EL In-Place

Inclinometer
56804199

Copyright ©2006 Durham Geo Slope Indicator. All Rights Reserved.

This equipment should be installed, maintained, and operated by technically qualified personnel. Any errors
or omissions in data, or the interpretation of data, are not the responsibility of Slope Indicator Company. The
information herein is subject to change without notification.
This document contains information that is proprietary to Slope Indicator company and is subject to return
upon request. It is transmitted for the sole purpose of aiding the transaction of business between Slope Indi-
cator Company and the recipient. All information, data, designs, and drawings contained herein are propri-
etary to and the property of Slope Indicator Company, and may not be reproduced or copied in any form, by
photocopy or any other means, including disclosure to outside parties, directly or indirectly, without permis-
sion in writing from Slope Indicator Company.

SLOPE INDICATOR
12123 Harbour Reach Drive
Mukilteo, Washington, USA, 98275
Tel: 425-493-6200 Fax: 425-493-6250
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.slopeindicator.com
 Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Pre-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Vertical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Horizontal Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Manual Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Data Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Data Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Removing Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09

 Introduction
In-Place The in-place inclinometer system consists of
Fixed wheel
Inclinometers inclinometer casing and a string of linked points at
in-place inclinometer sensors. direction of
movement
The inclinometer casing provides access for sub- in vertical
surface measurements, controls the orientation of installations

the sensors, and moves with the surrounding

nt tion

ground.
c
ove Dire
me
of M ected

In vertical installations, the inclinometer casing is

installed in a borehole that passes through a sus- Casing
Exp

controls
pected zone of movement. One set of grooves is orientation
aligned in the expected direction of movement of sensors
In vertical installations, one
pair of casing grooves should (downhill, for example).
be aligned with the expected
direction of movement. In horizontal installations, inclinometer casing is
typically installed in a trench. One set of grooves
must be aligned to vertical, since the instrument is Sensor
expected to monitor vertical movements (settle- gauge
length
ment or heave).
The string of linked sensors is positioned inside
Vertical

the casing to span the zone of movement. When

the ground moves, the casing moves with it,
changing the inclination of the sensors inside the
casing.

In horizontal installations, one Sensors for vertical installations measure inclination from vertical. Sen-
pair of casing grooves must be sors for horizontal installations measure inclination from horizontal.
aligned to vertical.
Inclination measurements from the sensors are processed to provide
displacement readings in mm of displacement for the gauge length of
each sensor.
In most applications, sensors are connected to a data acquisition system
and data processing is completed by a computer program.

Inclinometer casing controls the orientation of the sensor

Fixed wheel points down Sensor gauge length

in horizontal installations

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 1

 IPI Sensor
Components

IPI sensor with wheel

assembly and top and
bottom tubing clamps.
Each sensor has a serial
number and is sup-
plied with a specified
length of signal cable.

Fixed wheel is
important at
installation
time.
Tubing clamp connects
sensor to gauge tubing

Gauge tubing completes the

gauge length of the sensor
below. Typically longer than
shown here.

Tubing clamp connects the

sensor to the gauge tubing.

Bottom IPI sensor

Fixed wheel is includes a swivel clamp
important at to lock the bottom
installation wheel assembly.
time.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 2

 Other Components

Placement Kit includes

Suspension Kit includes wheel wheel assembly and top
assembly and hardware to clamp clamp. Clamp rests on top of
and adjust suspension cable. casing and hold placement
Suspension kit is used with vertical tubing in center of casing.
inclinometers. Stainless cable is Placement kit is typically
required, but not shown. used with horizontal IPI
installations, but can also be
used for vertical installations.

Coupling for placement

tubing.

Placement tubing is used

to push inclinometer into
position and then keep it
there. Generally supplied
in 10 ft. or 3 meter
length.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 3

 Gauge Tubing Gauge tubing is typically ordered with the sensors. If gauge tubing is
not supplied, check project specifications for required gauge length,
and then follow the instructions below:
1. Choose stainless tubing that can accept tubing clamps. The standard
tubing clamps have a minimum OD of 15.6 mm (0.615 inch) and
expand to a maximum OD of 17.4 mm (0.685 inch).
2. Measure and mark the gauge tubing for the proper length:
tubing length = total gauge length – 550 mm (21.625 inch).
For example, you would cut tubing lengths of 1450 mm for a total
gauge length of 2 meters.
3. Cut and deburr the gauge tubing. Check that tubing clamps fit inside.

Suspension Cable Suspension cable, if used, is typically ordered with the system. The sus-
pension kit contains hardware for 3/16 inch cable. The cable is 3/16
inch, 19 x 7, stainless steel aircraft cable.

Placement Tubing Placement tubing, if used, is typically ordered with the system. If place-
ment tubing is required, but not supplied, follow the instructions below.
1. Choose stainless tubing that can accept tubing clamps and couplings.
The standard tubing clamps have a minimum OD of 15.6 mm (0.615
inch) and expand to a maximum OD of 17.4 mm (0.685 inch).
2. Deburr the gauge tubing and check that tubing clamps fit inside.
3. Use the coupling shown on previous page to join lengths of place-
ment tubing.
4. Use in-line wheel assembly if placement tubing must be articulated.

Safety Cable In vertical installations, you may find it useful to connect a safety cable
to the bottom sensor to prevent accidental loss of the sensors.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 4

 Pre-Assembly
Introduction This chapter tells how to connect gauge tubing to the sensors. We do
not recommend further pre-assembly. Sensors should be joined to
other sensors only as they are installed downhole.

Tools • Vice-grips to hold gauge tubing.

• Wrench to tighten tubing clamps.

Identify and • Test each sensor. See “Manual Readings” for instructions.
Check Sensors • Write down the serial number and intended installation depth of
each sensor.
• Check that wheels are firmly attached to sen-
sors. Also check that the swivel clamp is Swivel
attached to the wheel assembly of the bottom clamp on
bottom
(farthest) sensor. sensor
• Check that cable lengths are correct and attach
sensor ID tags to ends of signal cables.
• Mark sensors for order of installation.

Attach Gauge Tubing As you work, be careful not to bend or damage the wheel assembly as
to Each Sensor you work.
1. Remove the tubing clamp from the top of the sensor body.
2. Insert clamp into gauge tubing
3. Hold tubing and tighten clamp well.
4. Screw gauge tubing onto sensor body until sensor body and gauge
tubing form a rigid unit.

1 2 3 4

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 5

 Vertical Installation
Overview 1. Lay out sensors in order of installation.
2. Insert the first sensor in the preferred set of grooves. The fixed wheel
should point toward the expected direction of movement.
3. Lower the sensor into the casing. Keep the top of the gauge tube
accessible.
4. Align the next sensor with the preferred set of grooves as in step 2,
and connect it to the gauge tubing of the downhole sensor.
5. Lower the sensors into the casing. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until all sen-
sors have been installed.
6. Prepare the suspension kit or the placement kit.
7. Lower the sensors to their final location and terminate the top.

Required Tools • Safety cable attached to bottom sensor to prevent loss of sensors
down hole.
• Vice grips (clamping pliers) for holding gauge tubing while
connecting adjacent sensors.
• Thin 17 mm wrench for tightening tubing clamps.
• Tools for cable clamps or Allen wrench for securing top clamp.
• Vinyl tape for securing cable to gauge tubing.

Preparations 1. Note serial number and position of each sensor.

2. Lay out sensors in order of installation. We do not recommend pre-
assembly of the string of sensors. Add sensors to the string one by
one as you install them downhole.
3. Keep cables coiled until sensor is installed.

Removal If it is necessary to remove sensors, take the following precautions:

• Never try to remove the assembled string of sensors. The weight and
leverage of long gauge lengths make it very easy to damage the
wheels.
• Always disassemble the string, sensor by sensor. When removing
each sensor, always clamp the gauge tubing of the downhole sensor to
prevent it from twisting.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 6

 Install the 1. Attach safety line (nylon or wire rope) to
Bottom Sensor bottom sensor. Secure the safety line.
2. Insert first (bottom) sensor in preferred set
Fixed Swivel
of grooves. The fixed wheel should point to Wheel Clamp
the expected direction of movement. Check
that the wheel has a swivel clamp.
3. Lower sensor into casing. Tape signal cable to gauge tubing.
Use vice grips to clamp top of gauge tubing. Now the next sensor can
be installed.

Tape signal cable to gauge tubing.

Tie a safety line (nylon Clamp gauge

or wire rope) to the tubing with
bottom sensor. vice grip.

Fixed wheel should

point to expected
direction of move-
ment.

Inclinometer
Casing

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 7

 Install Next Sensor Connect next sensor to the gauge tubing of the sensor below, as shown
in the drawing. Continue adding sensors until the sensor string is com-
plete. Keep the following points in mind:
• Do not allow the installed sensor to twist in the casing when you
tighten the connection. Twisting can damage the wheels or pop them
out of the grooves.
• When you lower the sensor into the casing, check that the fixed
wheel is aligned in the proper direction.
• Tape cables neatly, so that they do not cross each other.

Tape cables
neatly for
easier
installation.

Check that fixed

wheel is aligned with
proper groove.

Hold gauge
Tighten tubing tubing firmly
clamp well. so that it does
not twist.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 8

 Install Top Wheel Attach top wheel from suspension kit or placement kit.
• Suspension kit: Wheel supplied in suspension kit has an eyelet for
suspension cable. Connect suspension cable as shown in drawing.
• Placement kit: Wheel supplied in placement kit has tubing clamp.
Attach placement tubing as shown in the drawing.

Suspension Placement
Cable Tubing

Check alignment of
fixed wheel and do
not twist gauge tube
when tightening nuts.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 9

 Terminate The suspension kit is used with vertical
with Suspension Kit installations. It consists of a top wheel
assembly, shown on the previous page,
cable thimbles, cable clamps, and a
hook for the top of the casing.
1. Cut the suspension cable to the
appro-priate length.
2. Attach the cable to the top wheel
assembly using the thimble and Cable
clamps. thimble

3. Attach the other end of the cable to

the chain, as shown in the drawing.
4. Use the chain is used to adjust the
final depth of the sensors.

Terminate with The placement kit is sometimes used

Placement Kit with vertical installations. It consists of
a top wheel assembly, shown on the
previous page, and a “top” clamp for
placement tube.
The top clamp holds either placement
tubing - when the sensors are deeper in
the casing - or the gauge tube of the
nearest sensor.
The top clamp has a split collar. Loosen
the screws, slide the collar over the
placement tubing or gauge tubing, and
then tighten the screws.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 10

 Horizontal Installation
Overview 1. Lay out sensors in order of installation.
2. Align the first sensor with the vertical grooves of the casing. Insert
the sensor with its fixed wheel pointing downwards.
3. Push the sensor into the casing. Keep the top end of its gauge tubing
accessible.
4. Connect the next sensor to the gauge tubing of the downhole sensor.
Then push it into the casing.
5. Continue connecting sensors until the string is complete.
6. Connect the final wheel assembly.
7. Prepare the placement kit and placement tubing.
8. Push push sensors to final location and terminate.

Required Tools • Safety cable may be useful if sensors are to be retrieved or if casing
actually slopes downwards.
• Vice grips (clamping pliers) for holding gauge tubing while
connecting adjacent sensors.
• Thin 17 mm wrench for tightening tubing clamps.
• Allen wrench for securing top clamp.
• Vinyl tape for securing cable to gauge tubing.

Preparations 1. Attach gauge tubing to each sensor, as explained previously. We do

not recommend joining sensors together now. Add sensors one by
one to the string.
2. Lay out sensors in order of installation. Note the serial number and
position of each sensor.
3. Keep cables coiled until sensor is installed.

Removal If it is necessary to remove sensors, take the following precautions:

• Never try to remove the assembled string of sensors. The weight and
leverage of long gauge lengths make it very easy to damage the
wheels.
4. Always disassemble the string, sensor by sensor. When removing
each sensor, always clamp the gauge tubing of the downhole sensor
to prevent it from twisting.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 11

 Install the 1. Check that the first sensor has a swivel clamp on its wheel assembly.
First Sensor
2. Tape signal cable to the gauge tubing.
3. Align the fixed wheel with the bottom groove and push the sensor
into the casing.

Swivel Clamp

Fixed Wheel

Install More Sensors 1. Prepare to connect the next sensor. Align the fixed wheel with the
bottom groove.
2. Push the tubing clamp into the gauge tubing of the sensor that is
already in the casing. Do not twist the gauge tubing when you tighten
the tubing clamp nuts.

Do not twist gauge tubing.

Fixed Tubing
Wheel Clamp

3. Continue adding sensors until the sensor string is complete.:

Keep cable away from wheels.

Allow some slack at the swivel.

Arrange cables neatly so that they

do not cross. Ideally, cables should
not touch casing.

• Do not twist the installed sensor when you tighten tubing clamps.
Twisting can damage the wheels or pop them out of the grooves.
• Always verify that the fixed wheel is in the bottom groove.
• Tie cables neatly, so that they do not cross each other.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 12

 Terminating the The placement kit supplies most of the components used to terminate
Installation horizontal installations. The placement kit includes a top wheel assem-
bly and a top clamp. A top clamp retainer is also available.

Install Top Wheel The top wheel com-

pletes the gauge length
of the nearest sensor.
Align the fixed wheel
with the bottom Do not twist the sensors when
you tighten the tubing clamp.
groove.
The top wheel is not required if the gauge length of the top sensor is ter-
minated with the top clamp.

Install Placement tubing is used to position the sensors deeper into the casing.
Placement Tubing Placement tubing is normally longer than shown in the illustration. A
coupling is used to join two placement tubes.

Do not twist the sensors when you

tighten the tubing clamp.

Install The top clamp holds placement tubing or the gauge tube of the nearest
Top Clamp sensor.
1. The top clamp has a split collar.
Top
Loosen the screws, slide the collar over clamp
the placement tubing or gauge tubing, retainer
and then tighten the screw.
Top
2. (Optional) Use the top clamp retainer clamp
to hold the top clamp to the casing.
3. In horizontal installations, the sensors normally must be pushed into
the casing. This puts the mechanical linkage of the sensors into com-
pression. If possible, put the linkage into tension, but pushing the
sensors deeper into the casing and then pulling them back into
position.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 13

 Manual Readings
Introduction Manual readings are useful for testing the system before the data acqui-
sition system is set up. This manual covers connections to IPI sensors
that have a 2.5v signal conditioner. Previous signal conditioners used a
250 mV signal conditioner with different wiring.

EL Data Recorder 1. Connect sensor to readout as shown in the table below.

2. Switch on. Choose uniaxial or biaxial sensor.
3. Tilt is displayed in volts. Temperature is displayed in degrees C.

Data Recorder Terminal Signal Cable Wire

1 Tilt A Orange

2 Tilt B Blue

3 Temp Red

4 Sig Common Yellow

5 Sense Violet

6 Power + Green

7 Power - Black

8 Shield Drain Wire

Testing with The voltmeter should be capable of displaying values in the low milli-
a Voltmeter volt dc range. You must also have a power source must supply between
5.5 and 15 Vdc. An alkaline 9-volt battery is suitable
1. Connect green wire to the + terminal of the power source. Connect
the violet wire and black wire to the - terminal of the power source.
2. To read the A-axis sensor, connect the voltmeter to the orange wire
(signal) and yellow wire (reference).
3. To read the B-axis sensor, connect the voltmeter to the blue wire (sig-
nal) and yellow wire (reference).
4. To read the thermistor, connect the voltmeter to the red and yellow
wires.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 14

 Test Readings 1. When the sensor body is vertical, you should see a reading of about
0.0 Vdc.
2. The A-axis sensor measures tilt in the plane of the wheels. Tilt the top
of the sensor in the direction of the fixed wheel. The reading should
be about 2.2 to 2.3 V as the tilt nears 10 degrees. Tilt the top of the
sensor in the direction of the sprung wheel. The reading should be
about -2.2 to -2.3 V as the tilt nears 10 degrees.
3. The B-axis sensor (available with biaxial sensors only) is rotated 90
degrees from the A-axis sensor. Tilting the sensor to 10 degrees
should provide a reading of ±2.2 to 2.3 Volts.
4. See the next section, data reduction, to learn how to convert the
reading in volts to deviation in mm.
5. At 25 degrees C, the thermistor reading should be about 1 Vdc.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 15

 DataLogging
Data Logging These instructions provide information needed for reading uniaxial
with CR10X and biaxial IPIs with the Campbell Scientific CR10X datalogger system.
Sample Program: A sample CR10X monitoring program is available at
Slope Indicator’s website. Go to www.slopeindicator.com - support -
tech notes. Look at the data logger technotes. You’ll see a link for sam-
ple programs.
Wiring Diagrams: The wiring g diagrams on the following pages show
how to connect uniaxial and biaxial IPIs to the Campbell Scientific
CR10X datalogger system.

Wiring Diagram 1 Connecting a uniaxial sensor directly to the CR10X

Wiring Diagram 2 Connecting a biaxial sensor directly to CR10X

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 16

 Wiring Diagram 3 Connecting uniaxial sensors to an AM416 multiplexer

Wiring Diagram 4 Connecting biaxial sensors to an AM416 multiplexer

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 17

 Data Reduction
Introduction Data reduction is usually automated because it involves a large number
of readings and a large number of calculations.
Here, we explain how to use the sensor calibration record and provide
an example of converting a single reading from voltage to mm of devia-
tion and mm of displacement.

Calibration Record A calibration record is provided with each EL IPI sensor. Note that cali-
brations are unique for each sensor, so use sensor serial numbers to
match sensors with their calibrations.
The sensor calibration record lists three sets
C0 -7.0311
of factors for each axis of the sensor and
one factor for the temperature sensor. The C1 73.878

table at right shows factors for sensor serial C2 -0.22265

number 10001. Your sensors will have dif- C3 -0.33079
ferent factors.
C4 0.019426
C0 to C5: Use these factors to convert a
C5 0.020221
reading in volts to mm per meter of gauge
length.
S0 1
S0 to S2: Use these factors if it is necessary
S1 0.00059828
to adjust the mm/m value above for tem-
perature-related changes in sensor sensitiv- S2 0.0000068117
ity.
F0 to F2: Use these factors if it is necessary F0 00012125
to adjust the mm/meter value for tempera- F1 0.016273
ture-related changes in the offset of the sen-
F2 0.00096919
sor.
Toffset: Use this factor in the equation to
Toffset 0.19
convert a thermistor reading in volts to
degrees C. Tnom 12

Tnom: Tnom is normally 12 degrees C.

However, the value shown on the sensor calibration record may be
higher or lower if your sensors were calibrated over a custom range of
temperatures.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 18

 Applying Suppose you obtain a reading of 0.57V from sensor 10001, which has a
Calibration Factors gauge length of 2 meters. How do you convert the voltage reading to
mm of deviation?

Converting Apply the C factors to the voltage reading as shown below. EL repre-
sensor readings sents a reading in volts. C5 through C0 are factors that appear on the
to mm per meter sensor calibration record. The result of the calculation is a value in mm
per meter.
mm/meter = C5 • EL5 + C4 • EL4 + C3 • EL3 + C2 • EL2 + C1 • EL + C0

C Factor EL Reading Value

C0 -7.0311 -70311

C1 73.878 0.57 42.11046

C2 -0.22265 0.572 -0.07234

C3 -0.33079 0.573 -0.06126

C4 0.19426 0.574 0.002051

C5 0.020221 0.575 0.001217

mm per meter deviation = 34.94903

Calculating To calculate deviation for a particular gauge, multiply the

Deviation mm/meter value by the gauge length of the sensor. In this example, the
gauge length is 2 meters, so the deviation would be 2 x 34.949 mm or
about 70 mm.
deviation in mm = mm per meter value • gauge length of sensor in meters

In this example, the gauge length is 2 meters, so the deviation would be

2 x 34.949 mm or about 70 mm.

Calculating Displacement (movement) is the change in deviation. The next page

Displacement shows the direction of movement associated with negative and positive
displacement values.

displacement = deviationcurrent - deviationinitial

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 19

 Direction of Inclinometer casing is typically installed so that one set of grooves is
Movement parallel with the expected direction of movement. Sensors are installed
for Vertical IPIs so that their fixed wheels point to the direction of movement.
When the bottom of the casing or the bottom of the sensor is used as
reference, positive displacement values indicate movement in the direc-
tion of the fixed wheels (normally the expected direction).

A positive displacement + – A negative displacement

value for the A axis indicates value in the A axis indicates
movement in the direction of movement in the direction
the fixed wheels. of the sprung wheels.

Displacements are referenced

to the bottom of the casing
or the bottom of the sensor.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 20

 Direction of Horizontal inclinometer casing must be installed with one set of
Movement grooves oriented to the vertical. Sensors are installed with the fixed
Horizontal Sensor wheel pointing down.

Far-End Reference When the far end of the casing or the far end of the sensor is used as the
reference, negative displacements indicate upward movement and posi-
tive displacements indicate downward movement:

A negative displacement
value indicates movement
in the direction of the
sprung wheels. Far end of casing or
far end of sensor used
as reference.
–

+
A positive displacement
value indicates movement
in the direction of the fixed
wheels.

Near-End Reference When the near end of the casing or the near end of the sensor is used as
the reference, negative displacements indicate downward movement
and positive displacements indicate upward movement:

A positive displacement
value indicates movement
in the direction of the
sprung wheel.

Near end of casing or –

near end of sensor
used as reference.
A negative displacement
value indicates movement
in the direction the
fixed wheel.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 21

 Temperature The CR10 delivers thermistor readings in volts. The equation below
Readings shows how to convert the volt reading to degrees C. The factors in the
equation are optimized for temperatures between -15 and 85 degrees C.
ET is the volt reading. Toffset is taken from the sensor calibration sheet.
DegC = ( 9.3219 x ET5 ) + ( -54.3038 x ET4 ) + ( 131.165 x ET3 ) + ( -161.2568 x ET2 ) + ( 137.7711 x ET ) + ( -37.7705 ) - Toffset

Temperature If the temperature of the sensors remains relatively constant, as is the

Corrections case for most underground applications, temperature corrections may
not be useful. However, if the sensors experience wide variations in
temperatures, temperature corrections may be necessary. There are two
corrections: a sensitivity correction called SENSTC and an offset
correction OFFSTC.
1. Find the change in temperature from Tnom, which is a value on the
sensor calibration sheet.
DeltaT = DegC - Tnom
Example: DegC is 19.3 and Tnom is 12 degrees C,
so DeltaT, the change in temperature, is 7.3 degrees C

2. Calculate the sensitivity correction:

SENSTC = S2•DeltaT2 + S1•DeltaT + S0

S Factor DeltaT Value

S0 1 1

S1 0.00059828 7.3 0.004367

S2 0.0000068117 7.32 0.000363

SENSTC = 1.00473

3. Calculate the offset correction:

OFFSTC = F2•DeltaT2 + F1•DeltaT + F0

F Factor DeltaT Value

F0 0.00012125 .000121

F1 0.016273 7.3 0.118793

F2 0.00096919 7.32 0.051648

OFFSTC = 0.170562

4. Apply the corrections:

corrected value = ( mm/meter value • SENSTC ) + OFFSTC
= ( 34.94903 • 1.00473 ) + 0.170562
= 35.28491

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 22

 Removing Sensors
Removal of Sensors If it is necessary to remove sensors, take the following precautions:
• Never try to remove the assembled string of sensors. The weight and
leverage of long gauge lengths make it very easy to damage the
wheels.
• You must disassemble the string as you withdraw it, so that you actu-
ally remove sensors one by one. When removing each sensor, always
clamp the gauge tubing of the downhole sensor to prevent it from
twisting.

EL In-Place Inclinometer, 2008/7/09 23