INDEX

Pageno No. of proposed co

S.no Topic sections date of
handling
1-5 3 2
1. Concept Design with E-R Model
6-10 3 2
2. Relational Model
11-12 3 1
3. Normalization
13-15 3 2
4. Practicing DDL Commands
16-21 3 2
5. Practicing DML Commands
22-31 3 2
Querying using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS,
6. UNION, INTERSECT,CONSTRAINS etc.
32-36 3 2
7. Querying using Aggregate functions, GROUP
BY & HAVING and Creation and Dropping of
Views.
37-41 3 3
8. TRIGGERS USING Insert, Delete & Update.
42-43 3 3
9. Procedures.
44-46 3 3
10. Usage Cursors

11. Additional Programs 47-56 3

 EXPERIMENT- 1
CONCEPT DESIGN WITH E-R MODEL

AIM: To Relate the entities appropriately. Apply cardinalities for each relationship. Identify strong and weak
entities. Indicate the type of relationships (total/partial). Incorporate generalization, aggregation and specialization
etc wherever required.

E-R Model

Bus
 BusNo
 Source
 Destination
 CoachType

SCHEMA

Bus: Bus(BusNo :String ,Source : String, Destination: String, Coach Type: String)

Ticket
 TicketNo
 DOJ
 Address
 ContactNo
 BusNo

[1]
 SeatNo
 Source
 Destination

SCHEMA

Ticket (TicketNo: string, DOJ: date, Address: string, ContactNo : string, BusNo:String
SeatNo : Integer, Source: String, Destination: String)

Passenger
 PassportID
 TicketNo
 Name
 ContactNo
 Age
 Sex
 Address

SCHEMA

Passenger (PassportID: String, TicketNo :string, Name: String, ContactNo: string, Age:
integer, Sex: character, Address: String)
[2]
Reservation
 PNRNo
 DOJ
 No_of_seats
 Address
 ContactNo
 BusNo
 SeatNo

SCHEMA
Reservation(PNRNo: String, DOJ: Date, NoofSeats: integer , Address: String ,ContactNo: String, ,
BusNo: String,SeatNo:Integer)

[3]
Cancellation
 PNRNo
 DOJ
 SeatNo
 ContactNo
 Status

SCHEMA

Cancellation (PNRNo: String, DOJ: Date, SeatNo: integer, ContactNo: String, Status:
String)

[4]
CONCEPT DESIGN WITH E-R MODEL

[5]
Viva Questions:

1. Define DBMS?
2. Define the terms i) Entity ii) Entity set iii) weak entity set iv) strong entity
set? 3.What is ER-diagram?
4. What are the different types of entities?
5. List various types of attributes?

[6]
 EXPERIMENT – 2
RELATIONAL MODEL

AIM: To Represent all the entities (Strong, Weak) in tabular fashion. Represent relationships in a tabular fashion.

1. Bus: Bus(BusNo: String, Source: String, Destination: String, CoachType: String)

ColumnName Datatype Constraints Type of Attributes

BusNo Varchar(10) Primary Single-value

key
Source Varchar(20) Single-value
Destination Varchar(20) Simple
CoachType Varchar(10) Simple

Mysql>create table Bus(BusNo varchar(10),source varchar(20),Destination varchar(20),coachType

varchar(10),primary key(BusNo));

Mysql>desc Bus;

Ticket:

Ticket(TicketNo: string, DOJ: date, Address:string,ContactNo: string, BusNo:String, SeatNo :Integer, Source: String,
Destination: String)

[7]
 ColumnName Datatype Constraints Type of Attributes
TicketNo Varchar(20) Primary Key Single-valued

DOJ Date Single-valued

Address Varchar(20) Composite
ContactNo Integer Multi-valued
BusNo Varchar(10) Foreign Key Single-valued
SeatNo Integer Simple
Source Varchar(10) Simple
Destination Varchar(10) Simple

Mysql> create table ticket(ticketno varchar(20), doj date,address varchar(20),contactno int, busno
varchar(20),seatno int,source varchar(10),destination varchar(10),primary key(ticketno,busno) foreign key(busno)
references bus(busno);

Mysql>desc Ticket;

Passenger:

Passenger(PassportID: String, TicketNo:string,Name: String, ContactNo:string,Age: integer, Sex: character,

Address: String);

Type of
ColumnName Datatype Constraints Attributes
PassportID Varchar(15) Primary Key Single-valued
TicketNo Varchar(20) Foreign Key Single-valued

[8]
 Name Varchar(20) Composite
ContactNo Varchar(20) Multi-valued
Age Integer Single-valued
Sex character Simple
Address Varchar(20) Composite

Mysql> Create table passenger(passportID varchar(15) ,TicketNo varchar(15),Name varchar(15),ContactNo

varchar(20),Age integer, sex char(2),address varchar(20), primary key(passportID,TicketNo),foreign
key(TicketNo) references Ticket(TicketNo));

Mysql> desc passenger;

Reservation:

Reservation(PNRNo: String, DOJ: Date, NoofSeats: integer , Address: String ,ContactNo:

String, , BusNo: String,SeatNo:Integer)

ColumnName Datatype Constraints Type of Attributes

PNRNo Varchar(20) Primary Single-valued
Key
DOJ date Single-valued
No_of_Seats Integer Simple
Address Varchar(20) Composite
ContactNo Varchar(10) Multi-valued

[9]
 BusNo Varchar(10) Foreign Single-valued
Key
SeatNo Integer Simple
Mysql> Create table Resevation(PNRNo varchar(20),DOJ date,NoofSeates integer,Address varchar(20),ContactNo
varchar(20),BusNo varchar(20),SeatNo integer, primary key(PNRNo,BusNo),foreign key(BusNo) references
Bus(BusNo));

Mysql> desc reservation;

Cancellation:

Cancellation (PNRNo: String,DOJ: Date, SeatNo: integer,ContactNo: String,Status:

String)

ColumnName Datatype Constraints Type of Attributes

PNRNo Varchar(10) Primary Key Single-valued
DOJ date Single-valued
SeatNo Integer Simple
ContactNo Varchar(15) Multi-valued
Status Varchar(10) Simple

Mysql> create table cancellation(PNRNo varchar(10),DOJ date,SeatNo integer, ContactNo

varchar(15),Status varchar(10), primary key(PNRNo), foreign key(PNRNo) references
reservation(PNRNo));

Mysql> desc cancellation;

[10]
Viva Questions:

1What is relation schema and a relation?

2.What is Relation and Relationship?

3. Define Instance and Schema?

4. What is the difference between ER and Relational

Model? 5.What is the degree of relation?

[11]
 EXPERIMENT – 3
NORMALIZATION

AIM: Apply the database Normalization techniques for designing relational database tables to minimize
duplication of information like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF.

Normalization is a process of converting a relation to be standard form by decomposition a larger relation into
smaller efficient relation that depicts a good database design.

 1NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 1NF if the attribute values in the relation are atomic.i.e., Mutli –valued
attributes are not permitted.

 2NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 2NF,iff and every Non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on
primary Key.

 3NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 3NF,iff and does not have transitivity dependencies. A Relation is
said to be 3NF if every determinant is a key for each & every functional dependency.

 BCNF: A Relation scheme is said to be BCNF if the following statements are true for eacg FD P->Q in set F of
FDs that holds for each FD. P->Q in set F of FD’s that holds over R. Here P is the subset of attributes of R & Q
is a single attribute of R.

The given FD is a trival

P is a super key.

[12]
 Normalized tables are:-

Mysql> create table Bus2(BusNo varchar(20) primary key,Source varchar(20),Destination varchar(20));

Mysql>Create table passenger4(PPN varchar(15) Primary key,Name varchar(20),Age integer,Sex char,Address

varchar(20));

Mysql> Create table PassengerTicket(PPN varchar(15) Primary key,TicketNo integer);

Mysql> Create table Reservation2(PNRNO integer Primary key, JourneyDate DateTime,NoofSeats int,Address
varchar(20),ContactNo Integer);

Mysql> create table Cancellation2(PNRNO Integer primary key,JourneyDate DateTime,NoofSeats

Integer,Address varchar(20),ContactNo Integer,foreign key(PNRNO) references Reservation2(PNRNO));

Mysql> Create table Ticket2(TicketNo Integer Primary key,JourneyDate DateTime, Age Int(4),Sex char(2),Source
varchar(20),Destination varchar(20),DeptTime varchar(2));

Viva Questions:

1.Define Redundancy?
2.What is decomposition?
3.What is Normalization?
4.What is fully functional dependency?
5.List the different types of Normal
forms?

[13]
 EXPERIMENT – 4
PRACTICING DDL
COMMANDS

AIM : Creating Tables and altering the Tables

Mysql>Create table passenger2(passportId Integer Primary Key, Name varchar(10)

NotNull, Age Integer Not Null, Sex char, Address varchar(20) Not Null);

Mysql> desc passenger2;

USING ALTER COMMAND

Adding Extra column to Existing Table

Mysql>Alter table passenger3 add column TicketNo varchar(10);

[14]
Mysql>Alter Table passenger3 add Foreign key(TicketNo) references Ticket(TicketNo);

Mysql>Alter Table passenger3 Modify column Name varchar(20);

[15]
 Mysql>Alter table passenger drop foreign key fk1;

Mysql> Alter table passenger2 Drop column TicketNo;

Viva Questions:
1. What is DDL?

2. What are the different types of commands used in DDL

language? 3.Difference between drop and truncate?

4.What is the use of DDL language in DBMS?

5.Define Database?

[16]
 EXPERIMENT – 5
PRACTICING DML
COMMANDS

AIM: Create a DML Commands are used to manage data within the scheme objects.

DML Commands:

INSERT COMMAND ON BUS2 & PASSENGER2 RELATIONS

mysql> select * from Bus2; Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(1234,'Hyderabad','Tirupathi');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(2345,'Hyderabad','Banglore');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(23,'Hyderabad','Kolkata');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(45,'Tirupathi','Banglore');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(34,'Hyderabad','Chennai');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

[17]
mysql> select * from Bus2;

[18]
mysql> select * from

Passenger2; Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2

values(145,'Ramesh',45,'M','abc123'); Query OK, 1 row affected

(0.05 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2

values(278,'Geetha',36,'F','abc124'); Query OK, 1 row affected

(0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2

values(4590,'Ram',30,'M','abc12'); Query OK, 1 row affected

(0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2

values(6789,'Ravi',50,'M','abc14'); Query OK, 1 row affected

(0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2 values(5622,'Seetha',32,'F','abc55');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> select * from Passenger2;

[19]
UPDATE COMMAND ON BUS2 RELATION

UPDATE Selected Rows & Multiple Rows

mysql> Update Bus2 SET Source='Secundrabad' where BusNo=1234; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

[20]
DELETE COMMAND ON BUS2 RELATION

DELETES Selected Rows and Multiple Rows

mysql> Delete from Bus2 where BusNo=1234; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> select * from Bus2;

[21]
 mysql> Delete from Bus2 where Source=’Secundrabad’; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> select * from Bus2;

Viva Questions:

1. What is DML?
2. What is the use of DML in
DBMS? 3.What are the DML
Commands?
4. What is the use of Alter command in
DBMS? 5.Define view?

[22]
 EXPERIMENT – 6
Querying (using ANY, ALL, IN, Exists, NOT EXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT, Constraints etc.)

Aim: Practice the following Queries:

1. Display unique PNR_NO of all passengers

2. Display all the names of male passengers.
3. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.
4. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with ‘r’ and ends with ‘h’.
5. Find the names of Passengers whose age is between 30 and 45.
6. Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’.
7. Display the sorted list of Passengers names

[23]
mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82302,'Smith',23,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2

values(82303,'Neha',23,'F','Hyderabad'); Query OK, 1 row affected

(0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82304,'Neha',35,'F','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82306,'Ramu',40,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82308,'Aakash',40,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82402,'Aravind',42,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82403,'Avinash',42,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82502,'Ramesh',23,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82602,'Rajesh',23,'M','Hyderabad');

[24]
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

[25]
RESERVATION2

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10201,'2012-02-20 10:20:25',05,'HYD',9654 235242);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10202,'2012-02-22 10:22:25',05,'HYD',9654 232451);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10203,'2012-03-22 10:30:25',05,'DELHI',96 54587960);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10204,'2013-03-22 11:30:25',05,'CHENNAI', 9845761254);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

1. Display unique PNR_NO of all reservation

Mysql>Select DISTINCT PNR_NO from Reservation;

PNR_No
10201
10202
10203
10204

[26]
2. Display all the names of male passengers.

mysql> Select p.name from passenger2 p

where p.passportid IN (select p2.passportid from passenger2
p2 where p2.sex='M');

[27]
[28]
3. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.

mysql> select t.ticketno,p.name from passengerticket t,passenger2 p where t.passportid = p.passportid;

[29]
4. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with ‘r’ and ends with ‘h’.

MySQL> SELECT Name FROM Passenger WHERE name LIKE ‘R%H’

Name
Rajesh
Ramesh
Ramesh

[30]
5. Find the names of Passengers whose age is between 30 and 45.

MySQL> SELECT Name FROM PASSENGER WHERE AGE BETWEEN 30 AND 45

[31]
6. Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’.

MySQL> SELECT * FROM PASSENGER WHERE NAME LIKE ‘A%’;

Name
Akash
Arivind
Avinash

[32]
 7. Display the sorted list of Passengers names

MySQL> SELECT NAME FROM PASSENGER ORDER BY NAME;

Viva Questions:

1.What are the Different types of set operators?

2.What are the aggregate operators?
3.What is the difference between ANY and OR operators?
4.What is NULL Values?
5. What is the use of EXISTS operator?

[33]
 EXPERIMENT – 7
Querying Aggregate Functions (GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and Dropping of Views)

Aim: To Practice Queries using Aggregate functions for the following

1. Write a Query to display the information present in the passenger and

cancellation tables
2. Display the number of days in a week on which the AP123 bus is available
3. Find number of tickets booked for each PNR_ No using GROUP BY CLAUSE
4. Find the distinct PNR Numbers that are present.

1. Write a Query to display the information present in the passenger and cancellation tables

MYSQL> CREATE TABLE CANCELLATION2(PNRNO INT PRIMARY KEY,JOURNEYDATE DATETIME,

NOOFSEATS INT,ADDRESS VARCHAR(20),CONTACTNO INT,STATUS VARCHAR(10),FOREIGN
KEY(PNRNO) REFERENCES RESERVATION2(PNRNO));

mysql> INSERT INTO CANCELLATION2 VALUES(10201,'2012-02-20

10:20:25',2,'HYD',9654235242,'CONFIRM');

mysql> INSERT INTO CANCELLATION2 VALUES(10202,'2012-02-22

10:22:25',2,'HYD',9654232451,'CONFIRM');

mysql> INSERT INTO CANCELLATION2 VALUES(10203,'2012-03-22

10:30:25',2,'DELHI',9654587960,'CONFIRM');

[34]
MySQL> SELECT * FROM RESERVATION

UNION SELECT * FROM CANCELLATION;

2. Display the Minimum age of the Passenger

MySQL> SELECT MIN(AGE) as MINAGE FROM PASSENGER;

[35]
3. Find number of tickets booked for each PNR_No using GROUP BY CLAUSE

MySQL> SELECT PNRNO,SUM(No_of_SEATS) AS SUM_OF_SEATS FROM

RESERVATION2 GROUP BY PNRNO;

4 Find the distinct PNR Numbers that are present.

MySQL> SELECT DISTINCT PNR_NO FROM RESERVATION2;

[36]
 5 Mysql> select sum(Noofseats) from Cancellation2;

6 Find the total number of cancelled seats.

MySQL> select sum(noofseats) as canceled_seats from cancellation2;

[37]
 Creation and Droping of Views

mysql> create table students(sid int primary key,name varchar(15),login varchar(15), age
int,gpa real); mysql> create table Enrolled(sid int,cid int,grade varchar(5),primary
key(sid,cid), foreign key(sid) references students(sid));

mysql>create view BStudents(name,sid,course) AS SELECT

s.name,s.sid,E.cid from students s,enrolled E where s.sid=e.sid AND

E.grade='B';

Syntax: Drop view view name;

Mysql> Drop view Bstudents; Mysql> Drop view Goodstudents;

Viva Questions:

1. What is Nested query?

2. What is the use of Group By Clause?
3.Define Join?List different types of
joins?
4.What is difference between left outer join and right outer join?
5.What is Co-related nested query?

[38]
 EXPERIMENT-8
Triggers

Aim: Creation of insert trigger, delete trigger and update trigger.

MySQL>CREATE TABLE BUS(BUSNO VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, SOURCE

VARCHAR(10), DESTINATION VARCHAR(10), CAPACITY INT(2), PRIMARY
KEY(BUSNO));

MySQL>INSERT INTO BUS VALUES('AP123','HYD','CHENNAI','40');

CREATE TABLE BUS_AUDIT1(ID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, SOURCE

VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, CHANGEDON DATETIME DEFAULT NULL, ACTION
VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(ID));

[39]
CREATE TRIGGER BEFORE_BUS_UPDATE BEFORE UPDATE ON BUS

FOR EACH ROW BEGIN

INSERT INTO BUS_AUDIT1

SET action='update', source=OLD.source, changedon=NOW(); END$$

UPDATE :

MySQL>UPDATE BUS SET SOURCE='KERALA' WHERE BUSNO='AP123'$$

[40]
 SNo Source Changedon Action
1 Banglore 2014:03:23 12:51:00 Insert
2 Kerela 2014:03:25:12:56:00 Update
3 Mumbai 2014:04:26:12:59:02 Delete

INSERT:

CREATE TRIGGER BEFORE_BUS_INSERT BEFORE INSERT ON BUS

FOR EACH ROW BEGIN

INSERT INTO BUS_AUDIT1

SET action='Insert', source=NEW.source, changedon=NOW(); END$$

MYSQL>INSERT INTO BUS VALUES('AP789','VIZAG','HYDERABAD',30)$$

SNo Source Changedon Action

1 Banglore 2014:03:23 12:51:00 Insert
2 Kerela 2014:03:25:12:56:00 Update
3 Mumbai 2014:04:26:12:59:02 Delete

[41]
CREATE TRIGGER BEFORE_BUS_DELETE BEFORE DELETE ON BUS

FOR EACH ROW BEGIN

DELETE FROM BUS_AUDIT1

SET action='Insert', source=NEW.source, changedon=NOW(); END$$

DELETE FROM BUS WHERE SOURCE=’HYDERABAD’$$

SNo Source Changedon Action

1 Banglore 2014:03:23 12:51:00 Insert
2 Kerela 2014:03:25:12:56:00 Update
3 Mumbai 2014:04:26:12:59:02 Delete

Examples

CREATE TRIGGER updcheck1 BEFORE UPDATE ON passengerticket FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

IF NEW.TicketNO > 60 THEN

SET New.TicketNo = New.TicketNo; ELSE

SET New.TicketNo = 0; END IF;

END;

[42]
Viva Questions:
1. Define Trigger?
2. What are the types of triggers?
3. What is the advantage of trigger in
database 4.Define Active data bases?
5.When we apply trigger?
[43]
 Experiment-9
Procedures
Aim: Creation of stored Procedures and Execution of Procedures and Modification of
Procedures.

Ex1:

CREATE PROCEDURE BUS_PROC1() BEGIN

SELECT * FROM BUS;

END$$

CALL BUS_PROC1()$$

Ex2:
CREATE PROCEDURE SAMPLE2() BEGIN
DECLARE X INT(3); SET X=10;
SELECT X;

END$$
Mysql> CALL SAMPLE2()$$

[44]
Ex3: CREATE PROCEDURE SIMPLE_PROC(OUT PARAM1 INT) BEGIN

SELECT COUNT(*) INTO PARAM1 FROM BUS;

END$$

Mysql> CALL SIMPLE_PROC(@a)$$ Mysql> select @a;

[45]
Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by Procedure?

2. What is stored procedures used in
databases? 3.What is stored procedure?
4. What are the advantage of using stored procedure?
5. List different types of keys in dbms?

[46]
 EXPERIMENT-10
USAGE CURSORS

Aim: Declare a cursor that defines a result set. Open the cursor to establish the result set.
Fetch the data into local variables as needed from the cursor, one row at a time. Close the
cursor when done.

Cursors
In MySQL, a cursor allows row-by-row processing of the result sets. A
cursor is used for the result set and returned from a query. By using a
cursor, you can iterate, or by step through the results of a query and
perform certain operations on each row. The cursor allows you to iterate
through the result set and then perform the additional processing only on
the rows that require it.

In a cursor contains the data in a loop. Cursors may be different from

SQL commands that operate on all the rows in the returned by a
query at one time.

There are some steps we have to follow, given below :

□ Declare a cursor

□ Open a cursor statement

□ Fetch the cursor

□ Close the cursor

1 . Declaration of Cursor : To declare a cursor you must use the

DECLARE statement. With the help of the variables, conditions and
handlers we need to declare a cursor before we can use it. first of all we will
give the cursor a name, this is how we will refer to it later in the procedure.
We can have more than one cursor in a single procedure so its necessary to
give it a name that will in some way tell us what its doing. We then need to
specify the select statement we want to associate with the cursor. The SQL
statement can be any valid SQL statement and it is possible to use a
dynamic where clause using variable or parameters as we have seen
previously.

[47]
 Syntax : DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR select_statement;

2 . Open a cursor statement : For open a cursor we must use the open
statement.If we want to fetch rows from it you must open thecursor.

Syntax : OPEN cursor_name;

3 . Cursor fetch statement : When we have to retrieve the next row

from the cursor and move the cursor to next row then you need to fetch
the cursor.

Synatx : FETCH cursor_name INTO var_name;

If any row exists, then the above statement fetches the next row and cursor
pointer moves ahead to the next row.

4 . Cursor close statement : By this statement closed the open cursor.

Syntax: CLOSE_name;

By this statement we can close the previously opened cursor. If it is not

closed explicitly then a cursor is closed at the end of compound statement
in which that was declared.

Delimiter $$

Create procedure p1(in_customer_id int) begin

declare v_id int;
declare v_name varchar(20); declare v_finished integer default 0;
declare c1 cursor for select sid,sname from students where sid=in_customer_id; declare
continue handler for NOT FOUND set v_finished=1;
open c1; std:LOOP
fetch c1 into v_id,v_name; if v_finished=1 then
leave std; end if;
select concat(v_id,v_name); end LOOP std;
close c1; end;

[48]
Viva Questions:

1. How Cursor used in Database?

2. How many types of Cursors in My

Sql? 3.How to open and close the
Cursor?
4.Differentiate Procedure and Cursor?
5.Can you pass a parameter to a Cursor?

[49]
 ADDITIONAL PROGRAMMS

EMPLOYEES TABLE

mysql> create table Employees(ssn varchar(15),name varchar(20),lot int,PRIMARY

KEY(ssn)); mysql> insert into Employees values('123-22-3666','Attishoo',48);

mysql> insert into Employees values('321-31-5368','Smiley',22); mysql> insert into

Employees values('131-24-3650','Smethurst',35);

[50]
DEPARTMENT TABLE

mysql> create table Departments(did int,dname varchar(10),budget real, PRIMARY

KEY(did));

mysql> insert into Departments values(05,'CSE',500000);

mysql> insert into Departments values(04,'ECE',400000);

mysql> insert into Departments values(03,'ME',300000);

mysql> insert into Departments values(01,'CE',100000);

[51]
 Sailors , Reserves , Boats Tables

Mysql> Create table Sailors(Sid integer PRIMARY KEY,sname varchar(15), rating int,age
real); Mysql>Create table Reserves(Sid int,Bid int,Day Date);

Mysql>Create table Boats(Bid int,Bname varchar(15),Color varchar(15);

[52]
mysql> select S.sname from sailors S, reserves R where S.sid=R.sid AND R.bid=103;

mysql> select sname from sailors s,Reserves R where S.sid=R.sid AND bid=103; mysql>
select R.sid from Boats B,Reserves R where B.bid=R.bid AND B.color='red';

mysql> select S.sname from sailors S,reserves R,Boats B where S.sid=R.sid AND
R.bid=B.bid AND B.color='red';

mysql> select B.color from Sailors S,Reserves R,Boats B where S.sid=R.sid AND
R.bid=B.bid AND S.sname='Lubber';

[53]
mysql> select S.sname,S.rating+1 AS rating from Sailors S,Reserves R1,Reserves R2 where
S.sid=R1.sid AND S.sid=R2.sid AND R1.day=R2.day AND R1.bid<>R2.bid;

mysql> select S1.sname AS name1,S2.sname AS name2 from sailors S1,sailors S2 where

2*S1.rating=S2.rating-1;

[54]
 N , INTERSECT , AND EXCEPT

1).Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red or a green boat.

OR
[54]
2). Find the names of sailors who have reserved both a red and a green boat.

SELECT S.SNAME

FROM SAILORS S,RESERVES R,BOATS B

WHERE S.SID=R.SID AND R.BID=B.BID AND B.COLOR='red' INTERSECT

SELECT S2.SNAME

FROM SAILORS S2,RESERVES R2,BOATS B2

WHERE S2.SID=R2.SID AND R2.BID=B2.BID AND B2.COLOR='green';

NESTED QUERIES

1) Find the Names of sailors who have reserved boat 103

2) Find the names of Sailors who have reserved a red Boat

[53]
3) Find the names of Sailors who have NOT reserved a red Boat

Correlated Nested Queries:

1) Find the names of Sailors who have reserved a red Boat

Set Comparison Operators:

1) Find sailors whose rating is better than some sailor called Horatio

[54]
2) Find the sailors with the highest rating.

mysql> SELECT S.sid FORM Sailors WHERE S.rating>=ALL(SELECT S2.rating FROM

Sailors S2);

The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses:

1) Find the age of the youngest sailor for each rating level.

2) Find the age of the youngest sailor who is eligible to vote for each rating level with at
least two such sailors

[55]
3) For each red boat , find the number of reservations for this boat

4) Find the average age of sailors for each rating level that has at least two sailors

[56]