PHYSICS

PROJECT
TOPIC:-
CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER TO
AMMETER AND VOLTMETER

NAME:- Anshuman Panda

CLASS:- XII
ROLL NUMBER:-

CERTIFICATE

This is hereby to certify that, the

original and genuine investigation
work has been carried out “to study
conversion of Galvanometer to
ammeter and voltmeter ” and the
related data collection and
investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily
done by Anshuman Panda a student
of class XII under the ROLL NO.-
for the academic session 2024-
2025, Regarding the investigatory
project entitled “To study
conversion of galvanometer to
ammeter and voltmeter”, For
physics department under direct
supervision of the undersigned as
for requirement for the board
examination.
EXAMINER'S SIGNATURE
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my Physics

teacher Mr. Ashwini Udgata for his
constant guidance, motivation,
moral encouragement and
sympathetic attitude towards the
success of this project.
I also want to thank the principal
and the institution for providing the
necessary materials.
I would also like to extend my
gratitude towards the lab
attendant, my parents and
everyone who has helped me in
completing the project successfully.

ANSHUMAN PANDA

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i
CERTIFICATE
ii
INTRODUCTION
01
APPLICATIONS
02
AIM & APPARATUS
03
THEORY
04
PROCEDURE
09
OBSERVATIONS
10
RESULT & CONCLUSION
12
SOURCES OF ERROR
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14
INTRODUCTION
01
APPLICATIONS
02
AIM & APPARATUS
03
THEORY
04
PROCEDURE
09
OBSERVATIONS
10
RESULT & CONCLUSION
12
SOURCES OF ERROR
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14

INTRODUCTION

The prime objective of this project is to

convert galvanometer into ammeter, so
that it can be used for multiple
purposes. In addition, A galvanometer
can be used to show both magnitude
and direction of current if used as an
ammeter. However, The galvanometer
cannot be as such used as an ammeter
to measure the value of current in a
given circuit. This is for two reasons:

(i) Galvanometer is a very sensitive

device, it gives full scale deflection for a
current of order μΑ.
(ii) For measuring currents, the
galvanometer has to be connected in
series as it has a large resistance, this
will change the value of current in the
circuit.
This project deals with the process of
overcoming these disadvantages by
connecting a shunt resistance in parallel
with the galvanometer coil so that most
of the current passes through it.

Cut a length of wire of 2cm more than

the calculated value of I. Mark two
points on the wire one cm away from
each end. Connect this wire to the two
terminals of galvanometer such that the
marked points are just outside the
terminal screws. This galvanometer with
shunt wire will now act as an ammeter
of range I.

Make the electric connections as

shown in the circuit diagram.

Insert the key and adjust the

rheostat so that the galvanometer
shows nearly maximum deflection.

Note the reading on the

galvanometer scale and also
corresponding reading on the
ammeter.

Record your observations.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

Count the total number of divisions on

either side of zero of the galvanometer
scale.
Calculate the current Ig for full scale
deflection.
Calculate the value of shunt resistance
for conversion into ammeter using the
formula-

S= Ig.G/I-Ig.
THEORY:

Let Ig be the current for maximum

deflection in a Galvanometer to be
converted into an ammeter to measure
a current I, then a shunt S is applied
across its terminals such that current Ig
flows through the Galvanometer and (I -
Ig).

Ig = SI/S+G
SI = Ig(S+G)
SI-Ig.S = Ig.G
S(I-Ig) = Ig.G
S = Ig.G/I-Ig

Where Ig = nk,
n is number of division in galvanometer,
k is figure of merit and
Ig is the range of conversion.

CONVERSION OF GALVNOMETER
INTO AMMETER
OBJECTIVE:

To convert the given galvanometer (of

known resistance and figure of merit)
into an ammeter of desired range and to
verify the same.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Pivoted galvanometer
Milli Ammeter
A battery
Two Resistance boxes
A resistance wire
Screw gauge
One way key
A Rheostat and
 Sand paper.

THE GALVANOMETER

A galvanometer is a type of sensitive

ammeter; an instrument for detecting
electric current. It is an analog
electromechanical actuator that
produces a rotary deflection of some
type of pointer in response to electric
current through its coil in a magnetic
field.
Galvanometers were the first
instruments used to detect and measure
electric currents. Sensitive
galvanometers were used to detect
signals from long submarine cables, and
to discover the Some galvanometers
use a solid pointer on a scale to show
measurements; other very sensitive
types use a miniature mirror and a
beam of light to provide mechanical
amplification of low-level signals.
Initially a laboratory instrument relying
on the earth's own magnetic field to
provide restoring force for the pointer,
galvanometers were developed into
compact, rugged, sensitive portable
instruments essential to the
development of electro technology. A
type of galvanometer that records
measurements permanently is the chart
recorder. The term has expanded to
include use of the same mechanism in
recording, positioning and
servomechanism equipment.
Different common types of
galvanometer are Tangent
galvanometer, Astatic galvanometer,
Mirror galvanometer and Ballistic
galvanometer electrical activity of the
heart and brain.

Objective

To convert a galvanometer into a

voltmeter and determine the necessary
shunt resistance for accurate voltage
measurement.

Introduction
A galvanometer is a sensitive
instrument used for detecting and
measuring small electric currents.
However, it can be converted into a
voltmeter, which measures electrical
potential difference (voltage) across a
component. This project explores the
principles and calculations involved in
this conversion.

Materials Needed
Galvanometer (with known resistance
Rg and full-scale deflection current Ig)
Resistor (shunt resistor Rs)
Variable DC po supply
Multimeter (for verification)

Calculations Explained
1. Current through Galvanometer: This is
calculated based on the voltage and the
resistance of the galvanometer using
Ohm's Law:
V I₁ = R Ig
2. Measured Voltage: This is the actual
voltage observed across the
galvanometer during the experiment.
Error Analysis
Calculate the percentage error for each
voltage measurement:
Percentage Error = (IV-Vml)
Example Calculations
for 10:
Procedure

1. Determine the Parameters of the

Galvanometer:
Measure Rg and identify Ig (for example,
Rg = 100 2 and Ig 0.01 A).

2. Choose a Maximum Voltage V:

Decide the maximum voltage you want
your voltmeter to measure (e.g., V = 10
V).

3. Calculate the Shunt Resistance Rs:

RS RgIg V - Ig 100 x 0.01 10-0.01 ≈ 0.1

4. Set Up the Circuit:

Connect the galvanometer
Precautions and Sources of
error:-

(1) Accumulator/Battery used should be

fully charged.
(2) Galvanometer and ammeter reading
should initially be at zero mark.
(3) Ammeter used for calibration of
shunted Galvanometer should be nearly
of
same range.
(4) While connecting the shunt exact
length should be connected in parallel
to the
galvanometer.
(5) The resistance box used in
determining the figure of merit should
be of high
resistance. Before putting the key, it
should be kept at high value otherwise
the
galvanometer may be damaged.

CONVERSTION OF GALVANOMETER TO
VOLTEMETER

Objective
To convert a galvanometer into a
voltmeter and determine the
necessary shunt resistance for
accurate voltage measurement.

Introduction
A galvanometer is a sensitive
instrument used for detecting and
measuring small electric currents.
However, it can be converted into a
voltmeter, which measures
electrical potential difference
(voltage) across a component. This
project explores the principles and
calculations involved in this
conversion.

Materials Needed

 Galvanometer (with known

resistance Rg

 Multimeter (for verification)

 Connecting wires

 Breadboard (optional for

connections)
  Calculator

Theory

The conversion of a galvanometer

into a voltmeter involves placing a
shunt resistor in parallel with the
galvanometer. The voltage across
both components remains the
same, allowing the galvanometer to
measure higher voltages without
being damaged.

Key Relationships:

The total current I through the

circuit is:

I = Ig + Is
S
The voltage across the
galvanometer and the shunt
resistor is: V = IgRg = I&R$ S S
from these equations, we derive:
RS RgIg V – Ig - =
Where V is the maximum voltage
the voltmeter will measure.

Procedure

1. Determine the Parameters of the

Galvanometer:
Measure Rg and identify Ig (for
example, Rg = 100 2 and Ig 0.01 A).
2. Choose a Maximum Voltage V:
Decide the maximum voltage you
want your voltmeter to measure
(e.g., V = 10 V).
3. Calculate the Shunt Resistance
Rs:
RS RgIg V - Ig 100 x 0.01 10-0.01 ≈
0.1
4. Set Up the Circuit:
Connect the galvanometer in
parallel with the calculated shunt
resistor Rs. S
↓
Connect this arrangement across
Voltage (V) Current through Measured
galvanometer(l_g) voltage(V_m)
1 0.01A 1.00V
5 0.05A 5.05V
10 0.10A 9.90V

Precautions
1. Handle the galvanometer
carefully to avoid mechanical
damage.
2. Ensure proper wiring and
connections to avoid short circuits.
3. Calculate series resistance (Rse)
accurately to avoid damage.
4. Verify resistor values using a
multimeter to ensure correct
component selection.
5. Disconnect power source before
making changes to the circuit to
prevent electrical shock.

Sources of error

1. Incorrect Series Resistance

Calculation
2. Galvanometer Non-Linearity or
Uneven Scale
3. Poor Wiring or Connections
(Short Circuits, Loose Connections)
 BIBLEOGRAPHY

 www.Byjus’s.com

 Wikipedia

 www.Scribd.com

 Reference Books

 School note books

 www.Selfstudy.com

 www.Vedantu.com

 www.unacademy.com