Chapter 29
Magnetic Fields due to Currents
29.1: Calculating the Magnetic Field due to a Current
The magnitude of the field dB produced at point
P at distance r by a current length element i ds
turns out to be
where q is the angle between the directions of
and , a unit vector that points from ds toward P.
Symbol µ0 is a constant, called the vacuum
permeability constant(진공투자율 상수),
whose value is
Therefore, in vector form
29.2: Magnetic Field due to a Long Straight Wire:
The magnitude of the magnetic field at a perpendicular
distance R from a long (infinite) straight wire carrying a
current i is given by
Fig. 29-3 Iron filings that have been sprinkled onto
cardboard collect in concentric circles when current is
sent through the central wire. The alignment, which is
along magnetic field lines, is caused by the magnetic
field produced by the current. (Courtesy Education
Development Center)
29.2: Magnetic Field due to a Long Straight Wire:
Fig. 29-4 A right-hand rule gives the direction of the magnetic field due to a current in a wire. (a) The
magnetic field B at any point to the left of the wire is perpendicular to the dashed radial line and directed
into the page, in the direction of the fingertips, as indicated by the x. (b) If the current is reversed, at any
point to the left is still perpendicular to the dashed radial line but now is directed out of the page, as
indicated by the dot.
29.2: Magnetic Field due to a Long Straight Wire:
29.3: Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Circular Arc of Wire:
Example, Magnetic field at the center of a circular arc of a circle.:
Example, Magnetic field off to the side of two long straight currents:
29.3: Force Between Two Parallel Wires:
29.3: Force Between Two Parallel Wires, Rail Gun:
29.4: Ampere’s Law:
Curl your right hand around the Amperian loop,
with the fingers pointing in the direction of
integration. A current through the loop in the
general direction of your outstretched thumb is
assigned a plus sign, and a current generally in
the opposite direction is assigned a minus sign.
29.4: Ampere’s Law, Magnetic Field Outside a Long Straight Wire
Carrying Current:
29.4: Ampere’s Law, Magnetic Field Inside a Long Straight Wire
Carrying Current:
Example, Ampere’s Law to find the magnetic field inside a long cylinder of
current.
29.5: Solenoids and Toroids:
Fig. 29-17 A vertical cross section through
the central axis of a “stretched-out”
solenoid. The back portions of five turns
are shown, as are the magnetic field lines
due to a current through the solenoid. Each
turn produces circular magnetic field lines
near itself. Near the solenoid’s axis, the
field lines combine into a net magnetic
field that is directed along the axis. The
closely spaced field lines there indicate a
strong magnetic field. Outside the solenoid
the field lines are widely spaced; the field
there is very weak.
29.5: Solenoids:
Fig. 29-19 Application of Ampere’s law to a section of a
long ideal solenoid carrying a current i. The Amperian
loop is the rectangle abcda.
Here n be the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid
29.5: Magnetic Field of a Toroid:
where i is the current in the toroid windings (and is positive for those windings
enclosed by the Amperian loop) and N is the total number of turns. This gives
Example, The field inside a solenoid:
29.6: A Current Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole:
29.6: A Current Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole:
Summary 29 Summary
The Biot-Savart Law Magnetic Field of a Circular Arc
•The magnetic field set up by a current- •The magnitude of the magnetic field at
carrying conductor can be found from the the center of a circular arc,
Biot–Savart law.
•The quantity µ0, called the permeability Force Between Parallel Currents
constant, has the value •The magnitude of the force on a length L
of either wire is
Magnetic Field of a Long Straight
Wire
•For a long straight wire carrying a Ampere’s Law
current i, the Biot–Savart law gives, •Ampere’s law states that,
Ans: d > a > b =c = 0
Summary 29 Summary
Fields of a Solenoid and a Toroid Field of a Magnetic Dipole
•Inside a long solenoid carrying •The magnetic field produced by a
current i, at points not near its ends, current-carrying coil, which is a
the magnitude B of the magnetic field magnetic dipole, at a point P located
is a distance z along the coil’s
perpendicular central axis is parallel
to the axis and is given by
•At a point inside a toroid, the
magnitude B of the magnetic field is
