Assignment # No 2

National University of Modern Languages

(NUML)

Faisalabad Campus

Department of Computer Science

Course Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan

Department BS Computer Science

Class BS-CS (1st )

Submitted By M.Naeem Ashraf

Submitted To Ms. Aqsa Aslam

Submission date: Signature:

“Geography of Pakistan”
Pakistan's geographical location and features have significantly influenced its history, culture,
economy, and strategic importance in the region. Spanning a diverse range of landscapes, from
towering mountain ranges to fertile plains and coastal areas, Pakistan's geography has shaped its
identity as a crossroads of civilizations and a land of rich natural resources. In this
comprehensive exploration, we delve into the intricate details of Pakistan's geography, its
historical significance, economic importance, and the implications of its geographical features on
various aspects of its society. Pakistan is divided into four provinces and many administrative
territories, including the capital Islamabad.

“Historical Background”

Ancient History:

The region now known as Pakistan has a rich and diverse history that dates back to the Indus
Valley Civilization, one of the world's earliest civilizations that flourished from 3300 BC to 1300
BC. The ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, found in
modern-day Pakistan's Sindh and Punjab provinces, provide significant insights into the
development of early human society. The region was later conquered by Alexander the Great
around 327 BC, and the Mauryans of India around 300 BC.

Islam and Mughal Empires:

In 712 AD, Arab armies under Muhammad bin Qasim stormed through the land and brought
Islam to the region, which later created the Sultanates of Delhi. Later, the Mughal Empire ruled
modern-day Pakistan from the 16th century to 1857. They were known for their cultural and
economic flourishing, leaving various monuments and architecture, including the Badshahi
Mosque, Shah Jahan Mosque, and the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore.

British Colonial Era and Partition:

In 1857, the Indian Rebellion erupted against the British East India Company's control, leading
to the central government's establishment in British India. In 1947, when British India was
partitioned into India and Pakistan, Pakistan became an independent country with a Muslim
majority. Pakistan is the only country in the world created in the name of Islam.

“Rivers and Natural Resources”

Pakistan is home to several rivers, with the Indus River being the most significant and is the
longest in Pakistan, spanning almost 3,200 kilometers. It originates in the Himalayas, flows
through the middle of the country and empties into the Arabian Sea. Other major rivers include
the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, which merge to form the Indus River.

Northern Mountains:

The northern region of Pakistan is dominated by the towering peaks of the Himalayas,
Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges. These mountains are home to some of the highest
peaks in the world, including K2 (Mount Godwin-Austen), the second-highest mountain
globally. The Karakoram Range, in particular, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes,
glaciers, and challenging trekking routes.

Indus River Plain:

The Indus River, one of the longest rivers globally, flows through the heart of Pakistan, creating
a fertile plain that supports agricultural activities. The Indus River plain is the backbone of
Pakistan's agriculture, with crops such as wheat, rice, cotton, and sugarcane being cultivated
extensively. Major cities such as Lahore, Faisalabad, and Multan are located in this region,
contributing significantly to the country's economy.

Thar Desert:

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, extends into southeastern Pakistan,
covering parts of the provinces of Sindh and Punjab. Despite its harsh climatic conditions, the
Thar Desert is home to a rich cultural heritage and unique ecosystem. Efforts are underway to
harness renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power in the desert region.

Coastal Areas:
Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea, stretching approximately 1,046 kilometers (650
miles). The coastal areas include major port cities such as Karachi, Gwadar, and Port Qasim,
which serve as vital hubs for trade, commerce, and maritime activities. Gwadar, in particular, has
gained strategic importance due to its location at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and its role in the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

“Social and Cultural Life in

Pakistan”

Religion and Language:

Islam is the primary religion followed by the majority of Pakistan's population, with over 95% of
the population being Muslim. There are also significant minorities in the country, including
Hindus, Christians, and Sikhs.

The country's official language is Urdu and is widely spoken throughout Pakistan, but people
also speak other regional languages, including Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi. English has
significant use as an official language in the country.

Cuisine:

The Pakistani cuisine is famous for its aromatic spices, curries, and barbequed meat dishes. The
country's popular dishes include biryani, karahi, nihari, kebabs, and other mouth-watering
delicacies from the different states. Pakistani cuisine is a mixture of Indian, Iranian, and Central
Asian influences, making it a unique and authentic experience.

Music and Arts:

Pakistan's music and arts culture is rich and diverse, underscored by the country's long and
ancient history. Pakistani music draws inspiration from medieval Persian poetry and classical
Indian music, producing a blend of a distinct sound often performed with traditional instruments
such as the sitar, tabla, and sarod. The country is famous for its classical dance, such as Kathak
and semi-classical Mujra.
 “Economy of Pakistan”
Agriculture:

The fertile plains of the Indus River valley support agriculture, which is the backbone of
Pakistan's economy. The region is known for producing crops such as wheat, rice, cotton, and
sugarcane. The Indus River Basin Irrigation System, one of the largest irrigation networks
globally, plays a crucial role in ensuring water availability for agriculture. Efforts are underway
to modernize agriculture practices, improve crop yields, and address water scarcity challenges.

Industry:

The industry sector of Pakistan has grown rapidly over the past few decades, engaging almost
20% of the country's workforce and manning 24% of the country's GDP. The country is famous
for its textiles and apparel export, but also involved in cement, steel, and fertilizer production.
The Karachi Stock Exchange is Pakistan's major stock market, reflecting the country's economic
progress.

Tourism:

The tourism industry has also grown considerably in Pakistan, producing over 1 million jobs in
the country. The country's rich historical and cultural heritage, mountainous regions, and
breathtaking natural beauty attract tourists from all over the world. The most popular tourist
attraction sites are the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, the Hunza Valley in Gilgit-Baltistan, and
K2, the second-highest peak in the world.

Natural Resources:

Pakistan is rich in natural resources, including minerals such as coal, natural gas, oil, and
minerals like copper, gold, and salt. The province of Balochistan, in particular, is endowed with
vast mineral deposits, attracting investment in mining and resource extraction projects. Efforts
are underway to develop the mining sector, enhance resource exploration, and promote
sustainable exploitation of natural resources.
Trade and Commerce:

Pakistan's coastal areas, including the ports of Karachi and Gwadar, serve as vital hubs for trade,
commerce, and maritime activities. The Karachi Port, the largest port in Pakistan, handles a
significant portion of the country's maritime trade. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC), a flagship project under China's Belt and Road Initiative, aims to enhance connectivity
and economic cooperation between Pakistan and China, further boosting trade and investment
opportunities.

“Geopolitical Context”
Pakistan shares borders with four countries: India to the east, Afghanistan to the northwest, Iran
to the west, and China to the northeast. These geopolitical relationships have significant
historical, political, and strategic implications for Pakistan and its neighboring countries. Let's
delve into the geopolitical context of Pakistan's borders and explore the dynamics of its
relationships with each neighboring nation.

India to the East:

The border between Pakistan and India, known as the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir and the
international border elsewhere, is one of the most contentious and heavily militarized borders in
the world.

 The partition of British India in 1947 resulted in the creation of Pakistan and India as
separate nations, accompanied by communal violence and mass migration.
 The unresolved Kashmir conflict, which dates back to partition, remains a major source
of tension and conflict between Pakistan and India.

Afghanistan to the Northwest:

Pakistan shares a porous border with Afghanistan, known as the Durand Line, which was drawn
by the British colonial authorities in the late 19th century.
  The Durand Line has been a source of dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan, with
Afghanistan refusing to recognize it as the official border and claiming parts of Pakistani
territory.

Iran to the West:

The border between Pakistan and Iran stretches over 900 kilometers, largely following natural
geographical features such as rivers and mountains.

 Historically, the region has been part of various empires and civilizations, including the
Persian, Mughal, and British empires.

China to the Northeast:

The border between Pakistan and China, known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC), is situated
in the mountainous region of the Karakoram Range.

 The border was delineated through the Sino-Pakistani Agreement of 1963, which
resolved territorial disputes and established diplomatic relations between the two
countries.

Pakistan is a land of vast complexities, rich history, and diverse cultures. The geography,
history, social and cultural life, and economy of Pakistan make it an exciting and unique
destination. Despite the challenges faced by the country, Pakistan is home to some of the
world's most significant historical landmarks, stunning natural beauty, and a vibrant
population that is making strides for a better future. Whether you are an adventurer, historian
or foodie, Pakistan is a place worth exploring.