FLASH MIXERS:

Flash iIN lure ale uscd to achieve quickly mixng and then the ransfer watcr PRINCIPLES OF FILTERATIONS
lrom he (lash uxure (o the slow mixturc known as Hoc watcr allowing watcr to pass through a thick
luyCr of
Proccss 0 filration consists of he

sund.
Co.agulant p1pe
Drrving unil
Principles of filtration are: through the
participles which are unable to pass
Inlet Outlet
(DMechanical straining: The suspended straining.
mcchanical
arrested and arc removcd by
voids of sand grains arc or less like small
Vertical shaft grains of filter act morc
voids betwccn sands
Dellceting wall (2) Sedimentation: The atested in thcsc voids. at
here to the
of impurilies
sedimentation tanks .The particle
l Paddle rennoved by the action of sedimentaion.
the
participles of sand grains and are
I Dainvalve
Flash mixer (3)Biological metabolism: the biological metabolism.
thc living cclls is known as
Fig.6.3 The growth and silt proccss of zoological jelly or film is
voids of sand grains, a
When the bacteria are caught in the large colonies of living bacteria
grains. This filmn contains
formed around the sand such
Fig.6.3. shows a typical lash mixcr.The mixing is achicvcd by a rotating paddlc situatcd at in water. They convert
bacteria feeds on the organic impurities contained
the lower end of the vertical shaft. The incoming water is defected toward the moving paddle .The biochemical reaction.
compounds by the complex
impurities in to harm less whit opposite
by deflecting wall. substance
to this theory when two
The coagulants are brought by coagulant pipe and also discharge just near the (4)Electrolytic changes: According electric charges are
neutralized
other, the
in to contact with each
rotating fan. clectric charges are brought
chemical substances are formed.
Adriane valuc is providing to remove sludge from the bottom of flash mixture. and in doing so, new filter are chargcd with
electricity
some of the sand grains of
Itis observed that
Figure beclow shows a typical flocculator. The slow mixing is achieved by contain electricity
and dissolved matter
when particle of suspended
rotating paddles. The paddles usually make about 2 to 3 revolted per minute. of some polarity. Hence, sand grains they neutral
each other and
contact with such
come into
of opposite polarity of water.
characteristics
alteration of chemical
neutralize result in the
FILTRATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS:
NECESSITY: the following:
6 The filters are classified in to
< The sedimentation tanks remove a large perce4ntage of the suspended solids and the () Slow sand filter
organic matter present in raw water.
(2) Rapid sand flitter.
The process of coagulation further assists in the removal of impurities present in the following two calegories.
further subdivided into the
The rapid sand Glters are
water .But even then: the resultant water is not pure and may contain soine very fine
Gravity typesrapid sand filter.
suspended part1cles, bacteria etc.
Pressurc type rapidsand filtcr. .On the consideration
of
In order to remove or to reduce the content of impurities still further, the water is rate of filtration
* classification is based on the
The above follows.
filtered through the beds of fine granular material like sand .The process of passing pressure the filters may be classified as
the gravity and
though the bed such granular material is known as filtration

45 46
 lers

!
Gralvit flters Pressure filters

Slow sand flters Rap1d sand thlters

Lateral drains
filter
Conbinng the above iwO cBassification, there are following three typcs of fillcrs. Plan of slow sand
Fig.64
I) slow sand filter
2) Rapid sand filter under
&it is placed on the top of
The base material is gravels
3) pressure filter (3) BASE MATERIAL:
drainage system
SLOW SAND FILTERS:
300mm to 750mm It is
usually graded and laid in layers
(1)PURPOSE : Incase of slowsand filtration the water is allowed to pass slowly Its depth varies from should
should be small size gravel and the lowest layer
topmost layer
through a layer of sand placed above the base of the ,material and thus the of I50nmm.The material.
Followings is a typical section of base
gravel.
purification process are at simultaneously improving the biological chemical and be of bigger size
depth -size 3mmto 6mm
physical characteristic of water. Top most layerl50mm
20mm
150mm depth-size ómm to
The slow sand filraion is very well suitcd for rural are as in developing countrics
150mm depth -size 20mm to
because of its simple operation and maintains procedure s. It thus provides safe
to 65mm
150mmn depth - size 4Omm
dinking water at low recurrent cost.
Total 600mm depth.
ESSENTIAL PARTS: A slows sandfilter consist of the following five parts. ".
OF SAND:
(I)Enciosure tank (Iv) FILTER MEDIA
above the gravels.
(2)Under drzinage system A layer of sand placed 900mm.
(3) Base material varies from 600mmto
The depth of sand layer
(4)Filte media or sand 0.30nm & the unifomity cp
effective size of sand varies from 0.20 mm to
(5) Appurtenances. The
3 ENCLOSURE TANK: A water -tight tank is constructed either in stone masonry or efficient about 2 to 3. removal
of filter regarding the
brick masonry .The sides &floor are also coated with water proof material.The bed better willbe the efficiency
The finer the sand, the
slope is 2bout bl in 100 to 1 in 200 towards. The central drain. The depth of tank is that case, the output from the flitter is lowered.
of bacteriabut in
zbout 2.5Om to 3.5Om .The surface area of a slow sand filter may vary from 30m to (v) APPURTENANCE:
for the efficient
working of slow
2000m or even more appurtenances are to be installed
The various
UNDER DRAINAGESYSTEM: The under drainage system consists of a central drain sand filter. above
controlling depth of water
2nd lzter2l draín as shOwn in the fig. 6,4 measuring loss of head for
The devices for hrougn niter ur to be
suitably
rate of iows
The leteral drain is placed at a distance of about 2.5 m to 3.5m and they are sand laycr. And for
minting
stopped at z distznce of zbout b500mm to 800mm from the walls of the tanks. The drains installed. poper tunctuon of
layer of sand help in
may be pipes which zre laid with open joint. pipe passing through
3 The vertical air
filtering laycr.
4S

47
 (7) 1WORKING &CLEANING:
manufacurers
le waler allowcd to enter the iller ihrough the inlet chanher I desce.ds )d sand filter and ost ol them are patcnted by the
drainagcsystem
th sugt: he hller med1a and durng L.1s process it gets purilicd *Tol'oving are (wo coMiON ypcs o1 undcr
Water Is then collected in the outlet chanber and laken to the cleau wale a. peiforated pipe systenm
slorage lank b. pipe and strainer
system
manifold and to
"lhe depth ol water ilter is to be carclully decided. I should neither be t00 1 nthis system there is a central drain or
a) Perforated pipc system:
6.5
drains are allachcd as shown in fig.
Snnall nor (oo high. Gencrally it is kept as cqual lo the lighu of filler media of this manifold the various lateral
cast-iron.
The drains are usually made of
Sand.
distance of about 150mm to 300mm.
For the purpose of cleaning thc top laycr of sand is scrappcd or removed The lateral drains are placcd at a
holes make an
holes at the bottom side and such
through a depth of about 15mm to 25mim. The water is then admiued to the The lateral drains are provided with
shown in fig. 6.5
(ilter. Bul the purificd water is not laken into use until he formation ilm angle of 20° with the vertical as
and simple in operation.
around sand grain occurs. The perforated pipe system is economical
drain or manifold with
(8) RA TE OF FLTCRATION: this system also therc is a ccntral
- TIhc ratc of filtration of a normal slow sand filtcr varics
b) Pipe and strainer sys tem: In this system the
as shown in the fig. But in
from 100 to 200 liters/ hours/ m² of filter area. lateral drains attached on either side
instead of drilling holes.
strainers are placed on lateral drains
holcs on its
It is closed at top and contains
RAPID SAND FILTERS (GRAVITY TYPE): - A straincr is a small pipc of brass.
1) Purposc: The grcat disadvantages of a slowv sand filter are that it requires surface as shown in fig.6.5
fixed on the top of lateral drains.
considcrable space for its installation. This requirement makes it uneconomical for The strainers are either screwed or
adopted the compressed air is used for the
placcs where land values are,high. .. When pipe and strainer system is
saving of wash water.
Thc difficulty of rcquiring moves space for slow sand filters can be obviated purpose of washing the filter. This resul ts in
designing the under drainage system:
by increasing the rate of filtration which is accomplished in rapid sand filter by Following general rules should be observed in
diameter should not exceed 20.
increasing I. The ratio of length of lateral drain to its
area
the size of sand. sectional area of central drain should be about twice the cross sectional
The cross
2) Essential parts: - Fig shows the layout of a typical rapid sand filter (gravity type ).It of lateral drain.
filter
perforations should be about 0.20% of the total
consists of the following five parts. III. The total cross sectionål area of
i) Enclosure tank area.
total cross
should be about two to four times the
ii) Under drainage system IV. The cross sectional area of lateral
iii)Base material sectional area of perforations in it.
should be of diameter 6mm to 12mm.
iv) Filtcr media V The perforations in the lateral drain
200mm
perforation in the lateral drain should vary from 75mm to
v) Appurtenances VI. The spacing of
1) Enciosure Tank. A walerigit (ank is consirucled eitlier of uasUnty on concrete. CEnler lo cenler
top .of under
material is gravel and it is faced on the
The side and floor arc also coatcd with walerproof material. (iii)BASE MATERAIL: The base
The depth of tank is about 2.5m to 3.5m. clrainage systenm.
**The surface area of a exit of rapid sand filter varies Srom 1Om' to 30m2.
50
49
 Jnd vegetable matter Cocficicnt

uf sand is betuccn 1.2O to 1.70.Thus thc spic of voids betwCen sad nartlCs Is
increased and il resul in the incrCase rae ilration.
Wash waer storacc tank

From coaguluton
sedimen1aton tunk
Air compressor unit (v) APPURTENANCES:
Walcr level while fillering
; Waler levcl wh1le washing a) AIR cOMPRESsORS: Thc agitation of sand grains during washing of filter is carried
out either by compressed air or by watcr jet or by mechanical rakes. When air is to be used an
Wash

Iroughs
air compressor of required capacity should be installed.
b) WASH- WATER THROUGHS: The dirty water after washing of filter is collected in
hHHHIHl)
Sand

wash water through or gutter which is placed above sand bed level.
c) RATE CONTROL: There are various devices which may be fitted at the outlet end of
Main drain
the fiitcr to conrol the rate of flow.
Laleral drains Wash walcr pipc
3) Working and cleaning: -
Wush water drain The working of aapid gravity filter can be understood by referring to fig. 6.5. The
numbers placcd ncar valucs indicate thc following:
To filtercd wuler Valve l - Inlet valve.
slorage tank
Valve 2- Filtered water storage tank valve.
Layout of a typical rapid sand filter (gravity type)
Valve 3 Waste water Valve to drain water from inlet chamber.
Fig.6.5
Valve 4- Wash water storage tank Valve
The gravel particle should be durable, hard, round and strong.
Valvc 5- Waste water Valve to drain water from main drain.
The depth of base malerial varies from 450mmto 600mmgravel .It is usually graded
and laid in layers of 150mm. Valve 6- Compressed air Valve
* The Valve I is opened and the water from coagulated sedimentation tank is allowed to
$ The topmost layer should be of small seize of gravel and the lower layer should be of
enter the filter.
big size gravel.
Following is a typical section of base material: The Valve 2 is opened to carry filtered water to the filter water storage tank. All other
Top most layer 150mmdepth -size3mm to 6 mm Valves are kept in closed position. Thus when filter is in working condition only
Valves l and 2 are in open position.
Intermediate layer {150nm deptl1-size6 nto 12uut
{150mm depth -size 12mm to 20mm
When the filter requires cleaning or washing it is carried out follows.

Lower layer 150mm depth- size 20 mm to40mm I The Valves l and 2 are closed.
Total 60Omm denth The Valves 4 and 6 are opened out. The wash water is then forced in the
(iv) FILTER MEDIA OF SAND: A layer of sand is placed above gravel. upward direction through the under drainage system, basc matcrial and filtcr
*The depth of sand layer varies from 600mm t0 90Omm. media of sand. The compressed air assists the cleaning process of filters.
* THE coarse sar:d is used as ilter media. II: The Valve 6 is closed and the Valve 3 is opened out to carry dirty water
through the inlet chanber to the wash water drain.
S1
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