EVALUATING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY POLICING

PROGRAMS IN CALINAN DISTRICT

_________________________

A Thesis Presented to the Facultyof the

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Holy Child College of Davao
Green Meadows, Davao City

_________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

________________________

Almacin, Ianiefernd P.
Federi, Trixie M.
Gaborne, Kearstyn Kear
Lanchinebre, Richelle D.
Sandigan, Allen Miguel N.
Sandigan, Lynuel Joy N.
Teliwic Adrian T

May 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our greatest gratitude to the following:

All praises and thanks are due to Almighty God who gave us the knowledge

and strength.

To our parents, who are always behind us, supporting us financially and

emotionally.

Ladory M. Aseneta, RCrim, MSCRIM, our thesis adviser. Our gratitude for

always guiding us patiently and for imparting your knowledge in doing this

research.

To our validators and statisticians, a huge thanks for sharing your

expertise in validating our interview guide questions and making sure that the

data in our study are correct and valid.

We are also very grateful to the 100 respondents who became our research

participants from Calinan district, Davao City for their cooperation during our

data gathering.

Our special thanks and appreciation also go to our colleagues and people

who have willingly helped us throughout this journey.

 DEDICATION

We humbly dedicate this paper to our parents, for their guidance and

support throughout this journey.

To our family, cousins, and friends that have helped us and motivated

us to finish this paper. Their unwavering support has become our inspiration

to continue, strive hard, and never give up.

Above all, to our Almighty God, who has been our source of strength and

grace and the primary source of our knowledge and wisdom.

 Abstract

The goal of this study is to determine the perceived effectiveness of community policing
programs. The non-experimental quantitative research technique and descriptive
comparative approach were to be carried out. Researchers obtain data of population from
the barangay Sto. Nino, having three hundred ten respondents from Calinan District filled
out the adapted survey questionnaire. Based on the result, the community policing
programs are seen as effective in terms of procedural justice and community involvement
which suggests that efforts of the community policing programs are observed in the
community.

Keyword: Community Policing Program, Procedural Justice, Community Involvement

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter serves as an introduction to the study and its research problem. It
outlines the factors under investigation, discusses the study's relevance, presents linked
research, establishes the theoretical and conceptual framework, and delineates the
scope and limitations of the study.

Rationale

According to Yirka (2021) reports, a global study carried out by academics in

Uganda, the Philippines, Brazil, Colombia, Liberia, Pakistan, and the Philippines
revealed that the use of community policing did not effectively increase police
confidence or reduce crime rates. On the other hand, a decrease in deliberate fatalities
and police brutality indicates that community policing measures were effective in certain
places, according to Ribeiro (2022). However, community policing's portrayal of a "war
on crime," encouragement of the "kill or be killed" mentality, and emphasis on the use of
WMDs in traditional police training programs meant that it didn't last long. Building
confidence between communities and police officers is challenging when they see each
other as rivals, Ribeiro (2022) continued.

Furthermore, according to Pgen Eleazar (2021) of the Philippine Information Agency,

one of the PNP's strategies was to greatly increase the effectiveness of law
enforcement in solving crimes. This strategy produced excellent results, including a 64
percent decrease in crime over the previous five years. The crime solution efficacy
(CSE) of PNP grew by 48.89 percent from July 2016 to June 2021 compared to July
2010 to June 2021. The CSE has a rate of 85.94%. To support the claims made by
Tondo, Franco, Gumandol & Patalinghug (2020), respondents to the survey include
members of the Zamboanga del Sur PNP, residents, and barangay officials in
Dumingag. The PNP and barangay officials felt that Dumingag's community-oriented
policing program was executed flawlessly and to the greatest extent possible. Residents
did, however, assess that there had been a decline in Rosenbaum, 2015 during the
preceding five years after installation and that there had been multiple implementation
errors.

Furthermore, according to PMSgt. Yaun, a retired police officer formerly

designated at Police Station 9, Mintal, Davao City, on December 29, 2022, during his
interview, said that the issues of the community policing system in Barangay Mintal,
Davao City are mainly associated with delinquency, commonly illegal gambling cases.
Additionally, due to a lack of cooperation between the barangay officials and the
community with regard to the implementation of the community policing system,
delinquencies have not yet ceased. He further stated that community policing may not
succeed if there is no active community participation in the preventive actions taken by
the police. The failure of the community policing system's implementation can be
attributed to the lack of community trust in the police. However, if the police can quickly
win that trust, the community will be cooperative on issues and it will make it easier for
them to solve cases.

Additionally, it is hypothesized that measuring performance well increases public trust

in the government and spurs involvement. Keep in mind that views of police authenticity
appear to be strongly influenced by police performance specifics (Porumbescu,
Neshkova, & Huntoon, 2019). (Gorby, 2013) asserts that appropriate discretionary
usage and the application of decisions that frequently disregard the law are valid, larger
indicators of police performance. Only a small percentage of the numerous tasks
performed by police entail major crimes (Statistics Canada, 2014).

In recent months, the escalating concerns over rising crime rates in Calinan
District have heightened the urgency to address the issue. With increasing criminal
activities posing challenges to the community, the concept of community policing has
emerged as a promising solution. Community policing embodies a collaborative
approach that brings together law enforcement agencies and the communities they
serve. The primary goals are to establish trust, enhance safety, and ultimately reduce
crime through active community involvement.
Statement of the Problem
The primary focus of this study is to:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of
a. Age;
b. Sex, and
c. Years they have lived in their community?
2. What is the top 3 issues the respondents think are the greatest problem in
Calinan District?
3. What is the level of perceived community policing program implementation in
Calinan district in terms of
a. Safety
b. Community Involvement; and
c. Procedural Justice?
4. Is there a significant difference in the level of perceived community policing
program implementation on community policing programs in Calinan District
when grouped according to their demographic profile?

Research Hypothesis

The null hypothesis hereunder served as the researchers’ guide during the conduct of
the study:

Ho: There is a significant relationship between implementing community policing

programs and crime in Calinan District.

Review of Literature and Studies

This chapter presents relevant research on evaluating the implementation of

community policing programs on crime rates. These studies focus specifically on the
perspectives of law enforcers and people in the community, as they encounter different
crimes every day. The following related literature also offers a deeper and more
comprehensive knowledge about evaluating the implementation of community policing
programs on crime rates.
Profile of the Respondents

This part contains the demographic variable, demographic variable is one that
researchers gather in order to define the type and distribution of the sample when using
inferential statistics. These are variables in applied statistics and research such as Age,
Sex and Years Living in community. This study of community policing and crime
prevention can take various forms to address key areas of interest and impact. Firstly,
conducting longitudinal studies would offer invaluable insights by tracking the effectiveness
of community policing programs over time. This approach allows for a comprehensive
understanding of how these initiatives influence crime rates and community dynamics.
Secondly, a comparative analysis of different community policing models across various
regions could identify best practices and strategies that can be replicated elsewhere,
fostering more effective crime prevention efforts. Third, qualitative research endeavors
would delve into the perceptions and experiences of community members, law enforcement
personnel, and policymakers, shedding light on implementation challenges and success
factors. Fourth Policy evaluation would be crucial in assessing the alignment of existing
policies with best practices, pinpointing areas for improvement in resource allocation,
training, and community engagement. Fifth, Collaboration with experts from diverse fields
such as sociology, psychology, and criminology could provide a holistic understanding of
the multifaceted impacts of community policing on social cohesion, trust in law enforcement,
and community resilience. Sixth, investigating the integration of technology, including data
analytics and social media, could enhance the effectiveness and ethical considerations of
community policing efforts. Seventh, International comparative research would offer insights
into cultural variations in the implementation and effectiveness of community policing
strategies, facilitating cross-border learning and collaboration. Eight, Developing a
comprehensive evaluation framework would enable the assessment of program
effectiveness using both quantitative metrics and qualitative indicators. Ninth, Exploring
strategies for capacity building within local law enforcement agencies and community
organizations would ensure the sustainable implementation and evaluation of community
policing initiatives. Finally, investigating innovative community engagement strategies, such
as community-led initiatives and partnerships with local businesses and nonprofits, could
enhance community participation and ownership of crime prevention efforts, ultimately
fostering safer and more resilient communities.

Community Policing Program

Community Safekeeping is the defined objective of protecting human lives and
property from widespread threats in a way that ensures long-term well-being. The
Philippine National Police, as the forefront of the criminal justice system, traditionally
focused on safeguarding public life and property. Crime is a significant issue in urban
areas of the Philippines, with common crimes including pickpocketing, confidence
schemes, acquaintance scams, and occasional instances of credit card fraud,
carjacking, kidnappings, robberies, and violent assaults. In 2012, the Total Crime
Volume (TCV) decreased compared to 2011, with the National Capital Regional Police
Office (NCRPO) reporting the highest number of incidents, including theft, physical
assault, and robbery as the most common crimes.

The primary role of law enforcement, the police, involves maintaining order and
enforcing the law. Police officers deal with various social issues, including crimes, drug-
related problems, civil unrest, and sometimes even internal issues within the police
force. These challenges, as pointed out by Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux in 1991.

According to Professor Michael D. Reisig (2002), an expert in criminal justice and

community policing, evaluating the implementation of community policing programs on
crime rates is crucial in understanding the effectiveness of this proactive approach to
law enforcement. Community policing involves collaborative efforts between law
enforcement agencies and the community to address crime and disorder issues, with
the goal of building trust, enhancing communication, and promoting problem-solving
strategies.

Reisig, in his research article titled "The Effectiveness of Community Policing in

Reducing Urban Violence" (2002), examines the impact of community policing on
violent crime rates. He finds that while community policing has its merits, it may have
limited effectiveness in directly reducing violent crime. Reisig's study suggests that
proactive policing strategies related to arrest have a more significant inverse effect on
violent crime measures.

Another notable author in the field, Professor Wesley G. Skogan (2012), explores
the relationship between the level of implementation of community policing and property
crime rates. In his work titled "The impact of community policing on crime rates: does
the effect of implementation vary across neighborhoods," Skogan argues that a higher
level of implementation of community policing is associated with higher property crime
rates. These findings challenge the commonly held belief that community policing
universally leads to crime reduction.

However, it is important to consider the broader perspective provided by

Professor Cynthia Lum (2011), an expert in evidence-based policing. In her article
"Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase
satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: A systematic review," Lum highlights the
potential benefits of community-oriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear,
as well as increasing citizen satisfaction with police services. Lum's systematic review
identifies effective strategies that police can employ in collaboration with the community
to prevent crime and enhance police legitimacy.

Community policing aims to reduce fear and gain strong public support while
addressing street crimes involving violence and drug trafficking. It involves various
activities such as foot patrols, bicycle patrols, neighborhood cleanups, and revitalization
efforts. Community policing caters to lower socioeconomic classes who rely on police
for maintaining order. This extends to law enforcement and public safety efforts,
handled professionally while respecting local culture. However, challenges arise in
terms of effective police response to unique community needs, particularly in rural
areas.

There's a need for the police to transition from their traditional law enforcement
role to become both law enforcers and community leaders, addressing major societal
problems, particularly those associated with the escalating crime rate. The police should
not solely focus on crime control or suppression. The mandate of the Philippine National
Police (PNP) is to ensure peace, public safety, and the capacity of local governments to
provide basic services. Republic Act No. 8551 emphasizes the PNP's role in preserving
peace and safety in the community while ensuring accountability, uprightness,
efficiency, and effectiveness in police operations.

Recent events, such as the MAMASAPANO incident in January 2015 and

government controversies, have heightened the commitment to maintaining peace and
order. The Philippine National Police faces challenges in effectively ensuring a peaceful
and orderly society, deterring criminal activities, and preventing crime, as reflected in
crime statistics.

Research by Torino and Malinao (2019) on police operations in rural

communities highlights the importance of establishing a sense of safety and peace in
rural settings, which contributes to the success of anti-drug campaigns. Trust between
the police and the rural community is a key factor in the police's effectiveness. Their
study emphasizes the separation of concerns regarding the anti-illegal drug campaign
and the communist insurgency within the police's focus. Furthermore, Torino and
Malinao stress the significance of restoring peace in communities, which is central to
gaining the trust of the community. Sustained peace contributes to the healthy
development of rural communities, as seen in the case of Negros rural communities
(Nicor-Mangilimutan, Mejica, and Caelian, 2020).

In summary, the police play a multifaceted role, extending beyond traditional law
enforcement to engage with communities, provide social services, and address various
social issues. Their effectiveness is closely tied to their ability to build trust and engage
with diverse communities, all while maintaining law and order.

Safety

Community safety and the well-being of neighborhoods cannot solely rely on law
enforcement. It is essential for law-abiding citizens to actively participate in safeguarding
their communities. This reciprocal relationship between citizens and law enforcement
fosters comprehensive solutions to local issues, moving beyond traditional law enforcement
tactics (Schlosser, 2020). This collaborative approach, known as Community-oriented
policing, engages citizens in partnership with the police to address crime and enhance
public safety by addressing underlying community factors that contribute to criminal activity
(KASH, 2020; Moore, 1992).

Moreover, criticism of the traditional policing model has intensified due to escalating
violence and challenges to the effectiveness of various criminal justice strategies (Gill et al.,
2014). The limitations of traditional approaches became evident with the surge in crime
rates and the emergence of drug cartels (Gill et al., 2014; Tillyer, 2018). Although Putnam
(2000) did not directly explore the link between social capital and fear of crime, subsequent
research applying Sampson and colleagues’ concept of collective efficacy, which aligns with
Putnam’s notion of social capital, revealed that higher levels of collective efficacy correlated
with reduced fear of crime (Abdullah et al., 2015; Brunton-Smith et al., 2014; Gibson et al.,
2002; Kochel and Nouri, 2021; Yuan and McNeeley, 2017).

Similarly, strong social networks and a sense of belonging were identified as significant
social factors associated with decreased fear of crime (Lorenc et al., 2013). What started as
police reform in just the U.S., has slowly spread all over the world. The United Nations has
called community policing “an essential part of peacebuilding” and has adopted community
policing instructions into their international peacekeeping missions (Blair et al., 2021)

Community Involvement

The mere presence of police interaction is insufficient to deter crime effectively. Specific
strategies, such as problem-oriented policing interventions, play a crucial role in bridging the
gap between community involvement and crime control (Gill et al., 2014). Despite the
potential benefits, numerous obstacles hinder the seamless adoption of a Community-
Oriented Policing (COP) approach, including entrenched police culture and resistance to
change (Cockcroft, 2014; Diamond & Weiss, 2016). However, Crowl (2017) contends that
while some studies provide empirical support for the notion that neighborhood policing
enhances officer job satisfaction, others do not acknowledge such a correlation.

Similarly, robust social networks and a sense of belonging are significant factors
associated with decreased fear of crime (Lorenc et al., 2013). Additionally, the performance
of police in all their duties profoundly influences their effectiveness in crime reduction and
maintaining public trust and confidence (Lum & Nagin, 2017). When residents perceive the
police as competent and capable, they are more inclined to engage in collective action to
address community issues, trusting that law enforcement will support their efforts (Yesberg,
Brunton-Smith, and Bradford, 2021).

Historically, community policing often involved families uniting to safeguard each other.
Communities employed strategies like patrols, night watches, and raising alarms through
shouts and calls for help in the event of a crime (Dempsey & Forst, 2015). This collective
vigilance was particularly effective against crimes such as burglary, theft, and robberies.
Due to its significance and empirical validation, procedural justice policing was endorsed as
a cornerstone of community policing by President Barack Obama’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing (President’s Task Force, 2015).During a city council meeting in June 2020,
several council members acknowledged receiving thousands of emails from city residents
advocating for defunding the police in response to the mistreatment of the city’s Black
citizens (Zong, 2020).

Procedural Justice

Studies, such as the one conducted by Mazerolle, Bennett, Antrobus, & Eggins (2012),
apply the concept of procedural justice to interactions between citizens and law
enforcement. This research suggests that when officers employ procedural just practices
effectively, it can alleviate tensions between citizens and law enforcement officials (Kruger,
Nedelec, Reischl, & Zimmerman, 2015). Murphy and colleagues (2014) argued for a
distinction between general and specific procedural justice perceptions based on their study
results. They found that even with a negative overall perception of procedural justice from
police encounters, individuals can still form positive specific perceptions if the interaction is
conducted fairly (Murphy et al., 2014).

Furthermore, Nix, Wolfe, Rojek, and Kiminski (2015) discovered that in areas where distrust
of law enforcement prevails, respectful behavior from officers can foster trust with citizens.
Conversely, acting disrespectfully can exacerbate mistrust, leading to decreased
compliance (Nix et al., 2015). Therefore, while the community may hold specific satisfaction
or dissatisfaction perceptions, satisfaction closely links with legitimacy and trust to shape
perceptions of behavioral procedural justice (MacQueen & Bradford, 2015).

Procedural justice policing prioritizes community members’ interest in the process of their
interactions with the police over the outcomes of those interactions (Pryce and Wilson,
2020). Additionally, it facilitates improved community perceptions of police legitimacy, which
is the belief in authorities’ right to enforce proper behavior (Tyler, 2014). When the public
witnesses proactive police efforts to address conditions contributing to public safety
concerns like crime and disorder, they are more likely to engage with law enforcement.
Thus, law enforcement’s responsibility extends beyond crime reduction to ensuring fairness
while upholding citizens’ rights (Elkins, 2014).The procedural justice theoretical framework
holds particular significance when applied to marginalized communities, such as the African
American community, where police relations are often strained compared to other racial
groups (Bell, 2016).

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored in Community-Oriented Policing Theory of Herman Goldstein

(1979), which emphasized the importance of collaboration between law enforcement
agencies and the community to address crime and disorder issues. Further, community
policing puts society and quality of living as a priority, which can target the real issues of
society (Carter & Sapp, 1994), whereas traditional law enforcement focuses on arrest
and investigation.

Moreover, the Routine Activity Theory by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
(1979), suggested that crime occurs when three elements converge: motivated
offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians. Evaluating
community policing programs can provide insights into how they contribute to increasing
capable guardianship, reducing suitable targets, and deterring motivated offenders.

Consistently, Situational Crime Prevention Theory, as developed by Ronald V.

Clarke (1983), focuses on reducing opportunities for crime by implementing measures
that increase the risks and decrease the rewards for offenders. Evaluating community
policing programs can help determine their effectiveness in implementing situational
crime prevention strategies and reducing crime rates
 These theories are applied in this study since it examined the implementation of
community policing programs.This idea shows that the police should work cooperatively
to develop and maintain good communication to the community for its effectiveness.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows how the topics of the study are determined based on the given
theory. The independent and dependent model is employed in this study to provide an
overview of the study's main structures.
In this study, the independent variable consists of Demographic variables; Age,
Sex and Years living in the community. The right box shows the dependent variable of
the study, which consists of the Community Policing Program the arrows pointing
towards the dependent variable from the independent variable indicate the differences
among the variables. The responses of the indicators on the dependent variable depend
on the level of the sub-variables in the independent variables.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile of the COMMUNITY

Respondents POLICING
PROGRAMS IN
TERMS OF
SAFETY
COMMUNIT
Significance of the Study

This study has been conducted with a goal to help the Students/Researcher. This

study can enhance the researcher's professional development by providing practical

experience in conducting research relevant to community policing and crime prevention.

This experience can be valuable for future career opportunities in academia, law

enforcement, or public policy Community Members. They can learn about the impact of

community policing programs on crime rates in their area, which can help them

understand the importance of community involvement in crime prevention and safety.

Local Government and Policymakers can use the findings to assess the effectiveness of

current community policing programs and make informed decisions about allocating

resources and improving strategies to address crime in Calinan District. Future

Researcher findings of this study can serve as a foundation for future research on

community policing programs and their impact on crime rates. Future researchers can

build upon this study by conducting further investigations into specific aspects of

community policing or by replicating the study in different contexts to validate the

findings.

Definition of Terms

These terms are discussed elaborately and defined conceptually and

operationally in this study since they are used for clarity and a better understanding of

those who will read this study.

 Police Community Relations a strategy where police work closely with

community members to prevent crime and solve local problems together. Social

Disorganization A situation where communities experience instability and breakdown

of social bonds, leading to higher crime rates. Implementation Strategies Specific

plans and actions used to put community policing programs into practice within a

community. Legitimacy The perception of fairness and authority of law enforcement

agencies and their actions in the community. Sustainability. The ability of community

policing programs to continue and remain effective over time, often influenced by factors

such as funding and community support. Procedural Justice refers to the fairness and

transparency of the processes and procedures used to make decisions or resolve

disputes. It emphasizes impartiality, consistency, and the opportunity for all parties to be

heard and participate in the process.

 Chapter II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this study utilized non-experimental quantitative research design using

descriptive-comparative research methods. A descriptive research design can
study one or more variables using a wide range of research techniques
(McCombes, 2022). This descriptive method emphasizes the "what" of the study
subject over the "why" of the research subject (Bhat, A. 2022). In utilizing the
descriptive research design in this study, this will be used in aiming for accurate
description of our demographic profile such as: Age, Sex and Years living in
community. Comparative research designs analyze phenomena to find
differences and similarities (Mokhtarianpour, 2016). Researchers also try to
identify and analyze similarities and differences between groups in cross-national
studies. In relation, every comparative study has specific goals, methods, scale,
and scope (s). Its final configuration is rarely decided at the outset. New insights
during research often require rethinking and revising preliminary decisions. The
researchers will utilize the comparative research design in finding the significant
difference between independent and dependent variables after an action or event
has already occurred. This is to evaluate that implementation of a community
policing program in Calinan District is effective.

A quantitative approach was deemed suitable for studying the

effectiveness of community policing programs on crime rates in Calinan District
due to its ability to provide objective measurements, conduct statistical analysis,
achieve generalizability, facilitate comparative analysis, and ensure objective
assessment. This approach allows for the rigorous analysis of numerical data,
enabling researchers to assess program effectiveness reliably and draw
conclusions applicable beyond the specific study area. Quantitative data on
 crime rates in Calinan District were collected from official sources such as police
reports, crime statistics databases, and other relevant records.

Research Respondents

The respondents of this study were the citizens of the Calinan District.
Researchers obtain data from the barangay determining the exact number who
are 18 and above. Identified by Raosoft Calculator, there will be 310 respondents
out of 24,218 citizens.

Sampling Procedure

In this study, the researchers utilized simple random sampling to select a

sample of 310 respondents out of 24,218 from Calinan District. Random
sampling was chosen for its ability to provide an unbiased representation of the
population, ensuring that each member of the population had an equal chance of
being selected for inclusion in the study. This study utilized Convenience
sampling, Convenience sampling is a kind of non-probability sampling technique
where participants are chosen depending on their suitability and interest in
participating. In other words, the sample is made up of people who are willing to
participate in the study and are available to the researcher (Hassan, 2022). In
utilizing the Convenience sampling, the researchers will be choosing the
respondents randomly in the purok they belong asking their availability and
interest in the research.

Research Locale

The study is focused on the locale of Calinan District, serving as the

geographical scope for evaluating the implementation and effectiveness of
community policing programs in addressing crime rates.
Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers formally sought permission to conduct the study from Calinan
Barangay Captain through a formal letter. After getting the permission, we started
conducting the survey. Prior to data collection, informed consent was obtained from
all participants, clearly outlining the purpose of the study, potential risks and
benefits, and the voluntary nature of participation. Participants are assured of their
anonymity and confidentiality if they opted to, with all collected data stored securely
and accessible only to authorized personnel. The researchers aim to uphold the
integrity of the study while safeguarding the well-being and rights of all participants
involved.

Research Instruments

This study adapted a survey questionnaire from Community Oriented Policing

Services (COPS) U.S Department of Justice 2014 that consisted of the statements
found on the Community Policing Program.

Moreover, in the first part of the questionnaire, the respondents’ profiles are
focused, that consist; respondent's age, sex, and Years living in the community.

Furthermore, the 5 point likert scale used in this study allows respondents to
indicate how much they agree or disagree with a statement about police community
relations and crime reduction. It also offers five possible answers to a statement or
question, allowing respondents to indicate their agreement.

The survey questionnaire is a Five-point Likert scale composed of the following

rating scales: (5) – To a great, (4) – A lot, (3) – Somewhat, (2) – A little, and (1) –
Not at all, an approach used by the researchers to interpret the items in the research
questionnaire to interpret the data obtained from the respondents.

The survey questionnaire was subjected to a validity test by sending it to 3

experts or research questionnaire validators and passed the validity test after minor
revisions. The researchers conducted pilot testing of the survey questionnaires by
administering 100 respondents from the Calinan District residents were not included
in the final data gathering. After that, the research instrument has undergone a
reliability test using Cronbach's alpha to establish reliability to guarantee that the
data are satisfactory and that the results are accurate and to measure the internal
stability. Conclusive proof of reliability was required to ensure the quality and
integrity of the research instrument of this study. The survey questionnaire garnered
a 0.79 reliability coefficient with the equivalent internal consistency of “Good and
Acceptable”. Therefore, there is an internal consistency in the data gathered during
the pilot testing and that the results are reliable.

Table 1. 5- Likert scale in measuring the effectiveness of community policing

programs.

Mean Descriptive Interpretation

Range Equivalents

4.20-5.00 Very Effective The responses from the respondents

consistently reflect the statements
describing the effectiveness of community
policing programs.

3.40-4.19 Effective The responses from the respondents

frequently reflect the statements
describing the effectiveness of community
policing programs.

2.60-3.39 Moderately Effective The responses from the respondents

occasionally align with the statements
describing the effectiveness of community
policing programs.

1.80-2.59 Less Effective The responses from the respondents

seldom reflect the statements regarding
the effectiveness of community policing
programs.
 1.00-1.79 Not Effective The responses from the respondents don't
align with the statements indicating the
effectiveness of community policing
programs.

Statistical Tools

In attaining the primary goal of this study, the following statistical tools are used in
processing data:

Frequency and Percentage. These tools were used to determine the number of
respondents' profiles in terms of age, gender, civil status, Employment status and
length of stay.

Mean. This is the average of the numbers. This was utilized to meet the
statement of the problem of this study specifically to determine the level of
effectiveness of the community information program of police community relations in
terms of Information Dissemination, Crime Awareness and Disaster Preparedness
Information.

Standard deviation. A standard deviation measures the dispersion of the data

relative to the mean. This measures data distribution spread. It measures the
distance between each data point and the mean answer.

T-Test for Independent Samples. A t-test is an inferential statistic used to

assess whether there is a significant difference between the means of a community
information program and their relationship.

ANOVA. Anova is a statistical test that is used to determine whether there is a

statistically significant distinction between the community information program
according to demographic profile by testing for mean differences using variance.
 R/R Studio. R/R Studio is a free software programming language and a software
environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R/R studio was utilized in
determining the Cronbach alpha during the reliability and validity test.

Tukey HSD Test. The Tukey HSD test is a statistical method for evaluating the
statistical significance of a relationship between two sets of data, or if there is a good
possibility that an observed numerical change in one value is responsible for an
observed change in another value. The Tukey test is a method for evaluating an
experimental hypothesis, to put it another way.

Ethical Consideration

The responses from the respondents were duly considered by the researchers.
The researcher will protect the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents'
information in compliance with Republic Act No. 10173, generally known as the Data
Privacy Act of 2012, and will only utilize it for this study. By citing their sources, the
researchers stay clear of plagiarism and avoid any problems with the original
author's copyright. Furthermore, the researchers will ensure that confidential
information, such as survey findings and respondent identities, is protected against
unauthorized access.

Role of the Researchers

In this study, the researchers play a multifaceted role encompassing various

responsibilities. They are involved in designing the study, obtaining ethical approval,
recruiting participants, collecting data, analyzing findings, and reporting results.
Throughout the process, the researchers prioritize professionalism, integrity, and
ethical conduct, ensuring participant confidentiality, data accuracy, and adherence to
relevant regulations and guidelines. Their aim is to produce high-quality research
that contributes to knowledge in the field while upholding the well-being and rights of
all involved.
Trustworthiness of the Study

The trustworthiness of this study is underpinned by several key elements. Firstly,

credibility is ensured through rigorous adherence to methodological procedures and
the use of validated instruments. Secondly, transferability is facilitated by detailed
descriptions of research methods, allowing for the application of findings to similar
contexts. Thirdly, dependability is established through transparent documentation of
the research process, including acknowledgment of biases and limitations. Lastly,
confirmability is achieved through the researchers' commitment to objectivity and
neutrality in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Overall, the study's
trustworthiness is bolstered by its methodological rigor, transparency, and
commitment to producing credible and reliable findings.
 CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Frequency and percentage were used to describe the demographic profile of the
respondents. Table 2 shows that, in terms of age, most of the respondents belong to 18
to 29 years old (F = 89, percent = 15.48%). In terms of sex, most of the respondents are
male (F = 158, percent = 50.97%). Finally, in terms of years living in the community,
most of the respondents stayed for 5 to 10 years (F = 157, percent= 50.65%).

Table 2. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Demographic Profile Frequency Percentage

Age 17 years or 48 15.48
younger
18 – 29 years old 89 28.71
30 – 39 years old 86 27.74
40 – 49 years old 72 23.23
50 – 59 years old 12 3.87
60 – 69 years old 3 0.97
70 years or older 0 0.00
Sex Female 152 49.03
Male 158 50.97
Years Lived in 1 year and below 3 0.97
the Community
2 – 3 years 6 1.94
4 – 5 years 24 7.74
5 – 10 years 157 50.65
 More than 10 120 38.71
years
TOTAL 310 100.00

Table 3: Issues the Respondents think are the greatest problem in Calinan
District

Issues F Rank
Sexual Assault 504 1
Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol 180 2
Underage Drinking 175 3
Drug Abuse 124 4
Robbery 105 5
Traffic Issues 74 6
Theft (Residentials) 48 7
Child Abuse 33 8
Homeless or Transient Related Problem 32 9
Child Sexual Predator 27 10
School Safety 21 11.5
Theft (Auto) 21 11.5
Gang Activity 18 13
Physical Assault 15 14
Fraud/Identity Theft 3 15
 Frequency and rank were used to identify the top issues the
respondents think are the greatest problem in Calinan District. Table 2 shows
that the Top 3 issues, in order, are Sexual Assault (F = 504), Driving Under
the Influence of Alcohol (F = 180), and Underage Drinking (F = 175).

These is in consonance with the study where it is "inconceivable" that

there have only been 70 occurrences of sexual abuse on Philippine
campuses since 2022, according to an organization that maintains its own
database of such cases (Chi, 2023). Furthermore, childhood and teenage
sexual abuse continues to be a common social issue. According to a global
estimate, 6% of boys and 13% of girls are sexually abused when they are
young (Barth et al. 2013). Moreso, alcohol is therefore the most commonly
used drug among young people in America and poses serious health and
safety hazards to them. Everyone is susceptible to the negative effects of
underage drinking, regardless of age or alcohol use. We are all impacted by
the aggressive behavior, property damage, injuries, violence, and fatalities
that can arise from underage alcohol consumption, whether directly or
indirectly. This is a national issue, not just a problem that affects a few
families (Get The Facts About Underage Drinking , 2024). Furthermore,
nearly all of the drivers who responded to the study are aware that it is
illegal to drive after consuming any kind of alcohol. They also believe that
this is the kind of offense that calls for severe penalties. On a possible ten-
point scale, they give this category nine points (Alonso et al., 2015).

Table 4: Level of Perceived Community Policing Program Implementation in

Calinan District

Perceived Community Policing Program Mean SD Description

Implementation on Crime Rates

Community Involvement 3.97 0.54 Effective

Procedural Justice 4.00 0.53 Effective
OVERALL 3.99 0.50 Effective

Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the level of

perceived community policing program implementation on crime rates in
Calinan District. Table 3 shows that the overall perception of the respondents
is considered effective (M = 3.99, SD = 0.50). This suggests that the efforts
of the community policing program are observed.

Specifically, in terms of community involvement (M = 3.97, SD = 0.54)

and procedural justice (M = 4.00, SD = 0.53), the perceived community
policing program implementation in Calinan district is considered effective.
This suggests that efforts of the community policing program are observed.

Table 5: Significant Difference in the Level of Perceived Community Policing

Program Implementation on in Calinan District when grouped according to
Demographic Profile

Age N Mea Statist p- Decision

n ic value
17 years or younger 48 3.99 10.599 <0.00 Reject Ho;
01
18 – 29 years old 89 4.20 Accept Ha
30 – 39 years old 86 3.99
40 – 49 years old 72 3.88
50 – 59 years old 12 3.29
60 years and older 3 3.43

Sex N Mea Statist p- Decision

n ic value
Female 15 3.95 -1.435 0.1523 Failed to
2 Reject Ho
Male 15 4.03
8

Years Lived in the N Mea Statist p- Decision

Community n ic value
1 year or below 3 4.36 3.9518 0.0038 Reject Ho;
2 – 3 years 6 4.08 Accept Ha
4 – 5 years 24 3.63
5 – 10 years 15 4.01
7
More than 10 years 12 4.03
0

One way Analysis of Variance was used to test whether there is a

significant difference in the level of perceived community policing program
implementation on crime rates in Calinan district when grouped according to
age and years lived in the community whereas Independent T-test was used
when the respondents are grouped according to sex. Table 4 shows that, in
terms of age (F(5,304) = 10.599, p < 0.0001) and years lived in the
community (F(4,305) = 3.9518, p = 0.0038), at least one group is
significantly different from the others. Tukey HSD was, then, used to identify
which among the group/s is/are significantly different from the others.

For age, it was found out (refer to Appendix A Table I) that respondents
whose age is 50 to 59 years old have significantly lower perceived
community policing program implementation on compared to those younger
than them, on average. Moreover, respondents whose age is 19 to 29 years
old have significantly higher perceived community policing program
implementation on compared to those older than them except those whose
age is 60 years and older, on average.

For years lived in the community, respondents who lived 4 to 5 years

in Calinan have significantly lower perceived community policing program
implementation on compared to those who lived longer than them except
those who lived more than 10 years, on average (refer to Appendix A Table
II).

However, in terms of sex (t=305.75) = -1.435, p = 0.1523), there is no

sufficient evidence to say that there is a significant difference in the
perceived community policing program implementation on between male
and female. This suggests that their perceived community policing program
implementation may be assumed the same, on average.
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This section presents the summary of the findings, conclusion and recommendation

of the study.

Summary of the Findings

Based on the results of the study, the researchers came up with the following

findings.

It was revealed that the majority of the respondents are from 18-29 years old. These
respondents are available and took part in this study considering that most of them are
male and have resided in the area for an average of 5-10 years.

In addition, it was discovered that underage drinking, driving while intoxicated, and

sexual assault are the most problems in Calinan District. In light of the growing number

of young people involved in delinquency in the Calinan District.

Moreover, the community's assessment of the Calinan District community policing

program is highly positive, with notable recognition for its efforts. Specifically,

perceptions of procedural justice and community involvement are favorable, indicating

strong support for the program. These findings underscore the importance of community

involvement and procedural justice in ensuring the program's success.

Additionally, analysis of community policing in Calinan revealed significant influences

from demographics. Age and duration of residency notably shaped perceptions, with

younger individuals and longer-term residents expressing more positive views. Gender,

however, did not have a significant impact on perceptions. These findings emphasize

the importance of demographic considerations in understanding community attitudes

towards policing, informing strategies to improve program effectiveness and community

engagement.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, the researchers came up with the following

conclusion.

The importance of proactive communication measures is highlighted by the Calinan

District Community Policing Program. It is imperative that police personnel and

community members maintain regular and easily available communication channels. By

actively engaging with the community, police agencies can find solutions to problems,

exchange important information, solicit feedback, and promote a spirit of inclusivity and

cooperation.

Furthermore, Implementation of Community Policing Program in Calinan District

addresses prevalent safety issues such as sexual assault, driving under the influence,

and underage driving. It emphasizes procedural justice and community involvement,

aligning with Herman Goldstein's Community-Oriented Policing Theory, which stresses

collaboration between law enforcement and communities to address crime. This

approach prioritizes society and quality of life, tackling real societal issues, relating to

Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson's Routine Activity Theory. It evaluates how

community policing programs contribute to increasing guardianship, reducing targets,

and deterring offenders. Ronald V. Clarke's Situational Crime Prevention Theory is also

relevant, focusing on reducing crime opportunities through measures that community

policing programs can implement effectively, thereby reducing crime rates.

Recommendation

Based on the conclusion presented above, the researchers came up with the

following recommendation:

Firstly, it is crucial for the police to maintain community involvement with the

residents since it would benefit both residents and the police as well in determining how

effective the community policing programs and how the people view the said program. It

is recommended that in a study to have effective community policing programs police

should maintain and observe quality police-community involvement, the police and

community members can develop a win-win situation. On the other hand, police may

conduct programs in order for the residents to know their roles in safekeeping,

community involvement and procedural justices Also, it is recommended to create

programs that include a more interpersonal approach to communicating specific

information and these cater to a diverse audience.

 Secondly, providing a different channel of information for the elderly and preventing

negative perceptions aggravated by the perception that the police were treating and

targeting them unfairly, police community relations may showcase community policing

initiatives aimed at a wide audience. And to guarantee that young people felt more

vulnerable as a result to experiencing sexual assault, driving while intoxicated,

underage drinking, being victims of crime, and being able to contact the police for

protection.

Thirdly, Local Government and Policymakers may conduct Information Programs

and campaign awareness for diverse audiences meeting the need for police and

community involvement in Calinan District. Future Researchers may use this research

as the basis for their future research topic considering different factors aside from

demographics of the citizen that could affect the community policing program and crime

prevention.
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