8/25/2024
Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics Applications (2 of 2)
Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 12
A sports car travels along a straight road.
Kinematics of a Particle
Can we treat the car as a particle?
If the car accelerates at a constant rate, how can we
determine its position and velocity at some instant?
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
1 6
An Overview of Mechanics Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous
Motion (Section 12.2)
A particle travels along a straight-line
path defined by the coordinate axis
s.
The position of the particle at any
instant, relative to the origin, O, is
defined by the position vector r, or
the scalar s. Scalar s can be positive
or negative. Typical units for r and s
are meters (m) or feet (ft).
The displacement of the particle is
defined as its change in position.
Vector form: r = r’- r Scalar form: s = s’- s
The total distance traveled by the particle, is a positive scalar that
represents the total length of the path over which the particle travels.
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
7 8
8/25/2024
Velocity Acceleration
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle. It Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a
is a vector quantity (it has both magnitude and direction). The magnitude vector quantity. Typical units are m / s 2 or ft / s 2 .
of the velocity is called speed, with units of m/s or ft/s.
The average velocity of a particle The instantaneous acceleration is
during a time interval t is the time derivative of velocity.
vavg r / t
Vector form: a dv / dt
The instantaneous velocity is the
time-derivative of position. Scalar form: a = dv / dt = d 2s / dt 2
v dr / dt Acceleration can be positive (speed increasing) or negative (speed
decreasing).
Speed is the magnitude of velocity: v=ds / dt As the text shows, the derivative equations for velocity and acceleration
Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time: can be manipulated to get
(vsp ) avg s T / t a ds = v dv
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
9 10
Summary of Kinematic Relations: Constant Acceleration
Rectilinear Motion The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case
when acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful equations.
• Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.
A common example of constant acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body freely
2 2
v = ds/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds falling toward earth. In this case, a c = g = 9.81 m/s = 32.2 ft/s
downward. These equations are:
• Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.
v t
v t v
Velocity: dv a dt or v dv ds
s s
Position: ds v dt
t
dv a dt
v0 0
c yields v = v 0 a c t
v0 0 v0 s0 s0 0 s t
• Note that so and vo represent the initial position and
ds v dt
s0 0
yields s = s 0 v o t + (1/2) a c t 2
velocity of the particle at t = 0. v s
vdv a c ds
v0 s0
yields v 2 = (v0 ) 2 2a c (s - s 0 )
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
11 12
