PC COMMUNICATION

1. What is Embedded system?

An embedded system is a system that has embedded software and
computer hardware which makes it a system dedicated for an applications or specific part of
an application.

2. Define microcontroller?
A micro controller is a single chip VLSI unit which through having limited
computation capability, possesses enhanced input and output capabilities and a number of
ON chip functional unit.

3. When is communication called synchronous?

When a byte or frame of data is received or transmitted at a constant time intervals with
uniform phase difference.

4. What are the characteristics of synchronous communication?

Bytes maintain constant phase difference, clock ticking at certain rate must
always be there to serially transmit bits of all bytes.

5. What is asynchronous communication?

When a byte of frame or data is received at variable time interval.

6. Mode of operation of timer of 8051?

 Mode 0
 Mode 1
 Mode 2
 Mode 3

7. Discuss the Rs232 communication?

Rs232 communication is between DTE COM port and DCE port, DE data
terminal equipment ,DCE data COM port RS232C port in computer is used up to 9600 baud
asynchronous serial transmission rate up to UART mode com. Generally baud rate are set at
300,600,1200,4800,&9600.Rs232 standard provides for UART serial port asynchronous
mode.

8. Give example for asynchronous mode of communication?

An example of mode of asynchronous communication is RS232 between
UART devices.

9. What is baud rate?

It is used to indicate that rate at which serial data is being transferred.
 RF TRANSMITTER AND RECIVER

1. What is a PC communication through RF transmitter and receiver?

The RF links are used to connect two PC’s through serial port communication
to each other. The coding is in c to chat between two PC’s or send a file through RF link at a
distance of approximately 10m.

2. How does RF link communication takes place?

When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that
is able to propagate through space. Many wireless technologies are based on RF field.

3. What are main components required in RF communication?

 8051 microcontroller
 PC
 RF link

4. What is meant by RF communication?

Radio frequency is the rate of oscillation in range of about 3Khz to 300Ghz which
corresponds to the frequency of radio waves and ac which carry radio signals.

5. Why mostly the wireless RF communication is used?

In many situations a communication link between the devices, become essential .This
communication can be wired or wireless. If two devices are close to each other like MUC and
a memory a wired link is preferred.

6.What are the advantage of RF?

 Not line of sight
 Not blocked by common materials can penetrate most solids
 Longer range
 Not light sensitive

7.What are the disadvantage of RF communication?

 Higher cost than infra red
 Lack of security
 Lower speed
 Interference

8.What are the applications of RF communication?

Transportation and logistics,Hospital health care, Libraries,Telemetry.
 REAL TIME CLOCK

1.What is RTC?
A real time clock is a computer clock that keeps track of current time. Although the
term often refers to devices in personal computers, services and embedded system. RTC are
almost present in every electronic devices which needs to keep accurate time.

2.What are the benefits of using RTC?

 Low power consumption
 Free the main system for time critical state
 Sometimes more accurate than other methods

3.Discuss how power is been supplied to RTC?

RTC as a alternate source of power, so they can continue to keep time while primary
source of power is off or unavailable. This atleast a source of power is of power is normally a
lithium battery is older system but newer
system using super capacitor because they are rechargeable and can be solved.

4.Timing of an RTC
Most of the RTC use a crystal oscillator but some use power line frequency. In many
causes oscillators frequency is 32.76Khz.

5.Advantage of RTC
 It is accurate in time
 It has seven kinds of time value
 It does 24 hours control throughout the year

6.Examples of RTC
 Business
 Factories and switches of light ON and OFF

7.Disadvantages of RTC
 The clock is free
 Easy to use

8.Define real time analog digital clock

Digital clock with a couple of brushes and a bucket of latex and charged them to change
the hands minute by minute.

9.What are the two ways of handling the time factor?

Generate the time internally which is done by programming the timer of the controller .
Other one is to use RTC
 LAMP CONTROLLER USING LDR SENSOR

1.What is an LDR?
A photo resistor or light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance exhibits a
photoconductivity.(i.e) a photoelectric of light sensing device.

2.How an LDR works?

An LDR is a component that has a resistance that depends on changes with the light
intensity and that falls upon it. They have a resistance with an increase in light intensity
falling upon the device.

3.What is lightening switch?

The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at certain
light level.

4.What is camera shutter controller?

They can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be used to
measure the light intensity and set the camera shutter speed to the appropriate level.

5.List the applications of LDR?

-Clock radios
-Alarm devices
-Street light
-Outdoor clocks

6. Basics of an LDR?
The general purpose of photo conductive is known as LDR. It is a type of semiconductor
and its conductivity changes which is proportional to the change in intensity of light.

7.Give the construction details of LDR?

There are some common types of material used to manufacture photo conductive
cells .They are cd’s and cdre.

8.What are the characteristics of photo conductive cells?

 Photo conductor
 Spectral band
 Time constant

9.Give the advantages of LDR?

 It is very small
 Small round semiconductor device
 It keeps the amplifier from clipping.
 SPRINKLER CONROLLER

1.Define sprinkler controller.

It is a device to operate automatic irrigation system such as lawn sprinkler and drip
irrigation system

2.what are the types of sprinkler controller?

 Electric sprinkler controller.
 Hydraulic sprinkler controller.

3. what are the categories of irrigation controller?

 Domestic applications
 Professional irrigation
 Gardening application

4. what is humidity sensor?

Humidity sensor is a device which consists of a special plastic material whose electrical
characteristics change according to the amount of humidity in the air.

5. what is sensor?
A sensor is a energy conversion that measures physical quantity and converts it into a
signal which can be used.

6. what are the different types of sensor?

Sensors are categories according to what they are used for they include accelerating,
humidity, flow rate , force, magnetic field, etc.

7. what is irrigation sprinkler?

Irrigation sprinkler is a device used for irrigation of lawn or crop the entire system of
pipes and sprinkler intended for fire suppression within building.

8. what is sprinkler fitting?

Sprinkler fitting is an occupation considering of the installing, testing inspection and
cutifying of automatic.

9. what are the types of sprinkler fitting?

 Active fire protection
 Passive fire protection.
 HOT CHAMBER CONTROLLER

1.Define a hot chamber controller?

Hot chamber controller is a digital microprocessor based PID temperature indicator cum
controller with display resolution of 0.1 degree Celsius temperature controlling sensor.

2.Specification of hot chamber controller?

 Hot chamber die casting machine
 LCD monitoring computer
 High shot speed
 Import hydraulic units.

3.Safety features for hot chamber controller?

 Provides suitable overload protectors
 Fully solid state relay for heater
 High and Low temperature deviation alarm

4.Standard size of Hot chamber?

Hot chamber can be sized with length, Width, Height . It can be of 600mm*600mm*and
750mm*750mm*750mm.

5.Application of hot chamber controller?

 Thermal shock chamber are developed with the purpose to test air to air.
 Thermal shock component
 Defence laboratories
 Testing labs.

6.Heating system of hot chamber?

Heating system is namely has an imported encolite heaters provide heating for hot
chamber controller.

7.Working of hot chamber controller?

A prematic device passes the basket upside down between two cabinets after regular
interval in the fixed system.
 RELAY

1.What is relay?
A relay is an electrically operated switch.It is used for switching mechanism
mechanically.

2.How relay is controlled?

Relay are used where it is necessary to control a signal by a low power signal several
circuit are use to control relay.

3.How relay acts on long distance?

Relay used in long distance telegraph circuits, reporting the original coming from one
circuit and retransmitting it to another.

4.What are the applications of relay?

Relay are used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computed to perform logical
operation.

5.Define contractor.
A relay type that can handle high power required directly control an electric motor called
as an contractor.

6. How to protect the electrical circuit from over load?

Relay with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coil are
used to protect electrical circuits from over load.

7.Define protective relay?

The function of electric power system performed by digital instrument called protective
relay.

8.When I relay made fixed contact?

The consequent moment of the movable contacts either makes or break the connection
with fixed break contact.

9.When relay is de energized?

If the set of contact was closed the relay is de energized.

10.What are the basic building block of a micro computer system?

 CPU
 RAM
 ROM
 I/O
 BUZZER CONTROLLER

1.What do you mean by buzzer?

A buzzer or a beeper is an audio signalling device which may be mechanical
,electromechanical or piezoelectric.

2.Uses of buzzer.
 Alarm devices
 Timers
 Confirmation of user input such as mouse click or keystroke.

3.Types of buzzer.
 Electromechanical
 Mechanical
 Piezoelectric

4.Define electromechanical buzzer

A relay may be connected to interrupt its own activating current to buzz. It is mainly used
in wall or ceiling, it acts as a sounding board.

5.Define word buzzer.

The word buzzer comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzer makes.

6.Give an example for mechanical buzzer.

A joy buzzer is an example for a purely mechanical buzzer and it requires a driver.

7.Define piezoelectric buzzer.

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio
signal, driver with piezoelectric audio amplifier.

8.Modern application of buzzer.

 Novelty uses
 Educational purposes
 Look out devices
9.How is the program for buzzer different from others?
Simple and straight forward.
 LCD DISPLAY

1.What is LCD?
A liquid crystal display is an electronic device designed to display data, liquid crystal
polarize light with the orientation being shifted by 90 degree when voltage is applied.

2.What is an alphanumeric display?

An alphanumeric display has an array of pixels typically with 55 pixels grouped together
in 5x11 pixels.

3.What determines the display of characters?

A driven chip on the display settings determines which pixels is turned on dark to create
the numbers and letters.

4.Designation of LCD?
Several rows and columns allows to display the information. The designation if LCD tells
that no. of rows and columns.

5.What are the pin connections of LCD?

 Ground pin
 Contrast
 Register select
 Read/write
 Clock
 Data

6.What is the difference between data 0:7 and 4:7?

In data 0:7 each byte is read as 8 bit at a time whereas in data 4:7 each byte is read as 2
nibbles.

7.What are the instructions available?

 Clear,display,home cursor
 Entry mode set,ON/OFF control
 Cursor shift,function set
 Character RAM address set
 Display RAM address set
 Write data to CD

8.List the features of PIC microcontroller?

 Flash memory
 Data SRAM
 Data EEPROM
 Watch dog timer with on chip RCO

9.List some of the pheripheral features?

 Two capture,compare modules
 Synchronous serial port
 Parallel slave port
 Brown out reset
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

1.What are the basic building blocks of microcomputer system?

 CPU
 RAM
 ROM
 I/O

2.Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller?

Microprocessor: It is the core component of any microcomputer and its requirements are
external components such as ROM,RAM,I/O, to accomplish its purpose.
Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a processor which has I/O circuitry and peripherals
build in allowing it to interface more or less directly with external peripherals.

3.Define a microcontroller based system?

The microcontroller based system requires no additional circuitry except a clock input ant
it can be in many cases directly drive peripherals outputs.

4.Define PIC microcontroller?

The PIC microcontroller is the upper end of the mid range series of the microcontroller
developed by microchip. It is characterized by a RISC architecture instead of CISC.

5.Architecture of PIC microcontroller?

The PIC series of Microcontroller are RISC based process with an accumulator which uses
the Harvard architecture. Therefore the controller has a program memory data bus and data
memory data bus.

6.Memory layout of PIC16F877?

It has SKX 14 bit words of flash program memory,368 bytes of data RAM,256 bytes of
data EEPROM and an 8x13 wide hardware stack.

7. What is the LM35 temperature sensor?

The LM35 are precision integrated circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to Celsius.

8.Advantage of LM35?
The LM35 series are precision it does not require any external calibration or timing to
provide typical accuracies. It can be over linear temperature sensors calibrate in degree
Kelvin as the user is not required.

9.Application of LM35?
LM 35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated circuit temperature
sensors. It can be connected to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01 degree
Celsius of the surface temperature.