READING PASSAGE 1

Foot Pedal Irrigation

A. Until now, governments and development agencies have tried to tackle the problem through
large-scale projects: gigantic dams, sprawling, irrigation canals and vast new fields of high-yield
crops introduced during the Green Revolution, the famous campaign to increase grain harvests in
developing nations. Traditional irrigation, however, has degraded the soil in many areas, and the
reservoirs behind dams can quickly fill up with silt, reducing their storage capacity and depriving
downstream farmers of fertile sediments. Furthermore, although the Green Revolution has
greatly expanded worldwide farm production since 1950, poverty stubbornly persists in Africa,
Asia and Latin America. Continued improvements in the productivity of large farms may play
the main role in boosting food supply, but local efforts to provide cheap, individual irrigation
systems to small farms may offer a better way to lift people out of poverty.
B. The Green Revolution was designed to increase the overall food supply, not to raise the
incomes of the rural poor, so it should be no surprise that it did not eradicate poverty or hunger.
India, for example, has been self-sufficient in food for 15 years, and its granaries are full, but
more than 200 million Indians - one fifth of the country's population - are malnourished because
they cannot afford the food they need and because the country's safety nets are deficient. In 2000,
189 nations committed to the Millennium Development Goals, which called for cutting world
poverty in half by 2015. With business as usual, however, we have little hope of achieving most
of the Millennium goals, no matter how much money rich countries contribute to poor ones.
C. The supply-driven strategies of the Green Revolution, however, may not help subsistence
farmers, who must play to their strengths to compete in the global marketplace. The average size
of a family farm is less than four acres in India, 1.8 acres in Bangladesh and about half an acre in
China. Combines and other modern farming tools are too expensive to be used on such small
areas. An Indian farmer selling surplus wheat grown on his one-acre plot could not possibly
compete with the highly efficient and subsidized Canadian wheat farms that typically stretch
over thousands of acres. Instead subsistence farmers should exploit the fact that their labor costs
are the lowest in the world, giving them a comparative advantage in growing and selling high-
value, intensely farmed crops.
D. Paul Polak saw firsthand the need for a small-scale strategy in 1981 when he met Abdul
Rahman, a farmer in the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. From his three quarter-acre plots of
rain-fed rice fields, Abdul could grow only 700 kilograms of rice each year - 300 kilograms less
than what he needed to feed his family. During the three months before the October rice harvest
came in, Abdul and his wife had to watch silently while their three children survived on one meal
a day or less. As Polak walked with him through the scattered fields he had inherited from his
father, Polak asked what he needed to move out of poverty. "Control of water for my crops," he
said, "at a price I can afford."
E.Soon Polak learned about a simple device that could help Abdul achieve his goal: the treadle
pump. Developed in the late 1970s by Norwegian engineer Gunnar Barnes, the pump is operated

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by a person walking in place on a pair of treadles and two handle arms made of bamboo.
Properly adjusted and maintained, it can be operated several hours a day without tiring the users.
Each treadle pump has two cylinders which are made of engineering plastic. The diameter of a
cylinder is 100.5mm and the height is 280mm. The pump is capable of working up to a
maximum depth of 7 meters. Operation beyond 7 meters is not recommended to preserve the
integrity of the rubber components. The pump mechanism has piston and foot valve assemblies.
The treadle action creates alternate strokes in the two pistons that lift the water in pulses.
F. The human-powered pump can irrigate half an acre of vegetables and costs only $25
(including the expense of drilling a tube well down to the groundwater). Abdul heard about the
treadle pump from a cousin and was one of the first farmers in Bangladesh to buy one. He
borrowed the $25 from an uncle and easily repaid the loan four months later. During the five-
month dry season, when Bangladeshis typically farm very little, Abdul used the treadle pump to
grow a quarter-acre of chili peppers, tomatoes, cabbage and eggplants. He also improved the
yield of one of his rice plots by irrigating it. His family ate some of the vegetables and sold the
rest at the village market, earning a net profit of $100. With his new income, Abdul was able to
buy rice for his family to eat, keep his two sons in school until they were 16 and set aside a little
money for his daughter's dowry. When Polak visited him again in 1984, he had doubled the size
of his vegetable plot and replaced the thatched roof on his house with corrugated tin. His family
was raising a calf and some chickens. He told me that the treadle pump was a gift from God.
G. Bangladesh is particularly well suited for the treadle pump because a huge reservoir of
groundwater lies just a few meters below the farmers' feet. In the early 1980s IDE initiated a
campaign to market the pump, encouraging 75 small private-sector companies to manufacture
the devices and several thousand village dealers and tube-well drillers to sell and install them.
Over the next 12 years one and a half million farm families purchased treadle pumps, which
increased the farmers' net income by a total of $150 million a year. The cost of IDE's market-
creation activities was only $12 million, leveraged by the investment of $37.5 million from the
farmers themselves. In contrast, the expense of building a conventional dam and canal system to
irrigate an equivalent area of farmland would be in the range of $2,000 per acre, or $1.5 billion.

Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the view of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1………….. It is more effective to resolve poverty or food problem in large scale rather
than in small scale.

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2…………….. Construction of gigantic dams costs more time in developing countries
3…………….. Green revolution foiled to increase global crop production from the mid of
20th century
4 …………….. Agricultural production in Bangladesh declined in last decade
5 …………….. Farmer Abdul Rahman knew how to increase production himself
6....................... Small pump spread into big project in Bangladesh in the past decade

Questions 7-10
Filling the blanks in diagram of treadle pump's each parts:
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer
7..........
8……..
9..........
10........

Questions 11-13
Answer the questions below
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer.
11 How large area can a treadle pump irrigate the field at a low level of expense? 11.....................
12 What is Abdul's new roof made of?12...
13 How much did Bangladesh farmers invest by IDE's stimulation?13........

READING PASSAGE 2

Coastal Archaeology of Britain

A The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of
the most important developments of recent years. Some elements of this enormous resource have
long been known. The so-called 'submerged forests' off the coasts of England, sometimes with
clear evidence of human activity, had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the

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eighteenth century but serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological
potential of the coast only since the early 1980s.
B It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. In the
1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled
over into a much broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew; the prospect of rising
sea levels over the next century, and their impact on current coastal environments, has been a
particular focus for concern. At the same time, archaeologists were beginning to recognize that
the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having
an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast.
C The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post-glacial period has
been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land, as the glaciers melted and the
landmass readjusted. The encroachment of the sea, the loss of huge areas of land now under the
North Sea and the English Channel, and especially the loss of the land bridge between England
and France, which finally made Britain an island, must have been immensely significant factors
in the lives of our prehistoric ancestors. Yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted
to these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in discussions of the period. One
factor contributing to this has been that, although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively
well documented, we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. This was
affected by many processes, mostly quite, which have not yet been adequately researched. The
detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human
use will be an important theme for future research.
D So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that each of
the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone, whether being eroded or exposed
as a buried land surface, is derived from what was originally terres-trial occupation. Its current
location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes, and it can tell us little
about past adaptations to the sea. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context
of other related evidence from dry land sites. Nevertheless, its physical environment means that
preservation is often excellent, for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the
Stumble in Essex.
E In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what
was a coastal environment, and elsewhere along the modem coast there is similar evidence.
Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities
offered by the sea and the coast, it is both diverse and as yet little understood. We are not yet in a
position to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the
extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past, what percentage of the
population at any time lived within reach of the sea, or whether human settlements in coastal
environments showed a distinct character from those inland.
F The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats, yet we still have much to
learn about their production and use. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not
unexpectedly of post-medieval date, and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research which has

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as yet been little used. The prehistoric sewn-plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary
and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC; after this there is a gap in the record
of a millennium, which cannot yet be explained, before boats reappear, but built using a very
different technology. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much
of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it, Boats were some of the most complex
artefacts produced by pre-modem societies and further research on their production and use
make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and
technological change,
G Boats needed landing places, yet here again our knowledge is very patchy in many cases the
natural shores and beaches would have sufficed leaving little or no archaeological trace, but
especially in later periods, many ports and harbors as well as smaller facilities such as quays
wharves and jetties, were built. Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of
some of our more important Roman and medieval towns very little attention has been paid to the
multitude of smaller landing places Redevelopment of harbor sites and other development and
natural pressures along the coast are subjecting these important locations to unprecedented
threats, yet few surveys of such sites have been undertaken
H One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial
activity along the coast. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities,
but even here our knowledge is patchy Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological
trace, and one of the surprises of recent survey has been the extent of past investment in facilities
for procuring fish and shellfish Elaborate wooden fish weirs often of considerable extent and
responsive to aerial photography in shallow water. have been identified in areas such as Essex
and the Severn estuary, The production of salt, especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman
periods, has been recognized for some time, especially in the Thames estuary and around the
Solent and Poole Harbor, but the reasons for the decline of that industry and the nature of later
coastal salt working are much less well understood. Other industries were also located along the
coast, either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport:
mineral resources such as sand, gravel, stone coal, ironstone, and alum were all exploited. These
industries are poorly documented, but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking
I Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains preserved in the
coastal zone, albeit only in preliminary form, can thus * be gained from recent work, but the
complexity of the problem of managing that resource is also being realised The problem arises
not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains, but also from two other
sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource, and the complex web of
organisations with authority over or interests in the coastal zone Human threats include the
redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas and the increased importance of the
coast for the leisure and tourism industries, resulting in pressure for the increased provision of
facilities such as marinas The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage
caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone The most significant natural threat
is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century especially in the south and east of England.
Its impact on archaeology is not easy to predict, and though it is likely to be highly localized it

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will be at a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites: Thus protecting one site may
simply result in transposing the threat to a point further along the coast The management of the
archaeological remains will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider
geographical scale than is common in the case of dry land sites, and this will pose a serious
challenge for archaeologists

Questions 14-16
Choose the correct letter. A. B. C or D
Write your answers in boxes 14-16 on vour answer sheet
14 What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years?
A Golds and jewelleries in the ships that have submerged
B The rising awareness of climate change
C Forests under the sea
D Technological advance in the field of sea research
15 What does the passage say about the evidence of boats?
A We have a good knowledge of how boats were made and what boats were for prehistorically
B. Most of the boats discovered was found in harbors
The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years
D The way to build boats has remained unchanged throughout humar, history
16 What can be discovered from the air ?
A Salt mines
B Shellfish
C Ironstones
D Fisheries
Questions 17-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
In boxes 17-23 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true,
FALSE if the statement is false,
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

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17 England lost much of its land after the ice-age due to the rising sea level.
18 The coastline of England has changed periodically.
19 Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by seawater.
20 The design of boats used by pre-modern people was very simple.
21 Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries.
22 There are a few documents relating to mineral exploitation.
23 Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore.

Questions 24-26
Choose THREE letters A-G
Write your answer in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet
Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage?
A Our prehistoric ancestors adjusted to the environmental change caused by the rising sea level
by moving to higher lands.
B It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea.
C Human settlements in the coastal environment were different from that inland D Our
knowledge of boat evidence is limited.
E The prehistoric boats were built mainly for collecting sand from the river.
F Human development threatens the archaeological remains.
GThe reason for the decline of the salt industry was the shortage of laborers.

READING PASSAGE 3

Biology of Bitterness
To many people grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar Bitter Blockers like adenosine
monophosphate could change that
A.
There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses most people don't want to drink
more than a few ounces at a time aringin, a natural chemical compound found.in grapefruit,
tastes bitter Some people like that bitterness in small doses and believe it enhances the general
flavor, but others would rather avoid it altogether. So juice packagers often select grapefruit with

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low naringin though the compound has antioxidant properties that some nutritionists contend
may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis
B.
It is possible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bitter taste: found that
out by participating in a test conducted at the Linguagen Corporation, a biotechnology company
in Cranbury New Jersey Sets of two miniature white paper cups labeled 304and 305, were placed
before five people seated around a conference table Each of us drank from one cup and then the
other, cleansing our palates between tastes with water and a soda cracker. Even the smallest sip
of 304 had grapefruit s unmistakable bitter bite. But 305 was smoother there was the sour taste of
citrus but none of the bitterness of naringin. This juice had been treated with adenosine
monophosphate, or AMP a compound that blocks the bitterness in foods without making them
less nutritious
C.
Taste research is a booming business these days with scientists delving into all five basics-sweet
bitter, sour, salty, and umami, the savory taste of protein. Bitterness is of special interest to
industry because of its untapped potential in food. There are thousands of bitter-tasting
compounds in nature. They defend plants by warning animals away and protect animals by
letting them know when a plant may be poisonous But the system isn't foolproof. Grapefruit and
cruciferous vegetable like Brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious despite and sometimes because
of their bitter-tasting components Over time, many people have learned to love them at least in
small doses. Humans are the only species that enjoys bitter taste. says Charles Zuker, a
neuroscientist at the University of California School of Medicine at San Diego. "Every other
species is averse to bitter because it means bad news But we have learned to enjoy it. We drink
coffee which is bitter, and quinine [in tonic water] too. We enjoy having that spice in our lives.
Because bitterness can be pleasing in small quantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers
like AMP could make a whole range of foods, drinks and medicines more palatable-and
therefore more profitable
D.
People have varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear to be genetic
About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bitter compounds
phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil, and 25 percent are insensitive Those who are
sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be less likely than others to eat cruciferous vegetables
according to Stephen Wooding a geneticist at the University of Utah Some people known as
supertasters, are especially sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouraci because they have an unusually high
number of taste buds Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter tasting things, including
vegetable, coffee, and dark chocolate. Perhaps as a result they tend to be thin They're also less
fond of alcoholic drinks, which are often slightly bitter Dewar's scotch, for instance, tastes
somewhat sweet to most people. But a supertaster tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness, says
Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of dietetics at the University of Connecticut at Storrs

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E.
In one recent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, on average, only
two to three times a week, compared with five or six times for the average nontasters Each taste
bud, which looks like an onion, consists of 50 to 100 elongated cells running from the top of the
bud to the bottom. At the top is a little clump of receptors that capture the taste molecules,
known as tastants, in food and drink. The receptors function much like those for sight and smell.
Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via proteins known as G proteins. The G
protein involved in the perception of bitterness sweetness, and umami was identified in the early
1990s by Linguagen's founder, Robert Margolskee at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New
York City Known as gustducin, the protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to
changes in ion concentrations: within the cell Ultimately, this delivers a signal to the brain that
registers as bitter. The signaling system is like a bucket brigade, Margolskee says "It goes from
the G protein to other proteins.”
F.
In 2000 Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code for bitter-taste
receptors. "We knew the number would have to be large because there is such a large universe of
bitter tastants, Zuker says. Yet no matter which tastant enters the mouth or which receptor it
attaches to bitter always tastes the same to us. The only variation derives from its intensity and
the ways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell. Taste cells are like a light switch,
Zuker says. They are either on or off.
G.
Once they figured put the taste mechanism, scientists began to think of ways to interfere with it.
They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk and other substances, which is
created as cells break down food. Amp has no bitterness of its own, but when put it in foods,
Margolskee and his colleagues discovered, it attaches to bitter-taste receptors As effective as it
is, AMP may not be able to dampen every type pf bitter taste, because it probably doesn't attach
to all 30 bitter-taste receptors. So Linguagen has scaled up the hunt for other bitter blockers with
a technology called high-throughput screening Researchers start by coaxing cells in culture to
activate bitter-taste receptors. Then candidate substances culled from chemical compound
libraries, are dropped onto the receptors, and scientists look for evidence of a reaction
H.
Tin time, some taste researchers believe compounds like AMP will help make processed foods
less unhealthy. Consider, for example, that a single cup of Campbell's chicken noodle soup
contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride, or table salt-more than a third of the recommended
daily allowance. The salt masks the bitterness created by the high temperatures used in the
canning process, which cause sugars and amino acids to react. Part of the salt could be replaced
by another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be scarce in some people's diets. Potassium
chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be eliminated with a dose of AMP. Bitter blockers
could also be used in place of cherry or grape flavoring to take the harshness out of children's

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cough syrup, and they could dampen the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV
drugs, and other medications.
I.
A number of foodmakers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products, and
other bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in La Jolla, California.
In a few years, perhaps, after food companies have taken the bitterness from canned soup and TV
dinners, they can set their sights on something more useful: a bitter blocker in a bottle that any of
us can sprinkle on our brussels sprouts or stir into our grapefruit juice.

Questions 27-34
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-I
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 27-34
on your answer sheet
27……….Experiment on bitterness conducted
28.............Look into the future application
29……….Bitterness means different information for human and animals
30…….... Spread process of bitterness inside of body
31............ How AMP blocks bitterness
32……….Some bitterness blocker may help lower unhealthy impact
33……….Bitterness introduced from a fruit
34……….Genetic feature determines sensitivity

Question 35-38
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two
words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 35-38 on your
answer sheet

The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called 35......contained in it.
However, bitterness plays a significant role for plants. It gives a signal that certain plant is
36................. For human beings, different person carries various genetic abilities of tasting
bitterness According to a scientist at the University of Utah,37.......have exceptionally plenty of
38………perceive bitter compounds which allows them to

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Questions 39-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet
39 What is the main feature of AMP according to this passage?
A offset bitter flavour in food
B only exist in 304 cup
C tastes like citrus
D chemical reaction when meets biscuit
40 What is the main function of G protein?
A collecting taste molecule
B identifying different flavors elements
C resolving large molecules
D transmitting bitter signals to the brain

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