ENGINE ENGINE

Indicated Horsepower IHP – indicated horsepower, hp Mechanical Efficiency BHP – brake horsepower, hp
P – mean effective pressure, psi IHP – indicated horsepower, hp
PLANn L – length of stroke, ft BHP ξm – engine mechanical efficiency, decimal
IHP = A – area of bore, in2 ξm = x 100
33000 c N – crankshaft speed, rpm IHP
n – number of cylinder
c - 2 for four stroke engine and 1 for two stroke engine Rate of Explosion ER – explosion rate, explosion per minute
Piston Displacement PD – piston displacement, cm3 N – crankshaft speed, rpm
Dp – piston diameter, cm N C – 2 for four stroke engine
π D2 L – length of stroke, cm ER =
PD = L n n – number of cylinders c
4
Thermal Efficiency, Theoritical ξtheo –theoretical thermal efficiency, %
Piston Displacement Rate PDR – piston displacement rate, cm3/min Wt – theoretical work, kg-m
PD – piston displacement, cm3 C Wt Qt – supplied heat quantity, Kcal/hr
PDR = 2 π PD N N – crankshaft speed, rpm ξtheo = x 100 C – conversion constant
Qt
Compression Ratio CR – compression ratio
PD – piston displacement, cm3 Thermal Efficiency, Effective ξeff – effective thermal efficiency, %
PD + CV CV – clearance volume, cm3 Ne – Effective output, watt
CR = C Ne Hu – calorific value of fuel, kCal/kg
CV ξeff = x 100 B - indicated work, kg/hr
Hu B C – conversion constant
Brake Horsepower BHP – brake horsepower, hp
IHP – indicated horsepower, hp
BHP = IHP ξm or ξm – engine mechanical efficiency, decimal
FHP – friction horsepower, hp
= IHP - FHP

60 61
 ENGINE ENGINE
Specific Fuel Consumption SFC – specific fuel consumption, kg/W-sec Stroke to Bore Ratio R – stroke to bore ratio
V – fuel consumption, m3 S – piston stroke, cm
V Ne – Brake output S B – piston diameter, cm
SFC = S T – time, sec R=
Ne t S – specific gravity of fuel, kg/m3 B

Break Mean Effective Pressure BMEP – brake mean effective pressure, kg/cm2 BHP Correction Factor (Gasoline Engine- Kg – BHP correction factor. Dmls
BHP – brake horsepower, hp Carburator or Injection) T – ambient air temperature, C
(75) 50 BHP L – piston stroke, m Pb – total atmospheric pressure, mb
BMEP = A – piston area, cm2
0.5
LANn N – number of power stroke per minute 1013 T + 273
N – number of cylinders Kg = -------- x -----------
Pb 293

Number of Times Intake Valve TO – number of time intake valve open

Open N – crankshaft speed, rpm BHP Correction Factor (Diesel Engine-4 Kd – BHP correction factor. Dmls
C – 2 for four stroke engine - 0 for two stroke engine Stroke Naturally Aspirated) T – ambient air temperature, C
N Pb – total atmospheric pressure, mb
TO =
0.65 0.5
c 1013 T + 273
Kd = ------- x ----------
Piston Area Ap - piston area, cm2 Pb 293
D – piston diameter, cm
π D2
Ap = Output Power Po – power output, KW
4 T – shaft torque, kg-m
T N N – shaft speed, rpm
Po =
974

63
62
 ENGINE ENGINE FOUNDATION
Fuel Consumption Fc – fuel consumption, lph Weight of Foundation Wf - weight of foundation, kg
Fu – fuel used, liters ε - empirical coefficient, 0.11
Fc = Fu / To To – total operating time, hrs Wf = ε We [ N ] 0.5 We - weight of engine and base frame, kg
N - maximum engine speed, rpm

Specific Fuel Consumption SFC – specific fuel consumption, g/KW-hr

Fc – fuel consumption, lph
SFC = Fc ρf / Ps ρf - fuel density, kg/liter Volume of Foundation Vf - volume of foundation, m3
Ps – shaft power, KW Wf - weight of foundation, kg
Vf = Wf / ρc ρc - density of concrete, 2,4006 kg/m3
Fuel Equivalent Power Pfe - fuel equivalent power, kW
Hf - heating value of fuel, kJ/kg
Pfe = [Hf mf ] / 3600 mf - rate of fuel consumption, kg/hr Depth of Foundation Df - depth of foundation, m
Vf - volume of foundation, m3
Air Fuel Ratio A/F - mass of air required per unit mass of fuel Df = Vf / [ we + Le ] we - width of engine plus allowance, m Le - length of engine
x, y, z – number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms plus allowance, m
137.3 [ x + y/4 – z/2 ] in the fuel molecule
A/F = φ - equivalence ratio Exerted Soil Pressure at the Ps - soil pressure exerted at the based of foundation, kg/m2
φ [ 12 x + y + 16 z ] Foundation We - weight of engine, kg
Wf - weight of foundation, kg
Air Handling Capacity ma – air handling capacity, kg/hr Ps = [We + Wf ] / Af Af - area of foundation , kg
Ve – engine displacement, liters
ma = 0.03 Ve Ne ρa ηv Ne – engine speed, rpm
ρa - density of air, 1.19 kg/m3
ηv - air delviery ratio0.85 for CI, 2.0 turbocharge engine Factor of Safety FS - factor of safety, dmls
Engine Air Density ρa - density of inlet air, kg/m3 BCs - safe soil bearing capacity, 12,225 kg/m2
ρex - density of engine exhaust, kg/m3 Ps - soil pressure exerted at the based of foundation, kg/m2
ρa = p / 0.287 Θ : inlet p – gas pressure, kPa FS = BCs / Ps
Θ - gas temperature, K
ρex = p / 0.277 Θ : exhaust

64
65
 TRACTOR TRACTOR
Engine Speed Ve – engine speed, km/hr Wheel Axle Power Pd – drawbar power or effective power, kW
R – diameter of wheel, m Pw – wheel axle power, kw
0.333 R Ne Ne – engine speed. Rpm Pd = Pw – Pl or Pl – lost power, kw
Ve = ---------------------- I – reduction ratio, 1st gear equal to 4.48 and 4th Ps – lost power by slip of wheel, kw
I gear equal to 1.45 = Pw – (Ps + Pr) Pr – lost power by rolling resistance, kw

Engine Power Pw – wheel power, kw Traction Efficiency ηd – traction efficiency, %

Pe – engine power, kw Pd – drawbar power, kw
Pw = η Pe η -mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.95 ηd = Pd / Pw Pw – wheel power , kw

PTO Power Ppto – PTO horsepower, kw Running Resistance R – rolling resistance, kgf
Pe – engine power, kw Cr – coefficient of rolling resistance0.01 to 0.4 for
Ppto = η Pe η -mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.95 R = Cr W wheel type and 0.05 to 0.12 for track type
W - trator weight, kg
Wheel Axle Torque T – wheel axle torque, N-m
N – wheel axle power, kw Drive Wheel or Track Slippage % Slip – percent wheel slip, %
1000 N n – speed of the wheel axle, rpm R – total drive wheel revolution count to traverse
T= R - r the drawbar runway under no load, rev
2πn % Slip = 100 r – total drive wheel revolution count to traverse
r the drawbar runway under load, rev

167
168
 TRACTOR TRACTOR
Travel Reduction or Slip S – slip, % Drawbar Horsepower DHP - drawbar power, hp
An – tract revolution under no load condition, m NEP - net engine power, hp
An - Al Al – tract revolution under load condition, m DHP = ξm x NEP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.81
S = 100 ----------------
Al PTO Power PTOP - power take-off power, hp
NEP - net engine power, hp
Stability Factor K – stability factor, 1.25 min PTOP = ξm x NEP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.87 to 0.90
Fw – static front end weight, kg
Fw Wb Wb – wheel base, Axle Power AXP - axle power, hp
K= P – maximum drawbar pull parallel to ground, kg NEP - net engine power, hp
P h h – height of static line of pull perpendicular to AXP = ξm x NEP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.82 to 0.87
ground
Drawbar Power DHP - drawbar power, kW Drawbar Horsepower DHP - drawbar power, hp
F - force measured, kN PTOP – power take-off power, hp
DHP = (F S) / 3.6 S - forward speed, km/hr DHP = ξm x PTOP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.86 to 0.89

PTO Power PTOP - power take-off power, kW

F - tangential force, kN
PTOP = 2 π F R N / 60 R - radius of force rotation, m
N - shaft speed, rpm
PTOP = 2 π T N / 60 T - torque, N-m

Hydraulic Power Hy P – hydraulic power, kW

Pg - gage pressure, kPa
HyP = Pg Q / 1000 Q - flow rate, lps

169 170