S TO R Y O F
THE
ELEPHANT
AND THE 6
BLIND
MEN
PR E S E N TAT I O N O F
D ATA
Prepared by:
Aileen A. Cabanes
H OW A R E G AT H E R E D D ATA PRO C E S S E D A N D
PRESENTED?
Data processing is any operation done on the
data such as gathering and managing it. Data
gathered may be processed using computer
programs and presented in textual, tabular,
and graphical formats.
H OW A R E G AT H E R E D D ATA PRO C E S S E D A N D
PRESENTED?
Steps involved in data processing
1. Data Cleaning and Validation:
H OW A R E G AT H E R E D D ATA PRO C E S S E D A N D
PRESENTED?
Steps involved in data processing
1. Data Cleaning and Validation:
2. Data Coding and Categorization:
H OW A R E G AT H E R E D D ATA PRO C E S S E D A N D
PRESENTED?
Steps involved in data processing
1. Data Cleaning and Validation:
2. Data Coding and Categorization:
3. Data Transformation:
H OW A R E G AT H E R E D D ATA PRO C E S S E D A N D
PRESENTED?
Steps involved in data processing
1. Data Cleaning and Validation:
2. Data Coding and Categorization:
3. Data Transformation:
4. Data Integration:
H OW A R E G AT H E R E D D ATA PRO C E S S E D A N D
PRESENTED?
Steps involved in data processing
1. Data Cleaning and Validation:
2. Data Coding and Categorization:
3. Data Transformation:
4. Data Integration:
5. Data Documentation:
WAYS TO PR E S E N T D ATA
Textual Presentation
Textual presentation refers to the way information is delivered
using words and sentences within a text format. It's the most basic
and common way to present data, relying on written descriptions
and explanations to convey the message.
W H E N T O U S E T E X T U A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
1. Detailed Explanations
W H E N T O U S E T E X T U A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
1. Detailed Explanations
2. Research Papers and Reports
W H E N T O U S E T E X T U A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
1. Detailed Explanations
2. Research Papers and Reports
3. Supporting Material
T E X T U A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
Qualitative researchers often use figures and
pictures to display their findings and augment
the textual discussion. Below are some
suggestions to report qualitative findings.
TEXTUAL
P R E S E N TAT I O N
1. Construct a hierarchical tree
diagram. From broad themes,
interconnections of subthemes
can be represented visually
using a tree diagram.
TEXTUAL
P R E S E N TAT I O N
2. Capture ideas in figures. Illustrations with boxed themes showing connections
best describes a figure. Hierarchy of themes may not be obvious in this
illustration.
TEXTUAL
P R E S E N TAT I O N
2. Draw a map. Maps can
depict location of the research
setting easily and clearly. They
can also provide visuals for the
readers of the locations of
various activities or events.
TA B U L A R P R E S E N TAT I O N
By definition, a table is a systematic
arrangement of related data in which a row is
designated to each group of numerical data
and a column for each subgroup.
TA B U L A R P R E S E N TAT I O N
G R A P H I C A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
Graphical presentations are a cornerstone of data
presentation in research, offering a visually
appealing and informative way to communicate
complex findings. They can be used in both
quantitative and qualitative research, although the
types of visuals may differ based on the data type.
G R A P H I C A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Visualizing Trends and • Visualizing Themes and
Patterns Relationships
• Data Comparison • Highlighting Participant
Experiences
• Distribution and Frequency • Data Exploration and
Narrative Building
G R A P H I C A L P R E S E N TAT I O N
D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data
through some predefined processes which will
help assign some meaning to the data and arrive
at a relevant conclusion. It involves taking the
result of data analysis, making inferences on the
relations studied, and using them to conclude.
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Before any serious data analysis can begin, the
scale of measurement must be decided for the
data as this will have a long-term impact on
data interpretation.
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Scales of measurement
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Scales of measurement
1. Nominal Scale
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Scales of measurement
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Scales of measurement
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Scales of measurement
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval
4. Ratio
W H AT I S D ATA I N T E R P R E TAT I O N ?
Why are Scales of Measurement Important?
• Choosing the right statistical analysis for your data depends
on the scale of measurement.
• Using the wrong analysis on inappropriate data can lead to
misleading or meaningless results.
• Understanding the scale of your data helps you interpret its
meaning accurately.
I N T E R PR E T I N G D ATA
• Adding meaning to information by making connections and
comparisons and exploring causes and consequences
Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
I N T E R PR E TAT I O N – R E L E VA N C E O F
FINDING
• Adding meaning to information by making connections and
comparisons and exploring causes and consequences
Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
I N T E R PR E TAT I O N – R E L E VA N C E O F
FINDING
Strategies for Demonstrating Relevance:
1. Connect to Existing Literature:
I N T E R PR E TAT I O N – R E L E VA N C E O F
FINDING
Strategies for Demonstrating Relevance:
1. Connect to Existing Literature:
2. Highlight Novelty and Significance
I N T E R PR E TAT I O N – R E L E VA N C E O F
FINDING
Strategies for Demonstrating Relevance:
1. Connect to Existing Literature:
2. Highlight Novelty and Significance
3. Consider Practical Applications
I N T E R PR E TAT I O N – R E L E VA N C E O F
FINDING
Strategies for Demonstrating Relevance:
1. Connect to Existing Literature:
2. Highlight Novelty and Significance
3. Consider Practical Applications
4. Identify Limitations and Future Directions
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N – POS S I B L E CAU S E S ?
• Supplement with expert opinion
• Others with knowledge of the program or target
population
Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N – C O N S I D E R OT HE R
D ATA
Use routine service data to clarify questions
• Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc.
Use other data sources
Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N – OT H E R D ATA
SOURCES
• Situation analyses
• Demographic and health surveys
• Performance improvement data
Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
I N T E R PR E TAT I O N – C O N D U CT F U R T H E R
RESEARCH
• Data gap conduct further research
• Methodology depends on questions being asked and resources available
Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
T WO M A I N M E T H O D S O F D ATA I N T E R PR E TAT I O N
Qualitative Data Interpretation Quantitative Data Interpretation
Observations Regression analysis
Documents Cohort analysis
Interviews Predictive and prescriptive analysis
C H E C K YO U R U N D E R STA N D I N G
T H A N K YO U !
