The

Textbook of

Biology
Pre Class 9 th
According to new Single National
Curriculam 2020 Vol-3

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook Board

Peshawar
Developed by DNM & DWK Textbook Making Company
Approved by Ministry of Federal Education &
Professional Training Vide NOC
1 1237-Vol-3/Biology/KPKTBBP
Biology Class 9th
Author’ :
1. Mr. Daniyal Khan (Chairman )
2. Mr. Main Sajjad (B. S Biology)
3. Mr. Abid Khan (B. S Zoology)
4. Mr. Hadayat Ali Khan (M.Phil Microbiology , Ph. D Virology)
Focal Person :
Zulfiqar Khan (Director Text book Board Peshawar))
Reviewer’s :
1. Mr. Farhatullah ( Professer )
2. Mr. Abid Khan (B.S Zoology)
3. Mr. Sajjad (B. S Biology)
4. Mr. Jahangir Khan (B. S Bio Chemistry)
Editor’s :
Mansab Ali Photoshop Akbarpura , Daniyal Khan
Additional Information’ s :
Contact Number : 03158686273
Email : [email protected]
Chairman DNM & DWK Textbook Making Company .

Chairman Massage :
Daniyal Khan :
Dear Students,

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Biology Class 9th
Welcome to a new academic year at [DNM & DWK
Textbooks Making Company]. Our institution is committed
to providing an educational experience that aligns with the
standards of the Single National Curriculum (SNC) of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). We believe in fostering not
only academic excellence but also the holistic development
of each student. Engage actively in your studies,
participate in extracurricular activities, and seek support
whenever needed. Remember, education is a collaborative
effort, and your success reflects your dedication and the
support of your teachers, peers, and family.

Warm Regards
Daniyal Khan
Chairman

Table of Contents for Grade 9 Biology

1. Introduction to Biology
1.1 Definition and Scope … .. … .. … .. … … … .. … … .. … … .
1.2 Importance of Biology … .. … .. … .. … … … .. … … .. … …
1.3 Branches of Biology … .. … .. … .. … … … .. … … .. … … ..

2. Immunology
2.1 Definition & Scope …………………..… ….. . … … … …. .. … .
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 2.2 Immune System and Antibodies ….. . … .. … .. … .. … .. …
2.3 Inflection Diseases … . .. … … ….. .. … … ….. . … … …… .. .

3. Physiology :
2.1 Circulatory System…….,…………… .. … .. … .. … … … .. …
2.2 Respiratory System … .. … .. … .. … … … .. … … .. … … … .

4. Plant System :
3.1 Root System … … … .. … .. … … … .. … .. ……..… … .. … ..
3.2 Shoot System … .. … … .. … .. … .. …………………… .. … .. .
3.3 Hierarchy of Taxonomy … … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … …. .. …
3.4 Xylem & Phloem … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. …………………..
3.5 Transpiration … … … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. .. .. … ..

5. Enzymes :
5.1 Definition & Scope … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … ..
5.2 Lock & Key Model … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … ..
5.3 Induced Fix Model … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … …
5.4 PH of Enzyme… .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … … .. …
5.5 Characteristics of Enzymes … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … ..

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5
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1.1Definition & Scope of Biology :
1.1.1 Biology :
Biology is a Greek word with the combination of two terminology’s
“Bio” means “Life” & “Logy” means “Study” So, the branch of
science in which we deal with the study about life . In 1736
Swedish Scientist Carolus Linnaeus give the name of “Biology”.

1.1.2 Scope of Biology :

 Major Branches of Biology :
There are three major branches of Biology :
1. Zoology
2. Micro Biology
3. Botany
Botany :
The Branch of Biology in which we study about plants . The father
of Botany is Theophrastus in (371-287 BC) . The Greek philosher
Aristotle collect the information about Plants. But in actual he was
the student of Theophrastus
Micro Biology :

The branch of Biology in which we study about Micro organisms .

According to the report of BBC Anton’s Walls Levan Hooke is
known as the father of Microbiology because he observe the
Microorganisms in Microscope in (1632-1736)
Zoology :
The branch of Biology in which we study about Animals. The
ancient Greek philosher Aristotle is known as the father of Zoology.

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He work on “Historia Animalium” and give the study about
animals. He also classified all the organisms in to five Kingdoms .

 Sub Branches of Biology :

According to the report of BIPG There are total 18 Sub branches of
Biology . Some of the following are given bellow :
Morphology :
The word “Morph” means
“Formation” the sub branch
biology in which we deal with
the study about External
Structure of Organisms .
Morphology was develop by
“Johann Wolfgang von Goethe” In
(1790)
Anatomy :
The word “Ana” means “up” & “tomy” means “Cutting” the sub
branch of biology in which we study about Internal Structures of
Living Organisms . The father of Modern Anatomy is “Andreas
Vesalius” he describes the public dissection of humans corpses.
Histology :
The sub branch of biology in which we study about Microscope for
the study of plants & animals tissues . Marcello Malpighi was the
scientist who observe capillaries and thus he is known as true
Father of Histology
Physiology :
The word “Physic” means “function” the sub branch of biology in
which we study about function of parts of living organisms. Jean

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Fernel was the first French scientist who use the term
“Physiology”.
Embryology :
The sub branch of biology in which we study about Embryo and
development of Embryo to Zygote . Jorge Kimble was the father of
Embryology .
Taxonomy :
The word “Taxon” means “Arrangement” and “Nomy” means
“Distribution” the sub branch of Biology in which we study about
arrangement & distribution of living organisms into group and sub
groups.
Paleontology :
The word “Paleous” means “Ancient” the sub branch of biology in
which we study about fossils of extinct organisms form earth .
There are two types of Paleontology 1. Palobotany 2. Palozoology
in Palobotany we study plant fossils on the other hand in
palozoology we study animals fossils .
Immunology :
The sub branch of Biology in which we study about immune
system of animals. In1798 Levies Pasteur use the term
Immunology.
Entomology :
The word “Entomon” means “Insects” the sub branch of biology in
which we study about Insects. William Kirby was known as the
father of Immunology
Parasitology :

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The sub branch of Biology in which we study about Parasites their
hosts and the relationship between them. Francesco Redi was
known as the father of Parasitology .
Pharmacology :
The sub branch of Biology in which we study about scientific study
of drugs , their formation and its effects. Oswald Schmiedeberg
was known as the founder of Pharmacology .

1.2Importance of Biology :
Biology is very important in our life because it serves widely in the
nature. Through the study of biology we know all the common
problems in our body. Different scientists work on biology and
described different things which is very important in today’s time
as like. For example if we adopt the career of Medicines & Surgery
we diagnosis and treat of human disease . Removal of stones from
kidney and liver etc. Biology plays very curical role in our life
without biology life can not be exist .

1.4Biology is Multi disciplinary Science :

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Biology Class 9th
Biology is not an isolated subject but it is also a multidisciplinary
science because it has a great relationship with other fields of
sciences such as ;
Biophysics :
The study of biological process
with the help of principles of
physics is known as Biophysics.
The understanding of physics for a
biologist helps in using the
principles and techniques of
physics it is developed after World
War 2.
For Example :
Using of Radiation in X-rays , CT Scan , MRI and UT machines for
dignoses propose .
Use physiology , Bio energetics and pharmacology etc.
Biochemistry :
The relation of chemicals with biological process with chemical
substances occur in living organisms as like photosynthesis ,
Respiration etc.
For Example :
Structure and Function of biological molecules such as
carbohydrates , Fats , proteins and Nucleic Acid etc.
Biogeography :
The study geographical distribution of living organisms in
different geographical reigns of all the world is called
Biogeography. Scientists study on the different animals
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Biology Class 9th
distribution understand the distribution of animals in the
world .
For Example :
In biogeography we study why polar bears only in arctic

region .

Biometry / Bio Statistics :

Biometry deals with the study about biological data using
mathematical techniques . After experimental work biologists
apply the rules of statistics to analyze the research data .
For Example :
Used in research fields
Used for agricultural and medical research
Used for test reports

1.5 Careers in Biology :

Biological science is related to a wide range of professions. Some
of the following are given bellow :
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Fisheries :
1. This profession is related to the fish production .
2. In this field biologist study the various aspects of fishes.
3. You can adopt this career after completing the Masters in
Zoology .
Medicine & Surgery :
1. This profession is related to the medicines that is related with
the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.
2. In the surgery the part of body us removed or replaced for
example removal of stones through renal surgery and etc.
3. After studying biology in higher secondary level, a student
becomes a medical doctor after completing (MBBS , FCPS &
BDS).

No A . Shows the Sugary & No B. Shows the Department

of Fisheries
Agriculture :
1. The science of farming includes the growing of plants g crops .
2. Agriculturalist study the crops like Wheat, Rice etc.
3. In Pakistan there are many agriculture universities .

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 4. Agriculturalists may work in the agriculture department ,
veterinary and pharmaceutical industries and banks etc.
Farming :
1. In farming forms are developed for animal breeding , poultry,
fruits etc
2. A students can adopt this field after course in forestry after
the higher secondary education in Botany .
Forestry :
1. It is the art of sciencefor managing forests it concerned with ;
2. Growing forests to
provide timbers.
3. For the protection of
wildlife organisms .
4. For development of
natural resources .

1.6 Five Kingdom

System of Classification :
In 1969 Robert Whittaker introduced five kingdom system of
classification. According to this system all living organisms are
categorized into five system.
Kingdom Monera :
1. This kingdom Contains only prokaryotic Organisms .

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Biology Class 9th
 2. All these organisms are unicellular .
3. All these organisms
are microscopic .
4. Nuclear member
organelle are absent .
5. Their cell wall is
made up from
Murine.
6. They are smaller
than all living
organisms .
Kingdom Animalia : This Figure Shows the Kingdom
Monera
1. This kingdom
includes eukaryotic
Organisms . This Figure Contains Kingdom
Fungi
2. Also contain Multi
cellular organisms .
3. Their centrioles are
present in the cells .
4. They cannot prepare
their own food .
They are autotrophic
This Figure shows the
. This Figure includes Kingdom
Kingdom
5. This kingdom Plantae
Animalia
contains both
Vertebrates and Kingdom Animalia contains
invertebrates 12450000 organisms on the
organisms . earth

Kingdom Fungi :

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 1. They are Eukaryotic Unicellular organisms .
2. They are heterotrophs.
3. Their cell wall is made up from Chitin .
4. They cannot make their own food .
Kingdom Plantae :
1. They includes eukaryote Multicellular Organisms .
2. They are autotropic .
3. They make their own food .
4. Their cell wall is made up from cellulose .
5. They secure their own food in the form of Starch
Kingdom Protista :
1. This kingdom contains both Prokaryote and eukaryote
organisms.
2. They are unicellular .
3. They are both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic .
4. Usually contains inhabit aquatic environment.

1.7 Contribution of Muslim Scientists :

Jabir Bin Hayan :
Jabir bin hayan was born in 721 A. D in Iran. He known as Father of
Chemistry. He is also known as Geber in Europe. He wrote a
number of books on plants & animals. In Al- Nabatat book he
discussed various aspects of plants life and forms. In Al-Hayawan
book he described variety of animals and their structures. He was
dead in Bursa on 815 A. D.

Abdul Malik Asmai :

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He was born in Bursa on 740 A. D. He contributed in Zoology ,
Botany and Animal Husbandry. He was regarded as the
specialist of animal Sciences . He wrote several books contains
Al-Irbil , Al-Kheil , Al -Wahoosh , Al-Sha ans Al-Khaliq ul Insan . He
was dead in 828 A. D.

Bu Ali Sina :
He is also called Avicenna in West . He was born in Bukhara City of
Iraq in 980 A. D. His contribution is in the Medicine field . He was
also called as the Father of Medicine . His famous is “Al-Qunun-
fil-tibb” as known as canon of medicines in west . He dead in 1037
A. D.

Abdul Malik Asmai

Jabir Bin Hayan

1.8 Bio Elements:

Out of 92 natural occurring elements, 16 are called bio Elements.
They takes part in making of body mass of a living organism. In
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these 16 biomolecules , only Six elements oxygen , carbon ,
Hydrogen , Nitrogen , calcium and Phosphorus makes 99% of body
of the total mass on the other hand remaining 10 elements
containing Potassium , Zinc , iodine , Iron , Sulphur , Chlorine ,
Copper , Manganese , Magnesium and Sodium makes 1% of the
total mass.
1.Oxygen 65%
2.Carbon 18%
3.Hydrogen 10%
4.Nitrogen 3%
5.Calcium 2%
6.Phosphorus 1%

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 Chart of Bio elements present on Earth and in universe
in 2024
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 According to the report of BDOIS

1.9 Level of Biological Organization :

 Atom :
The building block of matter and smallest particle of an element is
called Atom. Atom are made up from three sub atomic Particles.
 Sub Atomic
Particles :
An atom is made up from
three sub atomic
particles
Electron (Negatively
Charged particle present
in the nucleus of an
atom)
Proton (Positively
Charged Particles present
in the nucleus of an
atom)
Neutron (it is a Neutral
Particle containing No
Charge )
 Combination of
Atoms :
When Atoms combines or
make bond with each
other they form molecule
 Molecules :

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The combination of Atoms that can exact freely in the nature is
called molecule.
 Types of Molecule on the Basis of Reactivity :
Macro molecule (The molecule which have larger molecular
weight)
Micro molecule (The molecule which have smallar molecular
weight)
 Combination of Molecules :
When molecules Combines they form Compounds
 Organic Compound (Compounds Containing Carbon)
 Inorganic Compound (Compounds except of carbon)
Different molecules g compounds combine and make the cell
 Cell (Basic Structural & Functional unit of life)
 Tissue (The Group of cells that perform similar functions)
 Organ (Combination of Tissues)
 Organ System (Combination of Organs)
 Organisms (Combination of Organ Systems)

1.1Cellular Organization :
In living organisms single cell or many cells combines and form an
body There are Two types of Cellular Organization :
 Unicellular Organization
 Multicellular Organization
Unicellular Organization :
Those organisms which contains Only one cell is called Unicellular
Organization.

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For Example :
Euglena
Volvox
Paramecium
Multi Cellular Organization :
Those organisms which are made up from one are more than one
cells is known as Multicellular organization.
For Example :
Animals
Plants etc.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Who is considered the father of Botany?

a) Aristotle
b) Theophrastus
c) Carolos Linnaeus
d) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

2. What is the primary focus of Zoology?

a) Plants
b) Microorganisms
c) Animals
d) Fungi

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3. Who is known as the father of Microbiology?
a) Andreas Vesalius
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) William Kirby
d) Jean Fernel

4. Which branch of Biology studies the internal structure of

organisms?
a) Morphology
b) Anatomy
c) Histology
d) Physiology

5. Which scientist is recognized as the father of modern Anatomy?

a) Marcello Malpighi
b) Andreas Vesalius
c) Jean Fernel
d) Francesco Redi

6. What does the branch of Histology study?

a) Functions of living organisms
b) Microscopic structure of tissues
c) Fossils of extinct organisms
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 d) Distribution of living organisms

7. Who used the term “Physiology” for the first time?

a) Andreas Vesalius
b) Jean Fernel
c) Marcello Malpighi
d) William Kirby

8. What is the focus of Embryology?

a) External structure of organisms
b) Development of embryos
c) Classification of living organisms
d) Function of body parts

9. Which branch deals with the classification and distribution of

living organisms?
a) Anatomy
b) Taxonomy
c) Physiology
d) Embryology

10. Which scientist is known as the father of Parasitology?

a) Marcello Malpighi
b) Francesco Redi
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 c) Oswald Schmiedeberg
d) Andreas Vesalius

11. Who is known as the father of Pharmacology?

a) Jean Fernel
b) Andreas Vesalius
c) Oswald Schmiedeberg
d) Marcello Malpighi

12. What branch of Biology studies the immune system of

animals?
a) Immunology
b) Entomology
c) Parasitology
d) Physiology

13. Who is known as the father of Immunology

a) William Kirby
b) Levies Pasteur
c) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
d) Francesco Redi

14. Which branch of Biology deals with the study of insects?

a) Zoology
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Biology Class 9th
 b) Entomology
c) Microbiology
d) Botany

15. What is the main focus of Pharmacology?

a) Study of microorganisms
b) Study of drugs and their effects
c) Study of plants
d) Study of animals

Short Questions:
1. Define Biology and mention who coined the term.
2. What are the three major branches of Biology?
3. Name the scientist known as the father of Zoology.
4. Describe the scope of Histology in Biology.
5. Who is recognized as the father of Chemistry among Muslim
scientists?

Long Questions:
1. Discuss the Five Kingdom System of Classification introduced
by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Explain the main characteristics
and examples of each kingdom, and analyze the significance
of this classification system in understanding the diversity of
life forms?

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Biology Class 9th
 2. Examine the contributions of Muslim scientists to the field of
Biology. Highlight the works of Jabir Bin Hayan, Abdul Malik
Asmai, and Bu Ali Sina, detailing their key discoveries and the
impact of their research on modern biological sciences?
3. Explore the scope and applications of Biophysics,
Biochemistry, and Biogeography in contemporary scientific
research. Provide examples of how these interdisciplinary
fields contribute to advancements in medicine, environmental
science, and technology?

4. Analyze the importance of Biology in various career fields

such as Fisheries, Medicine & Surgery, Agriculture, and
Forestry. Discuss how biological knowledge and research are
applied in these professions to solve real-world problems and
improve human life ?

5. Describe the levels of biological organization from atoms to

organisms. Explain how each level contributes to the structure
and function of living beings, and discuss the significance of
cellular organization in maintaining the complexity and
diversity of life forms?

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27
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2.0Introduction :
 Definition & Scope of Immunology :
There are Billions of diseases present in our surrounding. These
agents can enter in our body and cause different types of
Diseases. Some diseases can be life threatening . So, how does
our body takes action against the infections ? Our body has
different mechanisms and a system against theses infection
called Immune System. And the study of Immune system is called
Immunology.

2.1 Immunology :
The sub branch of Biology in which we study about immune
system of animals. In1798 Levies Pasteur use the term
Immunology

Pathogens :
The diseases causing agents called Pathogens. E. G Bacteria ,
Virus & Parasites etc.

2.2 Immune System :

The immune system is the protective system or Defence System
of our body. It protects our body against pathogens. Our Immune
system comprises three main components. Which are given bellow
:
1. White blood cells
2. Factors such as molecules , proteins etc.

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2.3 Antibodies & Antigens:
Antibodies :
Antibodies are the molecules that are produced in the response to
the antigens. Each antigens has a specific antibodies. Which act
against the infection like Parasites , Bacteria , Viruses etc.
Antigens :
Antigens are the foreign particles that enters in the human body.
Incudes Microorganisms , Spores , pollen etc.

2.4 Immunity :
Immunity is a response
against any foreign entity.
That enters in the human
body. The immune system
recognizes the infection or
the particles and genreate
a response against them.

2.5 Types Of Figure Shows the Immunity

against
Pathogens :
Ajents
Infection are caused by some pathogens . Following are the main
classes of pathogens :
1. Virus (Covid-19 , Urinary tract Infection , Dengue ,
Chickenpox )
2. Bacteria (Tuberculosis , ADIs , Bacterial Gastroenteritis )
3. Fungi (Thrush , Ringworms , Fungal Nail Infection)
4. Worms (Ascariasis)
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 5. Protozoa (Malaria , Measles)
6. Cholera (Hepatitis , Athlete’s )

2.6 How the Immune System works?

The pathogens that passes the mechanical barrier of skin , hair
and mucous layer comes in the contact with white blood cells that
try to kill these pathogens. Natural Killer Cells are the part of
the innate immune response that kills pathogens on their entry
along with their types of white blood cells such is known as
microphage. Some cells cause inflammation that results in
swelling , which helps to entrap pathogens in a specific location. If
the pathogens still survives, the adaptive immune response is
activated in this case our body produce two cells :
1. T Cells
2. B Cells

T Cells :
It is the type of white blood cellsthat are produce as the result of
adaptive immunity . These cells ingests the antigens and kill them
instantly . This type of response is called Cell mediated immune
response.

B Cells :

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B cells are the also a type of white blood cells. These cells
produces plasma clone cells. These cells produces antibodies that
binds with the antigens and a antigen antibody is formed. This
type of response is
known as Hormonal
Immune Response .

2.7
Immunological
Memory :
Our adoptive immune
system can learn and
remember the specific
pathogens, therefore it
can provide a long Figure Shows the deadly
lasting protection Pathogens
against these
pathogens. When these
types of pathogens
attack our body again
the immune system gets
activated and kill those
pathogens. The immune
system memory is due
to the body ability to
make antibodies against
those pathogens .
Figure shows T Cells and how
does an
immune system works as per
usual
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2.8 Why do we get diseases ?
We have such complex and powerful immune system but why do
we get diseases ? The answer is that the pathogens present in our
environment are also very diverse they mutate into a few forms
that our body does not recognize as the antibodies are very
specific as we know that . The example is exactly the reason why
the corona Virus has become very deadly pathogen.

2.9Ways to Improve the Immune System :

Our actions can help us strengthen our immunity. The use of
masks and gloves add an additional barrier to microbes. Hand
sanitizers kill the pathogens on our hands that can enter our body
during contact. Washing our hands is more favorable. To improve
our immune system we should do the following :
1. Maintain an adequate sleep cycle
2. Eat healthy food especially rich in fruits and vegetates.
3. Keep a check on our body weight .
4. Exercise regularly .
5. Drink pure water .
6. Get vaccinated against all the diseases such as polio ,
measles etc.
7. Spend time on physical activities that help to reduce stress.
8. Eat healthy food
9. Keep your dait maintain
10. Pure and healthy eating habits

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 Physical Exercises Maintain
Sleep Cycle

2.10 Vaccination :
Vaccination is the is safest and very effective way to protect the
body against an infectious disease. Vaccines contains weakened
germs like viruses , bacteria’s. When a vaccine is injected into the
body , it gives an immune response to fight against inflection . It
remembers the germs so it can attack it if it ever invades the body
again A vaccine works in the following manners:
1. It recognize the invading bacteria & Virus .
2. It produces antibodies when it exposed to the disease .
3. It uses the nature defenses of the body to resist the diseases
and make the immune system stronger.

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Biology Class 9th
Figure Shows rhe circulatory system in the notice of
Immunity

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Biology Class 9th
 Figure Shows the Chart for the tips of Healthy food for
b/diaat:

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Biology Class 9th
2.11 Infectious Diseases :
Infectious diseases such as hepatitis, polio and COVID-19 are
caused by pathogens. These agents multiply after entering our
body. Their entry results in the formation of antibodies that can be
detected in a blood sample:

COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus. On entering the

blood, the coronavirus produces Fig 3.4 Corona virus specific
antibodies.
The presence of Immunoglobulin G (lgG) antibodies in blood
indicates the coronavirus. We can protect ourselves from the
coronavirus by keeping a safe distance, washing hands, wearing
ace masks and keeping the environment clean.

Figure Shows the actual pitcher of Corina Virus (COVID

-19)
Hepatitis :
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Biology Class 9th
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by the
Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, etc. Loss of appetite,
abdominal pain, concentrated urine and jaundice are some
symptoms of hepatitis. Vaccines can help protect against hepatitis
viruses.
Typhoid :
Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhoid bacteria. Polluted
water and food or interactions with an infected person may cause
typhoid fever. Symptoms include high fever, headache,
stomachache, constipation or diarrhea. Antibiotics and vaccines
are used for the treatment.
Dengue :
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness. Dengue fever causes a
high fever, bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure, headache,
body pain, vomiting and a drop in the number of platelets.
Antibiotics and a healthy diet cure dengue fever.

2.12 Prevention against infectious Diseases :

Prevention strategies are needed to stop the spread of diseases
through human contact to prevent an epidemic. COVID-19 became
an epidemic due to its worldwide spread. To prevent infection, we
need to stay at home, use masks, wash our hands, avoid shaking
hands, use hand sanitizers and distance ourselves from others. We
should follow these rules to prevent the spread of the virus. In
case of infection, stay in quarantine till you recovers.

Short Questions :
1. What is immunology?
2. Who coined the term ‘immunology’?
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Biology Class 9th
3. What are pathogens?
4. What are antigens?
5. What is the function of T cells in the immune system?

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) :

1. What is the main function of the immune system?
a) Produce energy
b) Protect the body against pathogens
c) Digest food
d) Produce hormones

2. Which of the following is a type of white blood cell involved in

the immune response?
a) Red blood cells
b) Platelets
c) T cells
d) Muscle cells

3. Antibodies are produced in response to:

a) Blood pressure changes
b) Antigens
c) Heart rate
d) Body temperature

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4. What is the role of B cells in the immune response?
a) Produce antibodies
b) Destroy red blood cells
c) Regulate body temperature
d) Produce energy

5. Which of the following is not a pathogen?

a) Virus
b) Bacteria
c) Fungi
d) Antibody

6. Which disease is caused by a virus?

a) Tuberculosis
b) Ringworm
c) Dengue
d) Malaria

7. What is the primary cause of hepatitis?

a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) Fungi

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Biology Class 9th
 d) Protozoa

8. How can the spread of infectious diseases be prevented?

a) By ignoring symptoms
b) By avoiding physical activities
c) By staying at home, using masks, and washing hands
d) By not getting vaccinated

9. What is the term for the immune system’s ability to remember

and respond to pathogens it has previously encountered?
a) Adaptive immunity
b) Immunological memory
c) Passive immunity
d) Innate immunity

10. What is the function of hand sanitizers?

a) Produce antibodies
b) Kill pathogens on hands
c) Increase body temperature
d) Decrease blood pressure

11. Which type of immune response is associated with

inflammation and swelling?
a) Adaptive immune response
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Biology Class 9th
 b) Innate immune response
c) Passive immune response
d) Cell-mediated immune response

12. What do vaccines contain?

a) Active pathogens
b) Weakened germs
c) Antibodies
d) Healthy cells

13. Which of the following is a symptom of typhoid fever?

a) High blood pressure
b) High fever
c) Low blood sugar
d) Increased appetite

14. Which cell type produces antibodies that bind with antigens?
a) T cells
b) Red blood cells
c) B cells
d) Platelets

15. What is a common prevention method for COVID-19?

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Biology Class 9th
 a) Avoiding vaccination
b) Using hand sanitizers
c) Consuming junk food
d) Ignoring hygiene practice

Long Questions :
1. Explain the function of the immune system and its main
components.
2. Describe the process of how the immune system responds to
pathogens that enter the body.
3. Discuss the role of vaccinations in preventing infectious
diseases.
4. Explain the differences between T cells and B cells in the
immune response.
5. Discuss the importance of immunological memory in the
adaptive immune system.

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Biology Class 9th
Chapter No . 03

Physiology

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Biology Class 9th
 By : Daniyal Khan
Physiology :
3.1 Definition & Scope of Circulatory System &
Respiratory System :
 Introduction to Respiration :
Food is broken down into simpler ones material or components
during the process of digestion to get energy for performing
various activities , but where does this energy come from ? It
comes from the process known as Respiration .

3.1.1 Respiration :
It is the biological & biochemical process in which food molecules
is broken down in to Glucose in the presence of Oxygen (O²) , and
energy is released from it . This process is known as aerobic
Respiration . As in the result Carbon dioxide and water are
produced as by products .
The following equation describes the relation of aerobic respiration
:
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water +
Energy
Sometimes, food is broken down in the absence of oxygen; it is
converted into lactic acid which is later converted into carbon
dioxide and water. Respiration in the absence of oxygen is called
anaerobic respiration. It occurs in only a few organisms. In
humans, when cells cannot get oxygen fast enough especially
during exercise or any hard activity, they produce energy through
anaerobic respiration.
Glucose = Lactic Acid + Energy
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Biology Class 9th
3.1.2 Breathing :
Taking an oxygen and moving out carbon dioxide through the nose
is called breathing it is the physical process it supplies oxygen
required for respiration carbon dioxide and heat produced during
respiration as byproducts expelled from the bodies through
breathing oxygen is taken inside the body to be used by cells for
producing energy through a system called the Respiratory
System.

3.1.3 Respiratory System :

The human respiratory system consists of nose pharynx larynx
trachea and lungs let’s study her organs is taken to the body cells
and how carbon dioxide is removed from it.

Figure Shows the Human Respiratory System

3.1.4 Nose :

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Biology Class 9th
Air enters the most through opening called nostrils hair and mucus
are present inside the nose that trap the dust particle present in
the air new case
is a thick Jelly like
fluid. It Moistens
and warms air
that enters the
nose. Nose air
transfers to the
pharynx.

3.1.5
Pharynx :
It is a muscular Figure Shows Pharynx
passage for both
food and air
enters the
pharynx through
two internal
opening in the
nose the pharynx
is also covered
with mucus from
the pharynx air
moves to the Figure Shows Larynx
larynx.

3.1.6
Larynx :
It is a
cartilaginous

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structure present at the upper end of the trachea air flows into the
trachea from the larynx the opening of the larynx is called the
Glottis . A flap like muscular structure is present on the glottis
called the Epiglottis . It closes the trachea when we swallow food
the leading is also called voice box it contains 2 thin fibres bands
called Vocal cords .when air vibrates the vocal cords produce
sound does the respiratory system helps in communication as
well.

3.1.7 Trachea :
From the larynx air enters the wind pipe which is also called
Trachea . It is a 10 to 11 CM long tube it contains a series of sea
shaped cartilages rings which prevent it from collapsing it at the
lower end the trachea divides into two tubes called Bronchi . They
are also cartilaginous rings they take air to the lungs.

3.1.8 Lungs :

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 These are spongy sacs present in the chest cavity in human the
left lungs is slightly smaller than the right lung accommodated the
heart is the cavity they are covered with a thin membrane in
exchange of gases takes place in the lungs on entering the lungs
the bronchi word and subdivide into bronchioles. Bronchioles
contains to divide and open into millions of air sacs car alveoli and
alveolus is a single layer structure it contains a rich network of
blood capillaries it is where the gaseous exchange occur .

Figure Shows Structure of Lungs & Alveoli

3.2 Exchange of Gases :

When air enter the lungs , alveoli are filled with it they take
oxygen from air and pass it to the blood through thin walls of the
alveoli carbon dioxide of other waste gases present in blood cells
through a alveoli walls and enter the like these gases than moves
out of the body with air.

3.2.1 Movement of Gases :

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In human body intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
occur in two phases 1. Inspiration and 2. Expiration

3.2.2 Inspiration :
When we inhale air our rib cage moves upwards A-dome shaped
muscular structure called the diaphragm that is under the ribs
moves downwards this increase the space in the chest cavity
because of this our lunch expand and air moves into the lungs this
is called Inspiration Or Inhalation.

3.2.3 Expiration :
When we inhale air the rib cage moves downwards and the
diaphragm moves upwards this decrease the space in the chest
cavity and blood pressure on the lungs as the result the lungs
contract and air is moved out of the body this is called Expiration

Or Exhalation.
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Biology Class 9th
 Figure Shows the Process of Inhalation &
Exhalation

2.4 Introduction to Circulatory System :

Food and oxygen are the basic needs of every cell in the human body food
and oxygen are other useful materials must be delivered to each cell and all
other parts of the body to carry out the functions for the purpose of Allah
has developed a complex transport system which is known as circulatory
system in both plants and animals.

2.4.1 Circulatory System :

The transportation system in humans is called the circulatory
system the circulatory system serves the following purpose :
1. Carry oxygen and nutrients to the cell
2. Carrying carbon dioxide to the lungs
3. Taking away waste products from cell to the kidneys for
disposal
4. Transporting hormones and other chemicals from glands to
different parts of the body.
Other name of the transport system are the cardiovascular system
or vascular system the circulatory system like other systems of
the body is made of different organs which perform specific
functions it includes heart and veins arteries ventricles valves
spectrum cardiac muscles and etc.
Following are parts of Circulatory System :
1. Heart beat
2. Atria
3. Ventricles
4. Septum
5. Valves
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Biology Class 9th
 Figure Shows the Circulatory System

2.4.2 Heart :
The heart is the major organ in the circulatory system whose job is
to pump blood throughout the body the pumping of the heart
produces the heartbeat it can measured by placing fingers into the
waist or neck the throbbing you feel is called the pulse the heart is
a hollow cone shaped muscular organ about the size of a fist which
is made-up of special muscle car carding muscle it consists of four
chambers 2 on each side i. e :left and right upper 2 chambers is
called artia . i.e left and right Atria the lower 2 chambers are
conventicles IE left and right ventricle arteria are smaller in size
than ventricles the right side of the heart delivers blood to the
lungs whereas the left side of the heart supplies blood to different
parts of body right side chambers are separated from left side
chambers through a thin wall car spec septum to prevent the
mixing of blood walls connect the artia with the ventricles and
prevent the break flow of blood during pumping the heart works in
two ways
These figures Shows the Anatomy of Heart & Valves of
Heart

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Biology Class 9th
2.4.3 Blood :
blood is a component of circulatory system that flows throughout
our body it circulates constantly carrying nutrients oxygen and
waste products . An adult body contains 5 liters of blood . It is
composed of three different types of cells and plasma .

Figure shows Blood

2.4.4 Components of Blood:
Components of blood contains plasma, red blood cell, white blood
cells and platelets.
2.4.4.1 Plasma :
It is the liquid part of the blood made ups from salts , proteins ,
glucoses and other nutrients .
2.4.4.2 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) :

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They contain a red pigment called Hemoglobin which carries
oxygen to all parts of the body .
2.4.4.3 White Blood Cells : (Leukocytes) :
These cells are a par of our immune system that helps us fight
against germs, disease or any foreign body that enters or attacks
our body.
2.4.4.4 Platelets (Thrombocytes) :
Platelets present the leaking or flow of any wound by clothing the
blood .

2.4.5 Blood Vessels :

The blood which is pumped and received by the heart rivers in a
system of table structure called blood vessels. Their function is to
transport blood to all parts of the body or body has three major
types of blood vessels based on their functions. If you were
stretched. Out your blood vessel system if you will extend over
96,560 kilometres

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Biology Class 9th
Science , Society & Technology :
A Lumen Plural Lumia is a hollow passage where in each vessel
through which blood flows, some mean especially especially veins
in legs have values and them to prevent the backflow of blood.
Oxygen rich blood scar oxygenated blood. Blood low in oxygen is
known as deoxygenated blood. This circulation of blood is a life
sustaining process that not only keeps our cells healthy but also
keeps us alive. Our heart pumps blood according to the oxygen
demand of our body while we are sleep. Our body processes first
slowly and the heart is all slow, slow down, it’s pumping. But it
pumps harder when your body is doing a physical task like
running, heavy exercise, etc. Excel need more oxygen to perform
their functions during physical exercise.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) :

1. What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

a) To transport nutrients to cells
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Biology Class 9th
 b) To break down food molecules
c) To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
d) To produce hormones

2. Which organ is also known as the voice box?

a) Trachea
b) Larynx
c) Pharynx
d) Bronchi

3. What is the main function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

a) To fight infections
b) To carry oxygen
c) To clot blood
d) To transport nutrients

4. Which process occurs when air moves into the lungs due to the
expansion of the chest cavity?
a) Expiration
b) Diffusion
c) Inspiration
d) Filtration

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Biology Class 9th
5. In the absence of oxygen, what substance is produced during
anaerobic respiration in humans?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Water
c) Lactic acid
d) Glucose

6. What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

a) Muscle fibers
b) Cartilaginous rings
c) Vocal cords
d) Mucus

7. What is the role of platelets in the blood?

a) Carry oxygen
b) Fight diseases
c) Transport nutrients
d) Prevent bleeding by clotting blood

8. Where does the exchange of gases take place in the lungs?

a) Bronchi
b) Alveoli
c) Trachea
d) Pharynx
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Biology Class 9th
9. What is the major function of the circulatory system?
a) Regulate body temperature
b) Control movement
c) Transport oxygen and nutrients to cells
d) Produce energy

10. What is the primary waste product expelled during respiration

a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Glucose

Short Questions:
1. Define respiration and differentiate between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
2. Explain the process of inhalation (inspiration).
3. What is the function of the epiglottis in the respiratory
system?
4. Describe the structure and function of alveoli.
5. List the components of blood and briefly state the function of
each.

Long Questions :
1. Describe the human respiratory system, detailing the
functions of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs.
2. Explain the exchange of gases that occurs in the lungs,
including the roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Biology Class 9th
 3. Discuss the structure and function of the heart, including the
roles of atria, ventricles, septum, and valves.
4. Describe the circulatory system, its components, and its
primary functions in the human body.
5. Explain the process of blood circulation in the human body,
including the roles of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Chapter No , 04

Plant System

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Biology Class 9th
 By :Daniyal Khan
Plant System :
4.1 Introduction to Plant System :
just like animals plants are also living organisms animals have
complex organs system in their bodies plants have two distant
organ system : the root system and the shoot system.

4.1.1 Root System :

Root system contains parts of the plant called roots that grow
below the ground. They anchor plants in the soil and absorb water
and melons for plant. Following are the types of root system :
 Taproot System
 fibrous root system

Figure Shows Taproot System & Fibrous root

System
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Biology Class 9th
4.1.2 Root :
Roots absorb water and minerals, but how do they do so? If we
look at the structure of root under the microscope, we will observe
the following epidermis. Endodermis root, hair cortex and vascular
bundles. Aerial roots grow above the ground from stem or leaves
beyond tree have aerial roots.
4.1.2 Shoot System :
This system contains the part of the plant that grow above the
soil, such as the stem, leaves, flower and fruit.

4.1.2.1 Stem :
The stem provides support to the plant. It barriers leaves, flowers
and fruit. If we cut the transport section of the stem and study it
under a microscope, we will observe the following parts. Epidermis
cortex.

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Biology Class 9th
4.1.2.2 Leaves : Leaves are very important part of the
plant as the as they prepare food for it, they are responsible for
the exchange of cases. If we view a section of a leaf under a
microscope, we will observe the following internal structures.
Cuticle epidermis, upper epidermis, Lower epidermis, mesophyll,
chloroplasts. Xylem and phloem .
Cuticle. It is the outermost protective layer on the leaf. It prevents
the loss of water. Epidermis. Below the cuticle , the epidermis is
present. The epidermis on the upper surface of the leaf is called
the upper epidermis, and the epidermis on the lower structure
of leaf is known as lower epidermis. Mesophyll. It is below the
upper epidermis. There are two types of mesophyll, spongy and
palisade mesophyll. These cells contain special membrane
bounded organelle called chloroplast. The chloroplasts includes
a green pigment known as chlorophyll. They give leaves their
green colour. This is tge place were photosynthesis occurs .
Chlorophyll captures sunlight. And it help in making food for
plants. Xylem. It is present in the central region of the leaf and is
involved in supplying water and minerals to the plant flowing.
Phloem .It is also located at the center of the leave near the
xylem. It supplies prepared food to all parts of the plant.

4.2 Role of Xylem & Phloem :

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Biology Class 9th
Like humans, plants also need an adequate amount of water,
minerals, food and gases for their survival. For this purpose, they
also have a transport system for moving materials to their
different parts. The transportation of food, water and minerals in
plants is carried out by specialised structures known as vascular
bundles. These are comprised of two types of tissues, i.e. xylem
and phloem.

4.2.1 Xylem Tissue :

Xylem or tabular shape structure that is responsible to the shape
and stars and do not have cross walls xylem tissues pull water and
minerals from the roots to the leaves of plant the movement of the
water and minerals in the xylem is undirected mail that is from the
root to the leaves of the plant.

4.2.2 Phloem Tissue :

Phloem are elongated tubular structures that have evolved within
their sieve tubes they transport prepared food to all parts of the
plant the movement of food and flowing tissue is a bidirectional
this transposition of prepared food from leaves to other parts of
the plant is known as Translocation .

4.3 Transpiration :
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Biology Class 9th
A plant does not use all of the water it absorbs most of the water
is lost in the form of vapor this loss of water from the plant
surface of the environment through the stomata is called
Transpiration. it occurs manually through stomata when water is
lost through leafs, more water is polled from the soil that moves
upward from roots to leaves.

4.3.1 Importance of Transpiration :

transpiration is so important for plants as it helps them absorb
water and minerals from the soil and move it to the leaves it
maintains the water balance in the plant it also keeps plants cool
by evaporating water.

4.3.2 Factors Affecting the rate of Transpiration :

There are so many factors such as Wind temperature light and
humidity affect the rate of transpiration
Wind : The rate of transpiration increases with wind because it
removes water from the leaves surface quickly so more water
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Biology Class 9th
transpires Temperature : Temperature has a direct impact on the
rate of transpiration as the temperature increases the rate of
transpiration also increase.
Light : During the day stomata are open so more water is lost
from the leaf surface.
Humidity : An increase in humidity decrease the rate of
transpiration because concentration of water molecules become
higher in the air as compared to the plant body.

4.3.3 Process of transpiration and the raise in

water level :
Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of vapor through the
stomata of leaves this natural process continuous day and night
the loss of water caused the movement of water through Xylem
vessels it helps in absorption of water by roots hairs from the soil
water is pulled up by the plant through strong force of attraction
between water molecules the process involved in upward
movement of water or osmosis transpiration all and transpiration
stream.

4.4 Minerals :
Plants absorb water and minerals from the soil minerals are the
great important age they are required by plants for growth and
development some minerals are required in large quantities by
plants such as magnesium nitrogen phosphorus potassium sulfur
and calcium Magnesium : Green plants have photosynthetic
organelle chlorophyll with chlorophyll molecules magnesium is
present in the central core of chlorophyll molecules the
differentiate deficiency of magnesium affects the synthesis of
chlorophyll and leaves turn yellow

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Biology Class 9th
 Nitrogen : Use or plant use nitrogen in the form of nitrates those
nitrates place an important role in the development of plants
nitrogen is a major component of amino acids and farms proteins
without protein plants will suffer sustained growth.

4.5 Photosynthesis :
Plants absorb water and minerals from the soil and make their
food by the process called photosynthesis the word photosynthesis
is comprised from 2 words photo means light and synthesis means
making it is a process in which green plants use carbon dioxide
and water to prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight in
chlorophyll plants get water from the soil and carbon dioxide from
air and convert into food glucose in the presence of sunlight
oxygen is related during this process we can write this process as
below.

4.6 Respiration in Plants :

it is the process of converting glucose into energy this process

takes place in the mitochondria of cell in the process plants use
oxygen to breakdown glucose into water carbon dioxide and
energy . During respiration the energy release is used by plants to
perform various activities carbon dioxide and water are produced
as byproducts that leaves the plants through its stomata .
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Biology Class 9th
4.7 Importance of Respiration :
During desperation plants break food glucose down into simpler
particles to get energy from it this energy can be used to perform
various activities such as growth photosynthesis transport of water
and minerals respiration is very important for plants if they cannot
respire they will be unable to get energy from food all activities
inside the plants will be stopped and they will be die eventually.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which of the following is a part of the root system?
a) Leaves
b) Stem
c) Roots
d) Flowers

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Biology Class 9th
2. What type of root system contains a main root that grows deep
into the soil?
a) Fibrous root system
b) Taproot system
c) Aerial root system
d) Surface root system

3. Which tissue is responsible for transporting water and minerals

from the roots to the leaves?
a) Phloem
b) Epidermis
c) Xylem
d) Mesophyll

4. Which part of the leaf is primarily responsible for

photosynthesis?
a) Epidermis
b) Cuticle
c) Xylem
d) Mesophyll

5. What is the main function of phloem tissue?

a) Absorbing water from the soil
b) Transporting food to all parts of the plant

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Biology Class 9th
 c) Providing structural support
d) Facilitating gas exchange

6. Transpiration primarily occurs through which part of the plant?

a) Roots
b) Stem
c) Flowers
d) Stomata

7. Which mineral is central to the chlorophyll molecule?

a) Calcium
b) Magnesium
c) Phosphorus
d) Potassium

8. What is the process called when plants convert carbon dioxide

and water into glucose using sunlight?
a) Respiration
b) Transpiration
c) Photosynthesis
d) Translocation

9. What happens to the rate of transpiration when humidity

increases?
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Biology Class 9th
 a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains the same
d) It fluctuates

10. Which organelle is involved in the process of respiration in

plants?
a) Chloroplast
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondria

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the two main systems of a plant?
2. Describe the role of roots in a plant.
3. What is the main function of the stem?
4. How do leaves contribute to a plant’s survival?
5. Explain the significance of xylem in plants.

Long Answer Questions

1. Discuss the importance and process of transpiration in plants.
Explain what transpiration is.
Describe its importance to plants.
Outline the factors affecting the rate of transpiration.

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Biology Class 9th
2. Describe the process of photosynthesis and its significance to
plants.
Define photosynthesis.
Explain the steps involved in photosynthesis.
Discuss the importance of photosynthesis for plant life.

3. Explain the differences between xylem and phloem tissues.

Define xylem and phloem.
Describe their structures.
Explain their respective functions in the plant transport system.

4. How do environmental factors influence the rate of transpiration

in plants?
Identify the environmental factors mentioned in the text.
Explain how each factor affects the rate of transpiration.
Discuss the overall impact on plant health.

5. Outline the process and importance of respiration in plants.

Define respiration in plants.
Describe the process step by step.
Explain the importance of respiration for plant activities and
survival.

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Biology Class 9th
CHAPTER NO . 05

Enzymes

By : Daniyal Khan
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Biology Class 9th
Enzymes :
5.1 Introduction to Metabolism and its types :
The word metabolism is derived from a Greek word change
concept of metabolism was first given by the sum of all chemical
reaction that takes place in living Organism is known as
metabolism
There are two types of reactions :
 anabolism
 catabolism
Anabolism : it is a constructive process in which small molecules
combine to form larger molecules called anabolism these type of
reaction is known as anabolic reaction catabolism :it is a
destructive forces in which larger molecules broken down into

simpler ones molecule it is known as catabolism such reaction is

known as catabolic reaction.

5.2 Activation Energy :

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Biology Class 9th
The maximum amount of energy required to convert reactants into
products is known as activation energy.
Methods of Lowering Activation Energy :
Enzymes lower the activation energy in several ways they do so by
alternating the shape of the substrates and reducing the amount
of energy required to complete that transition disrupting the
change distribution bringing substrates in the correct orientation
to react.

5.3 Characteristics of Enzymes :

Enzymes are global protein in nature and are secreted by cells the
enzyme function as catalyst and increase the rate of chemical
reaction they lower the activation energy of reactions enzymes are
usually very specific for the type of reaction and for the nature of
substrate a small amount of enzymes can bring change in a large
amount of substrate enzyme and are sensitive to change in pH of
the substrate some enzyme work inside the cells called

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Biology Class 9th
intercellular enzyme like the mitochondrial enzymes while some
enzymes like pespin work in stomach .

5.4 Specific Function of Enzymes :

Enzyme are very specific in their action because of their active
sites and enzyme generally catalyze only one kind or one type of
chemical reaction therefore they are specific for sustain substrate
one particular enzyme cannot speed up many different types of
reactions no reaction can occur in a cell unless its own specific
enzyme is present.

5.4.1 Mode of Enzyme Action :

There is a small portion in the enzyme molecule that is actually
involved in catalysts this catalyst region is called active site when
an enzyme joins its substrate the complex is firm called enzyme
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Biology Class 9th
substrate complex as a result of interaction between an enzyme
and its substrate product is from E + S goes to ESC goes to P + E
equal to enzyme S is equal to substrate P is equal to product.
Mechanism of Enzymes Action :
Two models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of
Enzymes section these are lock and key model induced model.

5.5 Lock and Key Model :

This model was proposed by a German biochemist Emil Fisher in
1894 according to this model active size of enzyme and substrate
have specific geometric shape Substrates substances molecules
exactly fits in the active

sites of enzymes just like a lock and key this model suggests that
the active sites is a rigid and non flexible structure according to
the lock and key hypothesis the enzyme combined with a specific
substrate and chemically charging the substrate into a new
product no changes occur in the enzyme during or after the
reaction.

5.6 Induced Fit Model :

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Biology Class 9th
Induced fit model was first proposed by American biologist Daniel
koshland in 1958 it is also called hand and glove model according
to this model active size of enzyme are flexible suggested that
when a substrate combined with the enzyme it includes changes
in the enzyme structure this change helps the enzyme to perform
the catalytic activity more if you if you effectively saw active sites
of the enzyme are not rigid and are flexible.

5.7 Effect on temperature :

1. Effect on Temperature :
Enzyme are very sensitive to the change in temperature with
increase in temperature the enzyme activity also increase but
there is limit to the increase this limit is called optimum
temperature at which enzyme has maximum activity the optimum
temperature for human enzyme is between 35 to 40°C and the
average temperature is 37°C when temperature is above 40 the

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Biology Class 9th
denaturing of enzyme quickly starts at 0 centigrade the enzyme
become inactive and cannot perform their functions.

2. Effect of pH on Enzyme :

The activity of enzyme varies with change in pH the pH at which

the activity of an enzyme is maximum called optimum pH
optimum pH value for most enzyme is between 8:00 to 6:00 the
activity of enzyme pespin in stomach work best at a PH of two and
trypsin at a PH of eight any change in PH can lower the enzymatic
activity extreme changes in the PH of solution denature the
enzyme.

3. Effect on Substrate Concentration :

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Biology Class 9th
The rate of reaction increases with the increase in substrate
concentration when enzyme becomes saturated add saturated
point the reaction cannot increase further enzyme are said to be
the subtracted when all of its active sites are occupied by the
substrate the speed of reaction we will be constant until the
substrate is available.

Project Work :
Make 15 MCQ’s
Make 10 Short Questions
1 Long Question

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Biology Class 9th
 REFERENCES :

 Alberts, B., D. Bary , K. Hopkin, A. D. Johnson, J.

Lewis, M. Raff, Kj. Roberts, G. NLewis . 20213.
Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition Finland
Science. ISBN-13:9780815344551.

 Brooker R. J, Eric. Wedmeairer, L. Graham, P.

Stilling. 2016 Biology 4th Edition McGrawHill
ISBN-13978-1259188121, ISBN-101259188124

 Graber S. D 2002. Biology a self teaching

Guide 2nd edition john willey & Sons ISBN-
13978-0471223306

 Johnson . G. B. 2016 Essential of living World

(WCB Gernal Biology) 5th edition ISBN-13 :
978-0078096945, ISBN-10: 0078096944

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Biology Class 9th
  Mader, S. S, M. Winderlspench. Biology 12th
edition . McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-
0078024269

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa :

Ministry of Federal Education & Professional
Training
Governmental Approvals :
Office of the LCE , LCS & RD Department
Five Member Bench Attestation :
National Curriculam Council Bench Pakistan :

(Sohail Ahmad ) (Irfan

ullah)
Secretory V/C Titara Accounts
Officer
Member Council Kpk Office of LCE , LCS
& RD Department

80
Biology Class 9th
(Falak Zaib) (Uzair Khan)
(Engineer M. Raiz)
S. Inspector Technical Officer
HCN
NESPAK Islamia College University of Peshawar
PASCO Department

(Ajmal Khan)
(Muhammad Ishaq)
Lecturer in Physics PST
Teacher at GHSS
GDC Akbarpura Government
of Pakistan

(Muhammad Haroon Khan)

Principal The Khyber Islamic Model School System
81
Biology Class 9th
Akbarpura Nowshera MA Islamiyat PS. T C. T B. ED

(Mudasir Ali Shah) (Sajjad

Khan)
Vice Principal B. S
Biology
The KIMSS Akbarpura Nowshera Senior
Teacher

82
Biology Class 9th
83
Biology Class 9th