movement. Congress leaders
stated that they would have nothing to do with further constitutional
discussion unless Nehru Report was enforced in its entirety as the
constitution of India.
• The Muslims demanded maintenance of weightage and separate
electorates, Hindus their abolition. The Muslims claimed statutory
majority in Punjab and Bengal, while Hindus resisted their imposition.
In Punjab, the situation was complicated by inflated Sikh claims.
• The conference broke up on January 19, 1931 with a general
agreement to write safeguards for minorities into constitution.
Gandhi - Irwin Pact
• After the conclusion of the First Round Table Conference, British Government
realized that cooperation of the Indian National Congress was necessary for
further advancement in making of Indian constitution. Thus, Lord Irwin, the
Viceroy, extended an invitation to Gandhi for talks. Gandhi agreed to end the Civil
Disobedience Movement without laying down any preconditions.
• The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March 5, 1931.
Following are the salient points of this agreement:
a. The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement
b. The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference
c. The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress
d. The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offenses not
involving ....violence
e. The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of
imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
Second Round Table Conference
• The second session of the conference opened in London on September 7,
1931.
• The main task of the conference was done through two committees on federal
structure and minorities. Gandhi claimed that he represented all India and
dismissed all other Indian delegates as non-representative because they did
not belong to Congress.
• The communal problem represented the most difficult issue for the delegates.
On the concluding day, British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald appealed to
Indian leaders to reach a communal settlement.
• Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in the session of the Second Round Table
Conference as he had decided to keep himself aloof from Indian politics and
to practice as a professional lawyer in England.
Third Round Table Conference
• On Quaid’s return to India, Gandhi once again started Civil
Disobedience Movement and was duly arrested. The third session
began on November 17, 1932.
• Congress was once again absent. Reports of the various committees
were scrutinized. The conference ended on December 25, 1932.
• The recommendations of the Round Table Conferences were
embodied in a White Paper.
• It was published in March 1933 and debated in parliament directly
afterwards, analyzed by the Joint Select Committee and after the final
reading and loyal assent, the bill reached the Statute Book on July 24,
1935.
1938 - Death of Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal died in 1938 and was buried in front
of Badshahi Mosque Lahore.

1939 - Day of Deliverance

Muslim League celebrated Day of Deliverance
(Yum-i-Nijat) on December 22, 1939.
1940 - Pakistan Resolution
• The twenty-seventh session of All India Muslim League was held at
Lahore under presidentship of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

• The historic "Lahore Resolution, also known as "Pakistan Resolution",

was presented by Moulvi Abul Kasim Fazlul Haq, Premier of Bengal.

• The resolution demanded that Muslim majority areas as in north-

western and eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute
independent states in which the constituent units should be
autonomous and sovereign.
Class Discussion
• To what extent do you believe the events of 1857
(the Indian Rebellion) influenced the trajectory of
the Pakistan Movement?
Assignment:
Write a brief answer. (100 to 120 words)

Do you think the Two-Nation Theory remains relevant in

today’s geopolitical context?

Submit in both, soft & hard copy by 19th Oct,2024

(No plagiarism)
[email protected]