SKULL

PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN

PA PROJECTION F+N ^ FRONTAL BONE
PA AXIAL (CALDWELL'S) F+N 15° caudad GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SKULL
PA AXIAL (HAAS) F+N 25° cephalad OCCIPITAL BONE
PA AXIAL (BERTEL) F+N 20° TO 25° cephalad INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
PA AXIAL (SOF) F+N 20° TO 25° cephalad SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
PA MANDIBLE C+N ^ MANDIBULAR BODY
PA AXIAL (MANDIBULAR
F+N ^ MANDIBULAR RAMUS
RAMUS)
WATER'S C ^ to acanthion FACIAL BONE/MAXILLARY SINUSES
MODIFIED WATER'S C+N ^ to acanthion BLOW OUT FRACTURE
RHESE C+N+Z ^ to affected orbit OPTIC FORAMEN
STENVER'S F+N+Z 12° cephalad PETROMASTOID
PA AXIAL (FORAMEN
F+N 25° to 30° caudad FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
ROTUNDUM)

POSITION/METHOD PETROUS PYRAMID

PA FILLS ORBIT
PA AXIAL/CALDWELL'S LOWER 1/3 OF ORBIT
LOWER 1/3 OF MAXILLARY
MODIFIED WATER'S
SINUS
WATER'S BELOW MAXILLARY SINUS

LATERAL PROJECTIONS CENTRAL RAY

SKULL --------------------------------- 2 IN SUPERIOR TO EAM
SELLA TURCICA - 3/4 INCH SUPERIOR AND 3/4 INCH ANTERIOR
TO EAM
PNS ----------------- 1 INCH POSTERIOR TO OUTER CANTHUS
NASAL BONE --------------------- 1/2 INCH DISTAL TO NACION
FACIAL BONE ---------- MIDWAY BETWEEN EAM AND OUTHER
CANTHUS

FEMS/PNS
POSITION ----------------------------------- SINUSES
LATERAL------------------------- ALL SINUSES
CALDWELL'S -------------------------- F AND E (ANTERIOR)
WATER'S ----------------------------------- MAXILLARY
OPEN MOUTH ---------------------------------- SPHENOID
PIRIE --------------------------- AXIAL VIEW OF SPHENOID
SUBMENTO-VERTICO ------- ETHMOID AND SPHENOID
RHESE -------------------- ETHMOID (POSTERIOR)
 FACIAL BONE
POSITION/PROJECTION ORIENTATION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
ZYGOMA CENTERED TO
LATERAL ^ TO MID ZYGOMA DEPRESSED FX OF THE FRONTAL SINUS
MLT
OML 37° TO IR, MML
WATER'S ^ TO ACANTHION AXIAL IMAGE OF ALL FACIAL BONES
PERPENDICULAR TO IR
OML 55° TO IR, LML
MODIFIED WATER'S ^ TO ACANTHION BLOWOUT FRACTURE
PERPENDICULAR TO IR
IOML PERPENDICULAR TO
REVERSED WATER'S 30° CEPHALAD SUPERIOR FACIAL BONES
IR

TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT
POSITION/PROJECTION ORIENTATION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
15° CAUDAD TO UPSIDE DISLOCATIONS OR Fxs OF THE
MODIFIED LAW MSP 15° TO IR
EAM CONDYLE
35° CAUDAD, 3in SUP. TO AXIAL IMAGE OF CONDYLOID
OML ^ TO IR
NACION PROCESS
MODIFIED TOWNE'S
42° CAUDAD, 3in SUP. TO
IOML ^ TO IR MANDIBULAR FOSSAE
NACION
20° CEPHALAD TO
ALBERS-SCHONBERG HEAD IN TRUE LATERAL LATERAL IMAGES OF THE TMJ
NEAREST EAM
PATIENT IN LAT, MSP 15°
ZANELLI ^ TO IR AXIOLATERAL IMAGES OF TMJ
TO IR

NASAL BONE
POSITION/PROJECTION ORIENTATION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
MSP || TO IMAGE
LATERAL PROJECTION ^ TO 1/2 INCH NON-DISPLACED LINEAR
RECEPTOR
IPL ^ TO IMAGE INFERIOR TO
(SOFT TISSUE LATERAL) FRACTURE OF NASAL BONE
RECEPTOR NACION
SUPEROINFERIOR
PRONE / UPRIGHT SEATED ^ TO NASION AND MEDIAL OR LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
TANGENTIAL
AXIAL PROJECTION || TO GAL OF FRAGMENTS
ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
POSITION/PROJECTION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN

SMV (TEACUP OR ^ TO IOML, 2 INCHES LATERAL MARGINS OF ZYGOMATIC

JUGHANDLERS) INFERIOR TO MENTAL POINT ARCHES FREE OF SUPERIMPOSITION
23° TO 28° CAUDAD ZYGOMATIC ARCHES ARE SHOWN
MODIFIED TITTERINGTON
TO ENTER VERTEX 23° - SAME IMAGE AS WATER'S
^ TO IOML, 1 1/2 INCHES SLIGHTLY OBLIQUE IMAGE OF ONE
TANGENTIAL POSITION ZYGOMA FREE OF
POSTERIOR TO OUTER CANTHUS
SUPERIMPOSITION
UNILATERAL ZYGOMATIC ARCH
35° CAUDAD ENTERING
MODIFIED FUCHS FREE
ZYGOMA FARTHEST FROM FILM FROM OVERLYING STRUCTURES
SYMMETRIC VIEW OF EACH
35° CAUDAD IF OML IS ^ TO IR
MODIFIED TOWNES ZYGOMA
37° CAUDAD IF IOML IS ^ TO IR
UNILATERAL ZYGOMATIC ARCH
MAY METHOD ^ TO IOML, 1 1/2 INCHES
FREE
MSP 15°, TILT HEAD AWAY
POSTERIOR TO OUTER CANTHUS OF SUPERIMPOSITION
15°
 PETROMASTOIDS
POSITION/PROJECTION ORIENTATION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
LAW MSP 15° TO IR, NOSE ON IR 15° CAUDAD AXIO-LATERAL OBLIQUE PROFILE
MSP 45° TO IR, FOREHEAD
ARCELIN 10° CAUDAD ANTERIOR PROFILE OF MASTOIDS
ON IR
STENVER'S MSP 45° TO IR, NOSE ON IR 12° CEPHALAD POSTERIOR PROFILE OF MASTOIDS
AXIAL OBLIQUE PROJ. OF MASTOID AIR
MAYER MSP 45° TO IR, NOSE ON IR 45° CAUDAD
CELLS
HENSCHEN NOSE ON IR 15° CAUDAD TUMORS OF THE ACOUSTIC NERVE
SCHULLER NOSE ON IR 25° CAUDAD PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE OF MASTOIDS
LYSHOLM NOSE ON IR 35° CAUDAD KNOWN AS RUNSTROM II METHOD
OWEN NOSE ON IR 30° TO 40° CAUDAD
SITTING POSITION ^ TO INION MASTOID PNEUMATIZATION
0.5cm DISTAL TO
IOML 50° TO IR DORSUM SELLAE
VALDINI NACION
TO FORAMEN
OML 50° TO IR PARS PETROSA
MAGNUM
25° CEPHALAD TO STYLOID PROCESS, RAMUS OF
CAHOON FOREHEAD ON CASSETTE
NACION MANDIBLE
5° MIDWAY B/N SYMMETRICAL IMAGE OF BOTH
HIRTZ MODIFICATION (SMV) VERTEX ON IR
EAMS PETROSAS
HICKEY METHOD MSP 55° TO IR 15° CAUDAD TO EAM TANGENTIAL IMAGE OF THE MASTOIDS
LOW BEER HEAD IN LATERAL 33° ANT. 10° CEPH. IMAGE SAME AS STENVER'S

ORBITS
POSITION/PROJECTION ORIENTATION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
RHESE MSP 53° TO IR ^ TO PLANE OF IR LATERAL ORBITAL MARGINS
REVERSE RHESE MSP 53° TO IR ^ TO PLANE OF IR BONY ABNORMALITIES OF THE O.F.
ALEXANDER MSP 40° TO IR ^ TO PLANE OF IR OPTIC CANAL IN CROSS SECTION
PETROUS PART OF THE TEMPORAL
PA AXIAL (F+N) …....................................... 20°-25° CAUDAD
BONE
MSP 20° TO PART ANY DEFORMITY OR LESION OF STRUT
HOUGH 7° CAUDAD
EXAMINED BONE
BERTEL (IOF) …....................................... 20°-25° CEPHALAD INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
PETROUS RIDGE IN LOWER HALF OF
MODIFIED WATER'S …....................................... ^ TO ACANTHION
MAX. SIN.
THUMB
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE
ROBERTS ^ 1ST CMC
THUMB
1ST CMC JOINT FREE OF
LEWIS 10°-15° CAUDAD 1ST MCP
SUPERIMPOSITION
2nd CMC JOINT FREE OF
LONG-RAFERT 15° CAUDAD 1ST CMC
SUPERIMPOSITION
MIDWAY BETWEEN
FOLIO ^ DEMONSTRATE UCL TEAR
MCP
MAGNIFIED CONCAVO-CONVEX
TO ELBOW
BURMAN 45° CAUDAD OUTLINE
LEVEL OF 1ST CMC OF 1ST MCP
HAND
PROJECTION/METHOD CR ANGULATION REFERENCE POINT STRUCTURE SHOWN
AP ^ 3RD MCP OPEN JOINT SPACES
NORGAARD ^ MIDWAY B/N MCP OSTEOARTHRITIS/BOXER'S FRACTURE
BONY EROSION OF MC
BREWERTON 45° 3RD CMC
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
 HAND LATERAL
PROJECTION/METHOD CR ANGULATION REFERENCE POINT STRUCTURE SHOWN
FAN LATERAL ^ 2ND MCP DIGITS
EXTENSION LATERAL ^ 3rd MCP FOREIGN BODY LOCALIZATION
FLEXION LATERAL ^ 4th MCP CARPAL BOSS

SCAPHOID
POSITION/PROJECTION POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
HAND PRONATED AND
ULNAR DEVIATION ^ SCAPHOID IN PROFILE
DEVIATED
20° TOWARDS SCAPHOID WITHOUT SELF-
STETCHERS HAND ON A 20° WEDGE
ELBOW SUPERIMPOSITION
ULNAR DEVIATION ON 20° 20° TOWARDS SCAPHOID WITHOUT SELF-
BRIDGEMAN
WEDGE ELBOW SUPERIMPOSITION
^, 10°, 20°, 30°
RAFERT-LONG HAND IS PRONATED MULTI ANGLE SERIES OF SCAPHOID
CEPHALAD

WRIST
PA OBLIQUE AP OBLIQUE
SCAPHOID PISIFORM
LATERAL CARPALS MEDIAL CARPALS

TRAPEZIUM: PA AXIAL OBLIQUE (CLEMENTS-NAKAYAMA)

HAND IS 45° TO THE IR, AND ULNAR DEVIATED
CR: 45° DISTALLY ENTERING ANATOMIC SNUFFBOX
SS: TRAPEZIUM IN PROFILE, OSTEOARTHRITIS
 ELBOW
POSITION/PROJECTION POSITION EPICONDYLES STRUCTURE SHOWN
AP HAND SUPINATED || TO IR EPICONDYLES IN PROFILE
LATERAL HAND IN LATERAL ^ TO IR OLECRANON PROCESS, FAT PADS
MEDIAL OBLIQUE HAND PRONATED 45° TO IR CORONOID PROCESS, TROCHLEA
LATERAL OBLIQUE EXXAGERATED SUPINATION 45° TO IR RADIAL HEAD, NECK AND TUBEROSITY

CAPITULUM VIEW/
COYLE METHOD PARTIAL FLEXION JONES (ACUTE FLEXION)
BERQUIST
RADIAL HEAD HAND IN LATERAL POSITION FOREARM || TO IR DIGITS RESTING ON SHOULDER
SS: PROXIMAL
ELBOW FLEXED 90° ELBOW FLEXED 90° FLEXION OF MORE THAN 90°
FOREARM
CR: 2 INCHES ABOVE
CR: 45° TO SHOULDER CR: 45° TO SHOULDER
OLECRANON PROCESS
SS: FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS || TO IR SS: DISTAL HUMERUS
CORONOID PROCESS RADIAL HEAD SS: DISTAL HUMERUS
CR: 2 INCHES BELOW
ELBOW FLEXED 80°
OLECRANON PROCESS
CR: 45° TO ELBOW SS: PROXIMAL FOREARM
SS: OLECRANON PROCESS
 SHOULDER JOINT
NEUTRAL ROTATION EXTERNAL ROTATION INTERNAL ROTATION
PALM AGAINST HIP HAND IN SUPINATION DORSUM OF HAND AGAINST HIP
EPICONDYLES 45° TO IR EPICONDYLES || TO IR EPICONDYLES ^ TO IR
OBLIQUE HUMERUS AP HUMERUS LATERAL HUMERUS

CR: ^ TO 1 INCH INFERIOR TO CP CR: ^ TO 1 INCH INFERIOR TO CP CR: ^ TO 1 INCH INFERIOR TO CP

SS: GT ON ANTERIOR PART OF HUMERAL
SS: GT IN PROFILE SS: LT IN PROFILE
HEAD
SS: GT PARTIALY SUPERIMPOSED ON SS: HUMERAL HEAD IN PROFILE SS: HUMERAL HEAD SUPERIMPOSED
SS: SLIGHT OVERLAP OF HUMERAL
GLENOID CAVITY BY GREATER TUBERCLE
HEAD
SS: GREATER OVERLAP OF HUMERAL
SS: HUMERAL HEAD IN PARTIAL PROFILE TO GLENOID CAVITY
HEAD TO GLENOID CAVITY

SHOULDER JOINT: INFERO-SUPERIOR AXIAL PROJECTION

POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
SS: LT IN PROFILE
LAWRENCE SUPINE, HAND SUPINATED CR: ^ TO AXILLA, 15°- 30° ABDUCTION
ANTERIORLY
SUPINE, HAND IN
RAFERT CR: ^ TO AXILLA, 15° IF ABDUCTION < 90° SS: HILL-SACHS DEFECT
EXAGGERATED
EXTERNAL ROTATION
CR: 25° ANTERIORLY, 25° MEDIALLY TO 3 SS: HUMERAL HEAD
WEST POINT PATIENT IN PRONE
INCHES FREE
MEDIAL TO ACROMION OF CORACOID PROCESS
CLEMENT'S CR: ^ TO MID AXILLARY REGION OF
LATERAL RECUMBENT SS: LT IN PROFILE
MODIFICATION SHOULDER
5° - 15° IF ABDUCTION IS < 90°
CR: ^ TO AXILLA, ABDUCTION AS LAT. VIEW OF PROX
HOBB'S MODIFICATION ERECT PA, PRONE
TOLERATED HUMERUS

BLACKET-HEALY METHOD LORENZ AND LILIENFIELD MODIFICATION

AP PROJECTION PA PROJECTION PATIENT IN LATERAL RECUMBENT
HAND RAISED IN A RIGHT ANGLE TO AFFECTED ARM
OPPOSITE SHOULDER ARM IN EXTREME
THE EXTENDED
RAISED 15° INTERNAL ROTATION LONG AXIS OF THE BODY OBLIQUELY UPWARD
CR: ^ TO CP CR: ^ TO HUMERAL HEAD CR: PERPENDICULAR TO PLANE OF IR
SS: SUBSCAPULARIS SS: TERES MINOR SS: OBLIQUE IMAGE OF THE SCAPULA

SHOULDER JOINT: AP OBLIQUE

POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
GRASHEY ROTATE MSP 35°-45° ^ TO SH JOINT GC IN PROFILE
GC IN PROFILE, 1lb
APPLE ROTATE MSP 35°-45° ^ TO SH JOINT
ABDUCTION
ACUTE SHOULDER
GARTH ROTATE MSP 45° 45° CAUDAD TO SH JOINT
TRAUMA

SHOULDER JOINT: PA OBLIQUE

POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
SHOULDER
SCAPULAR Y ROTATE MSP 45°-60° ^ TO SH JOINT
DISLOCATION
SUPRASPINATUS
NEER ROTATE MSP 45°-60° 10°-15° CAUDAD TO HUMERAL HEAD
OUTLET
STRYKER NOTCH SUPINE, ARM FLEXED <90° 10° CEPHALAD TO CORACOID PROCESS POSTEROSUPERIOR AND
POSTEROLATERAL
ASPECT OF HH
10° TO 15° POSTERIORLY TO LONG AXIS
FISK MODIFICATION SUPINE/ERECT BICIPITAL GROOVE
OF H

AC JOINT ARTICULATIONS
POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
WITH WEIGHTS 5lbs-8lbs ON EACH WRIST ^ TO MIDWAY BETWEEN AC JOINTS POSSIBLE AC JOINT
WITHOUT WEIGHTS NO WEIGHTS AFFIXED 1 INCH SUPERIOR TO JUGULAR NOTCH SEPARATION
ALEXANDER I ROTATE MSP 45°-60° 15° CAUDAD TO AC JOINT AC JOINT
ALEXANDER II SUPINE 15° CEPHALAD TO CORACOID PROCESS AC JOINT

CLAVICLE
POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
AXIAL VIEW OF
AP AXIAL (UPRIGHT) UPRIGHT (LORDOTIC) 0°-15° CEPHALAD TO MIDSHAFT
CLAVICLE
AXIAL VIEW OF
PA AXIAL PRONE 15°-30° CAUDAD TO MIDSHAFT
CLAVICLE
INFEROSUPERIOR
AP AXIAL (SUPINE) SUPINE 15°-30° CEPHALAD TO MIDSHAFT
IMAGE OF C
TARRANT METHOD SITTING 25°-35° ANT. AND INF. TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE ABOVE RIBS

KNEE OBLIQUES
MEDIAL OBLIQUE LATERAL OBLIQUE
45° MEDIAL ROTATION 45° LATERAL ROTATION
CONDYLES 45° TO IR CONDYLES 45° TO IR
CR: ^ TO 1/2 INCH INFERIOR TO PATELLAR APEX CR: ^ TO 1/2 INCH INFERIOR TO PATELLAR APEX
SS: PROXIMAL TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT SS: FIBULAR HEAD AND TIBIA SUPERIMPOSED
SS: LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLE SS: MEDIAL FEMORAL CONDYLE
SS: TIBIAL PLATEAU SS: TIBIAL PLATEAU

PATELLO-FEMORAL JOINT: TANGENTIAL METHODS

POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
SUPINE, 30°-90° FLEXION BILATERAL
30° CAUDAD MIDWAY
MERCHANT (40°) TANGENTIAL
DEVICE ASSISTED BETWEEN BOTH PATELLAE IMAGE OF PATELLAE
15°-20° TANGENTIALLY TO VERTICAL FRACTURES
SETTEGAST PRONE, 90° FLEXION OF BONE AND
PATELLO-FEMORAL SPACE
SURFACES
45° CEPHALAD TO PATELLO-FEMORAL PATELLAR
PRONE, 50°-60° FLEXION
HUGHSTON JOINT SUBLAXATION
(55°)
QUADRICEPS MUSCLE RELAXATION PATELLAR FRACTURES
SITTING, 40°-45° FLEXION 30° FROM HORIZONTAL TO TANGENTIAL VIEW
SUNRISE
NO DEVICE NEEDED PATELLO-FEMORAL SPACE OF PATELLA OVER PFJ
PATIENT IN PRONE 25°-30° CAUDAD TO POSTERIOR SLIGHTLY OBLIQUE
KUCHENDORF
35°-40° KNEE FLEXION SURFACE OF PATELLA IMAGE OF PATELLA
30° FROM HORIZONTAL TO PATELLA IN PROFILE
LAURIN (SKYLINE) SEMI SUPINE 30° FLEXION
PATELLO-FEMORAL SPACE OPEN SPACE OF PFJ

ROSENBERG METHOD: PA AXIAL WEIGHT BEARING

PATIENT POSITION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
 TIBIAL PLATEAU FREE OF
ERECT FACING 10°-20° CAUDAD BETWEEN
KNEES FLEXED ABOUT 45° SUPERIMPOSITION
DETECTOR
KNEE JOINTS KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA
POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
HOLMBLAD KNEELING 70° FLEXION ^ TO LOWER LEG INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA
BECLERE SUPINE 60° FLEXION ^ TO LOWER LEG INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA
40° TO LEG IF KNEE IS
CAMP-COVENTRY
FLEXED 40°
PRONE 40°-50° FLEXION INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA
50° TO LEG IF KNEE IS
(TUNNEL VIEW)
FLEXED 50°
HIP JOINT: UNILATERAL TRAUMA PROJECTIONS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
SUPINE, UNAFFECTED
DANELIUS-MILLER ACETABULUM, HEAD
KNEE
^ TO AFFECTED FEMORAL NECK
NECK AND
RAISED & FLEXED 90°
TROCHANTERS
CLEMENT'S
SUPINE, NO LEG RAISE 15° POSTERIORLY ALIGNED AND LATERAL HIP IMAGE
NAKAYAMA
HEAD, NECK, TROCHS IN
LOWER LIMB IN NEUTRAL PERPENDICULAR TO FEMORAL NECK
LAT
LEONARD-GEORGE REVERSE DANELIUS-MILLER USING A CURVED CASSETTE
OPEN OBTURATOR
PATIENT IN SUPINE
FORAMEN
DUNN METHOD ^ TO MIDPOINT BETWEEN ASIS AND PS
HIP FLEXED 90°, AND GT AND LT IN PROFILE
ABDUCTED 20° ANT. ASPECT OF FH
HIP JOINT: UNILATERAL NON-TRAUMA PROJECTIONS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
LAUENSTEIN AND SUPINE, ROTATE MSP TO ^ TO HIP JOINT (L) ACETABULUM AND FH
FN OVERLAPPED BY GT
AFFECTED SIDE, FLEX THE 20°-25° TO HIP JOINT (H)
(L)
HICKEY
FN W/OUT
AFFECTED KNEE BETWEEN ASIS AND SP
SUPERIMPOSITION
LATERAL RECUMBENT 35° CEPHALAD TO FEMORAL NECK HIP JOINT
DISTORTED FEMORAL
FRIEDMAN EXTEND AFFECTED LIMB
KISCH MOD: 15°-20° CEPHALAD HEAD
AND ADJUST TO LATERAL NECK AND TROCHS
SEMIPRONE, UNAFFECTED POSTERIOR
SIDE ^ BETWEEN ILIAC SURFACE DISPLACEMENT
HSIEH
OF FEMORAL HEAD
40°-45° ELEVATION
AND DISLOCATED FEMORAL HEAD ACETABULUM AND FH
SEMIPRONE FH AND ACETABULUM
LILIENFIELD ^ TO THE MIDPOINT OF THE IR
EXTEND AFFECTED LIMB AFFECTED HIP JOINT
AXIOLAT VIEW OF FH
CLEAVES THIGH ABDUCTED 45° 40° CEPHALAD TO FEMORAL SHAFT
AND N
OBLIQUE VIEW OF FH
MOD. CLEAVES FROM VERTICAL ^ TO 1 INCH SUPERIOR TO SP
AND N

ACETABULUM
POSITION/PROJECTION PART POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
TEUFEL 38° BODY ROTATION 12° CEPHALAD TO ACETABULUM FOVEA CAPITIS
JUDET METHOD ANT. SURFACE OF BODY ILIOISCHIAL AREA
^ TO 2 INCHES INFERIOR TO ASIS
(AFFECTED SIDE UP) 45° FROM THE TABLE ANTERIOR RIM OF A.
JUDET METHOD ANT. SURFACE OF BODY ILIOPUBIC AREA
(AFFECTED SIDE ^ TO 2 INCHES INFERIOR TO ASIS
45° FROM THE TABLE POSTERIOR RIM OF A.
DOWN)
PELVIC INLET
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
 BRIDGEMAN SUPINE 25°-40° CAUDAD ENTIRE PELVIC RIM
^ TO A POINT 1 1/2 INCHES SUPERIOR TO ANT. PUBIC AND
LILIENFIELD SITTING
PS ISCHIUM
POST. PUBIC AND
STAUNIG PRONE 35° CEPHALAD EXITING THE PS ISCHIUM
SYMPHYSIS PUBIS

PELVIC OUTLET
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
SUP. AND INF. RAMI OF
SUPINE, NO PELVIS ROT. MALE: 20°-35° CEPHALAD
SP
TAYLOR
BODY AND RAMUS OF
NO FEMUR ROTATION FEMALE: 30°-45° CEPHALAD
ISCH.

UPPER GASTRO-INTESTINAL SERIES (UGIS)

PA PROJECTION - UPRIGHT RAO POSITION AP PROJECTION
STRUCTURES SHOWN: PYLORIC CANAL AND DUODENAL
BODY AND PYLORUS (BARIUM RETROGASTRIC PORTION OF THE
BULB FREE OF SUPERIMPOSITION
FILLED)
POLYPS, DIVERTICULUM,
> C-LOOP IN PROFILE
BEZOARS
DUODENUM AND JEJUNUM
AND GASTRITIS IN THE BODY
POLYPS & ULCERS OF THE PYLORUS
AND PYLORUS

LPO POSITION GORDON METHOD

ASTHENIC/HYPOSTHENIC
PYLORIC CANAL AND DUODENAL FUNDIC PORTION OF STOMACH
CR: 35° TO 45° CEPHALAD
BULB FILLED WITH BARIUM
STHENIC DOUBLE CONTRAST OF BODY SS: HIGH TRANSVERS STOMACH
PYLORIC CANAL AND DUODENAL
PYLORUS AND DUODENAL BULB OF HYPERSTHENIC PATIENTS
BULB
PARTIALLY SUPERIMPOSED BY
PRE-PYLORIC
PORTION OF STOMACH RIGHT LATERAL GUGLIANTINI METHOD
RECUMBENT: DUODENAL LOOP
HYPERSTHENIC DUODDENOJEJUNAL JUNCTION
CR: 20° TO 25° CEPHALAD
PYLORIC CANAL AND DUODENAL
PYLORIC CANAL, DUODENAL BULB
BULB
COMPLETELY SUPERIMPOSED
(HYPERSTHENIC)
BY PRE-
SS: STOMACH IN INFANTS
PYLORIC PORTION OF THE
C-LOOP IN PROFILE
STOMACH

BARIUM ENEMA
PRONE POSITION ROBIN'S MOD. RIGHT LATERAL DECUBITUS
AIR FILLS: TRUE LATERAL POSITION MEDIAL SIDE OF ASCENDING COLON
 LATERAL SIDE OF DESCENDING
RECTUM RECTUM IN PROFILE
COLON
ASCENDING COLON RECTOSIGMOID IN PROFILE AIR- BARIUM LEVELS IN THE COLON
DESCENDING COLON DIRECT LATERAL VIEW OF SIGMOID LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS
LATERAL SIDE OF ASCENDING COLON
BARIUM IN TRANSVERSE COLON MEDIAL SIDE OF DESCENDING COLON
SUPINE POSITION RPO POSITION RECTOSIGMOID
AIR FILLS: LEFT COLIC FLEXURE (SPLENIC) BILLING'S
ANT. PORTION OF COLON DESCENDING COLON SUPINE
TRANSVERSE COLON SAME IMAGE IN LAO POSITION CR: 35° TO 45° ↑
SIGMOID COLON
RAO POSITION FLETCHER'S OPPENHEIMER'S
LAO
BARIUM FILLS: RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE (HEPATIC) SUPINE
POSITION
CR: 30° TO
ASCENDING COLON ASCENDING COLON CR: 12° ↓
35° ↑
DESCENDING COLON SIGMOD PORTION REFERENCE POINT: 1 INCH ↑ TO SP

IVP: Scout, 5mins, 15mins, 20mins (AP/BOTH OBLIQUES) , 30mins, FULL BLADDER, POST VOID shots.

RIBS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
AP SUPINE ^ TO CENTER OF IR POSTERIOR RIBS
PA PRONE ^ TO CENTER OF IR ANTERIOR RIBS
LATERAL LATERAL UPRIGHT ^ TO CENTER OF IR AIR-FLUID LEVELS

PA ERECT,
RIBS ABOVE DIAPHRAGM ^ TO T7 ANTERIOR RIBS ABOVE DIAPHRAGM
SUSPENDED INS.
SUPINE,
RIBS BELOW DIAPHRAGM ^ TO T10 POSTERIOR RIBS BELOW DIAPHRAGM
SUSPENDED EXP.
AFFECTED SIDE
AXILLARY RIBS ^ TO CENTER OF IR AXILLARY PORTION OF RIBS (NEAREST)
NEAREST TO IR

STERNUM
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
BEND AT WAIST
MOORE METHOD 25° TO LEVEL OF T7 OBLIQUE IMAGE OF STERNUM
TO TABLE
ROTATE MSP 10°-
PA OBLIQUE (BODY ROT) ^ TO CLOSEST SCJ NEAREST SCJ
15°
PA OBLIQUE (CR ROT) PRONE 15° TO T2-T3 NEAREST SCJ
15° CAUDAD TO
KURZBAUER METHOD RPO OR LPO AXIOLATERAL VIEW OF SCJ
CLOSEST SCJ

CONGENITAL CLUBFOOT
PROJECTION:POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
 ^ BETWEEN TARSALS DEGREE OF ADDUCTION OF THE FOOT
INVERSION OF THE CALCANEUS
KITE METHOD: AP 15° POSTERIOR TO
TRUE RELATIONSHIP OF TARSALS
TARSAL AREA
OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF TARSALS
ANTERIOR TALAR SUBLAXATION
KITE METHOD: LAT ^ TO MIDTARSAL AREA
DEGREE OF PLANTAR FLEXION
KANDEL METHOD 40° ANTERIORLY
SUSTENTACULUM TALI JOINT FUNCTION
PX BENDING FORWARD THROUGH LEG

CALCANEUS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
SUPINE, FOOT 40° CEPHALAD TO BASE
PLANTODORSAL CALCANEUS, SUBTALAR JOINT
DORSIFLEXED OF 3RD MT
40° CAUDAD TO LONG
DORSOPLANTAR PRONE CALCANEUS, SUBTALAR JOINT
AXIS OF FOOT

ANKLE: SUBTALAR JOINT

POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
^ TO BASE OF 3RD
AP SUPINE TALO-TIBIAL JOINT
METATARSAL
^ TO 1 INCH INF. TO
LATERAL SUPINE TALO-TIBIAL JOINT
MM
^ TO MIDWAY
MORTISE (15°20°) SUPINE TALO-FIBULAR JOINT
BETWEEN MALLEOLI
MEDIAL OBLIQUE SUPINE ^ TO ANKLE JOINT DISTAL TALO-FIBULAR JOINT
^ TO MIDWAY
INVERSION STRESS SUPINE LATERAL LIGAMENT
BETWEEN MALLEOLI
^ TO MIDWAY
EVERSION STRESS SUPINE MEDIAL LIGAMENT
BETWEEN MALLEOLI
^ TO 1in DIST, 1in ANT.
ISHERWOOD (MED. OBL)-FOOT SUPINE ANTERIOR TALAR
TO LAT. MAL
ISHERWOOD (MED. OBL)- 10° CEPH TO 1in DIST,
SUPINE MID TALAR
ANKLE 1in ANT. TO LM
ISHERWOOD (LAT. OBL)- 10° CEPH TO 1in DIST,
SUPINE POSTERIOR TALAR
ANKLE 1in ANT. TO MM

ANKLE: SUBTALAR JOINT

POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
10° CEPHALAD TO 2CM
SUPINE ANTERIOR TALAR
INF. TO LM
20°-30° CEPHALAD TO
BRODEN (AP AXIAL) SUPINE MID TALAR
2CM INF. TO LM
40° CEPHALAD TO 2CM
SUPINE POSTERIOR TALAR
INF. TO LM
15° CEPHALAD TO 2cm
BELOW
AP AXIAL OBLIQUE SUPINE SUBTALAR JOINT IN PROFILE
AND ANTERIOR TO
MED. MAL.

TOES: SESAMOIDS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
PRONE,plantar ^ TO 1ST META-TARSO-
LEWIS SESAMOIDS IN PROFILE
surface 15°-20° to IR PHALYNGEAL
 SUPINE, plantar
HOLLY ^ TO 1ST METATARSAL SESAMOIDS IN PROFILE
surface 75° to IR
LATERAL
CAUSTON 40° TOWARDS HEEL SESAMOIDS IN PROFILE
RECUMBENT
FOOT
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
^ TO BASE OF 3RD
MEDIAL OBLQIUE SUPINE 1ST-2ND digit, 3RD-5TH MT, CUBOID
METATARSAL
^ TO BASE OF 3RD
LATERAL OBLIQUE SUPINE 3RD-5TH digit, 1ST-2ND MT, NAV.
METATARSAL
PATIENT IN PRONE
POSITION
PLANTODORSAL OBLIQUE
HEEL AND FOOT ^ TO BASE OF 3RD
NAVICULAR, 1ST-2ND MT
30° MEDIALLY METATARSAL
GRASHEY METHOD HEEL AND FOOT ^ TO BASE OF 3RD
TUBEROSITY OF 5TH MT, CUBOID
20° LATERALLY METATARSAL
LEAN BACK FOR 15° POSTERIORLY TO
AP AXIAL WEIGHT BEARING WHOLE FOOT WITHOUT
FOREFOOT BASE OF 3RD MT
LEAN FORWARD 25° ANT. TO POST.
COMPOSITE METHOD SUPERIMPOSITION OF LEG
FOR HINDFOOT SURFACE OF ANKLE

CERVICAL SPINE
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
5° CAUDAD IF
SHOULDER NOT WHOLE CERVICAL SPINE
ERECT,
TWINNING LOWERED
SWIMMER'S LAT
^ IF SHOULDER IS
IN LATERAL PROFILE
LOWERED
LAT.RECUM. 3°-5° CAUDAD 2.5cm
PAWLOW SUBLAXATION AND FX OF C.SPINE
SWIMMER'S LAT ABOVE JN
15° CAUDAL EXITING
KASABACH SUPINE AP AXIAL OBLIQUE IMAGE OF DENS
NASION
|| TO MML TO INF. TIP
FUCH SUPINE DENS PROCESS
OF MANDIBLE
|| TO MML TO INF. TIP
JUDD PRONE DENS PROCESS
OF MANDIBLE
ERECT, WAGGING
OTTONELLO ^ TO PLANE OF IR WHOLE CERVICAL SPINE
JAW
SUPINE OR 45° ^ TO HYOID LATERAL MASSES OF C. SPINE
PILLAR (AP/OBLIQUE)
BODY ROT. CARTILAGE POSTERIOR ELEMENTS OF C.SPINE
^ TO IR ENTERING C4- WHOLE CERVICAL SPINE
GRANDY LATERAL
C5 ZYGAPOPHESEAL JOINTS
SUPINE OR ERECT,
IV DISK SPACE OF C3-T2
OCCLUSAL 15°-20° CEPHALAD TO
AP AXIAL
PLANE ^ TO SKULL C4
C3-C7
BASE
RPO AND LPO - 15°
RPO AND LAO LEFT IVF AND PEDICLES
45° BODY CEPHALAD
ROTATION RAO AND LAO - 15°
LPO AND RAO RIGHT IVF AND PEDICLES
CAUDAD

THORACIC SPINE
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
RPO AND LAO 70° BODY LEFT ZYGAPOPHESEAL JOINT
LPO AND RAO ROTATION RIGHT ZYGAPOPHESEAL JOINT
 LUMBAR SPINE
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
^ TO L3, TO ILIAC
ENTIRE LUMBAR SPINE
AP SUPINE OR ERECT CREST IF SACRUM
IS INCLUDED WITH OPEN IVF
LATERAL MALE: 5°, FEMALE: 8°
LATERAL
RECUMBENT CAUDAD
45° BODY
^ TO L3 L1-L5, NEAREST ZJ
ROTATION
50° BODY
OBLIQUE ^ TO L3 L1-L2, NEAREST ZJ
ROTATION
30° BODY
^ TO L3 L5-S1, NEAREST ZJ
ROTATION
30°-35° CEPHALAD TO
FERGUSON SUPINE L5-S1 JUNCTION
L5-S1 JUNCTION
SACRUM AND COCCYX
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
15° CEPHALAD
AP SACRUM SUPINE ENTIRE SACRUM
BETWEEN ASIS AND SP
15° CAUDAD BETWEEN
PA SACRUM PRONE ENTIRE SACRUM
ASIS AND SP
10° CAUDAD BETWEEN
AP COCCYX SUPINE ENTIRE COCCYX
ASIS AND SP
15° CEPHALAD
PA COCCYX PRONE ENTIRE COCCYX
BETWEEN ASIS AND SP
SACRO-ILIAC JOINTS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
MALE: 30° CEPHALAD
TO LVL OF ASIS
AP AXIAL SUPINE SACRO-ILIAC JOINTS
FEMALE: 35°
CEPHALAD TO ASIS
MALE: 30° CAUDAD TO
LVL OF ASIS
PA AXIAL PRONE SACRO-ILIAC JOINTS
FEMALE: 35° CAUDAD
TO ASIS
20°-25° CEPHALAD TO
LPO AND RAO: RIGHT SACRO-ILIAC
25° -30° BODY 2.5CM MEDIAL
OBLIQUE
ROTATION AND 4CM DISTAL TO
RPO AND LAO: LEFT SACRO-ILIAC
ELEVATED ASIS
COSTAL JOINTS
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
20° CEPHALAD TO 2
PATIENT IN COSTAL JOINTS OF PATIENTS
AP AXIAL INCHES
SUPINE
ABOVE XIPHOID W/ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

CHEST
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
^ TO T7, INFERIOR
PA PROJECTION UPRIGHT 10 POSTERIOR RIBS, WHOLE CHEST
BORDER OF SCAP
 ^ TO LEVEL OF T7, TO
50°-60° ROTATION HEART & AORTA IN PROFILE
STERNAL ANGLE
^ TO LEVEL OF T7, TO
OBLIQUE 45° ROTATION ROUTINE POSITION
STERNAL ANGLE
^ TO LEVEL OF T7, TO
15°-20° ROTATION
STERNAL ANGLE

APICAL VIEWS
LYNDBLOM (AP) LORDOTIC ^ TO MIDSTERNUM PULMONARY APICES
PATIENT LEANS
FELSON ^ TO ANGLE OF LOUIS PULMONARY APICES
FORWARD
CHEST ON PLANE 45° CAUDAD ANGLE OF
FERGUNZON (PA) PULMONARY APICES
OF IR LOUIS
PATIENT LEANS
FLEICHNER ^ TO T4 PULMONARY APICES
BACKWARD
PX IN EXTREME
AP AXIAL OBLIQUE
LORDOSIS
^ TO MIDSTERNUM DEPENDENT LUNG AND APEX
30° BODY
LPO AND RPO POSITION
ROTATION

ABDOMEN
POSITION/PROJECTION PATIENT POSITION CENTRAL RAY STRUCTURE SHOWN
AP SUPINE/KUB SUPINE ^ TO ILIAC CREST SCOUT FILM, INCLUDES BLADDER
5mins UPRIGHT ^ TO 2-3inches ABOVE
AP UPRIGHT FREE INTRAPERITONEAL AIR
(10-20) BETTER ILIAC CREST
LATERAL
LEFT LAT DECUBITUS ^ TO XIPHISTERNUM ALTERNATIVE FOR UPRIGHT
RECUMBENT
DORSAL ^ TO 2-3inches ABOVE
DORSAL DECUBITUS AIR-FLUID LEVELS
RECUMBENT ILIAC CREST
PART EXAMINED BODY ROTATIONS STRUCTURE SHOWN
CERVICAL 45° FAR INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN
THORACIC 70° FAR ZYGAPOPHESEAL JOINT
RIBS 45° NEAR AXILLARY AREA
-----------------------
CHEST NEAR LUNG AREA
--
LUMBAR 45° NEAR ZYGAPOPHESEAL JOINT
SACROILIAC 30°-35° FAR SACROILIAC JOINT
ILIUM 40° NEAR ILIAC AREA
-----------------------
FLEXURE FAR FLEXURES
--

SIALOGRAPHY
PAROTID PA PAROTID AND SUBMANDIBULAR LATERAL
HEAD RESTING ON CHIN PAROTID LAT. SUBMANDIBULAR LAT
MSP: 45° TO IR MSP: 15° TO IR HEAD IN TRUE LAT.
CR: ┴ TO MANDIBULAR RAMUS CR: ┴ TO MANDIBULAR CR: ┴ TO MANDIBULAR
ANGLE ANGLE
PAROTID AND SUBMANDIBULAR OBLIQUE

ESOPHAGOGRAM
THIN BARIUM - 1:1 FILLING PHASE POSITIONS TAKEN
3-4 CONTINUOUS SWALLOWS 2:1 OR 3:1 MIXTURE AP WHOLE COURSE
THICK BARIUM - 3:1 MUCOSAL PHASE BOTH OBLIQUES WHOLE COURSE
NO PREP NEEDED 4:1 MIXTURE LATERAL WHOLE COURSE
 ESOPHAGEAL VARICES GE REFLUX BEST SINGLE PROJECTION OF
VALSALVA
ZENKER'S DIVERTICULUM MANUEVER BARIUM FILLED ESOPHAGUS
MUELLER
RECUMBENT POSITION (SUPINE) MANUEVER - RAO POSITION
UPPER GASTRO-INTESTINAL SERIES (UGIS)
STOMACH POSITIONS ACCORDING AIR-BARIUM IN STOMACH
TO BODY HABITUS ACCORDING TO POSITIONS
*HYPERSTHENIC* *STHENIC* SUPINE PRONE/ERECT
AT THE LEVEL OF BARIUM-
HIGH AND TRANSVERSE T10-L2 FUNDUS BARIUM-PYLORUS
PYLORUS AT L2,
LEVEL OF T9-T12 NEAR MIDLINE AIR-PYLORUS AIR-FUNDUS
DUODENAL BULB AT
PYLORUS AT T11-T12 L2
DUODENAL BULB AT T11-T12 NEAR THE MIDLINE POSITION PROTOCOLS
TO THE RIGHT OF MIDLINE AP SUPINE/UPRIGHT
LPO, LEFT LATERAL
STOMACH
*HYPOSTHENIC* POSITIONS LAO, PRONE, RAO
UPRIGHT - MOVES
LOW AND VERTICAL DOWNWARD FILLING AND MUCOSAL PHASE
SUPINE - MOVES
LEVEL OF T11-L4 SUPERIORLY BARIUM REACHES ILEOCECAL
PRONE- MOVES
PYLORUS AT L3-L4 SLIGHTLY DOWN VALVE IN 2 to 3 HOURS
DUODENAL BULB AT L3-L4 LAST PORTION IN 4-5 HOURS