IP / DG / M-JULY / 1ST / 19.7.

17

MAITREYA MOHAN SAHOO

and
B. K. PAL

Geological modelling of a deposit and

application using Surpac
With the help of a mine planning and design software a limited period of time to earn profits. This necessitates
Surpac, a geological database was created into which the proper planning on where to extract and how to extract
coordinates and alignment of the borehole points and their resources and timely execution of the planning prospects.
constituents along with their individual grades were fed Planning for opencast mines is done by assessing the
into. The deposit which has been studied is a bauxite ore. total reserve and the average grade of the deposit. From this
From this database, the boreholes were displayed data, scheduling is done time to time based on where to
graphically in the software GUI. Further, surface generation extract the ore at a particular point of time. Sometimes the mine
using the points was done that facilitated for the manual management may ask for rich grades of ore while sometimes
task of sectioning of individual borehole row sets. After it may ask for normal grades and ore blending.
sectioning all the hole sets, a solid model representation of
the ore deposit was generated, validated and its volume and Opencast mine planning is done by first generating a
tonnage were determined with the input of its specific representative model of the ore deposit, then dividing the ore
gravity which is known as reserve estimation. Moreover, the body into smaller blocks and sub-blocks which is basically
borehole data was composited using downhole compositing referred to as block modelling. From the stage of block
method and statistical trends of individual constituents of modelling, a suitable depth is selected from which the pit is
bauxite were studied. Block modelling was done with the to be designed. While designing the pit, it should be kept in
help of downhole composite and the volume of the total mind that the stripping ratio should be economical in order to
block model was also calculated. The anomalies in the minimize losses.
volumes between solid model and block model was For the process of geological modelling and opencast
discussed. The grades of individual constituents of bauxite, mine planning, several softwares have come into use with the
i.e. Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 were determined for a application of information technology in mining industry.
particular block using Inverse Square Distance method Among them, Surpac is one having multiple high end
(ISDM) and were found out to be 44%, 28.28%, 2.21% and functions of mine modelling. The software has been
2.02% respectively. For the same block, the grade of Al2O3 developed by Gemcom International. It is a complete software
was determined using three different grade measurement of mine planning and designing.
techniques, i.e. Nearest Neighbour, ISDM and Ordinary Several works have been done by various researchers in
Kriging and were found out to be 41.4%, 44% and 41.37% the field of mine planning and designing using this software.
respectively. The grades were compared to proper reasoning Geological databases have been established for a multi-metal
and concluded accordingly. mine with the purpose of grade measurements, analysis of
Keywords: Geological database, solid model, block faults, crevices and geological discontinuities for
model, Surpac software, reserve estimation, grade underground excavation (Zhou et al., 2007). In another
measurement. research work, reserve estimation of a high phosphorus
stockpile has been done for an iron mine using geostatistical
1. Introduction
modelling (Kasmaee et al., 2010). Designing modelling tools

I
n the mining industry, there are two aspects which are have also been applied for oil shale mining in Estonia (Karu
highly essential to monitor and optimize apart from et al., 2008). In one of his books “Mineral Exploration:
environment- money and time. Equivalently in a mining Principles and Applications”, Dr. S. K. Haldar has emphasized
industry, time is money; one has to extract much resources in application of geostatistics to resolve the problems of grade-
tonnage mismatch and wider grade variations of estimated
Mr. Maitreya Mohan Sahoo, Student and Dr. B. K. Pal, Professor,
Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
blocks (Haldar, 2013). Other works have also been done with
Rourkela 769 008, India. E-mail: [email protected]/ respect to orebody modelling and comparison of various
[email protected] reserve estimation techniques (Moharaj and Wangmo, 2014)

JOURNAL OF MINES, METALS & FUELS 417

 TABLE 1: COLLAR TABLE AND ASSOCIATED FIELDS The deposit lies on a flat to gently
Field Description rolling plateau top extending over a
length of 21 km in NE-SW direction and
1. BHID Tells about the borehole ID. Unique for each borehole
having an average width of 800 m. The
2. Y Northing
area of the deposit is approximately 17
3. X Easting
sq. km. The deposit is divided into
4. Z Elevation or reduced level
three blocks - north block, central
5. Max_depth Tells about the drill path length
block and south block.
6. Holepath Tells if a borehole is drilled vertical or inclined
7. No. of samples Tells how many ore samples have been examined from a borehole The geological data of a limited
area (around 5-6 ha) has been provided
for the purpose of geological
TABLE 2: SURVEY TABLE AND ASSOCIATED FIELDS
modelling.
Field Description
1. BHID Tells about the borehole ID. Unique for each borehole 3. Objective
2. Depth Tells about the vertical distance traversed by a borehole The main objective here is to develop
3. Dip Tells about the angle of inclination of a borehole w.r.t vertical a graphical representation of the ore
4. Azimuth Tells about the direction of inclination deposit from borehole data, compute
its reserve and estimate its grade with
TABLE 3: ASSAY TABLE AND ASSOCIATED FIELDS the purpose of better mineral resource
Field Description
evaluation. Furthermore, emphasis has
also been given on making
1. BH_name Same as the borehole ID
comparisons between different grade
2. Sample_id Assigns a number identity to a sample extracted from borehole
estimation techniques for the same
3. From_SMPL From what depth the sample has started
deposit and figuring out the reasons
4. TO_SMPL From what depth the sample has ended
behind the differences in grades, if any.
5. Al2O3% Percentage assay of Al 2O3
6. Fe2O3% Percentage assay of Fe2O3 4. Methodology
7. TiO 2 % Percentage assay of TiO2
4.1. CREATION OF A GEOLOGICAL DATABASE
8. SiO2% Percentage assay of SiO2
For the process of geological
and opencast mine modelling (Agarwal, 2012). modelling, the first step is to create a
This paper deals with the process of ore reserve geological database. Geological database is basically done from
modelling, estimation of its reserve and determination of its the raw data acquired from the boreholes or equivalently
grade using some of the popular estimation techniques and drillholes so that the software understands the type of
comparison in their values. information fed into its system and can compute the results or
display any graphical form according to the user's requirements.
2. Area of study For feeding into a Surpac database or basically any geological
The area of study is an opencast bauxite mine which is located database two mandatory tables are required – collar and survey.
in Odisha, India. The mine is owned by a company which is For obtaining information related to grade, types of rocks
administered by Ministry of Mines, Government of India. The present near the orebody and the presence of any geological
company has a production of 6.8 million tonnes of bauxite features or discontinuities, other optional tables are used such
and 1.6 million tonnes of overburden. The overburden is as assay, litho, geology, etc. The software system uses two
composed of hard ferruginous laterite extending in thickness tables intrinsically as a part of system tables – translation and
from 0-3.5 m and bauxite layer extending in an irregular form styles which deals with the graphical display formats. For the
from 10-35 m having an average thickness of 14 m. The provided geological data, only collar, survey and assay tables
bauxite deposits are of Precambrian age where the ore has are required (Tables 1, 2 and 3).
been formed through a process of weathering and During the process of data importing, data is taken from
lateralization of the parent rock, i.e. khondalite. the csv files (the given data files) to the newly created Surpac
The bauxite mine is the largest single bauxite deposit in database through the software wizard. Data can be imported
Asia having a reserve of 310 million tonnes of bauxite deposit. from access and various versions of paradox database files.
It is a part of east coast bauxite deposit having a total reserve It has to be made sure that the correct csv file should be
of 3000 million tonnes from which 2000 million tonnes of selected for the tables and the column number of Surpac
deposit is distributed in Odisha and 1000 million tonnes in database parameters and the field number of the parameters
Andhra Pradesh. mentioned in csv files should match each other.

418 JULY, 2017

 IP / DG / M-JULY / 1ST / 19.7.17

the string file is generated (Fig.3). Then

the surface string file is saved and from
this file, the surface DTM is generated
(Fig.4).
Next, the drillholes are displayed,
and colour constrained in terms of
geology and labels selecting the
parameter of cut-off grade % of Al2O3,
i.e. 42% (Fig.5). Then the set of
drillhole rows are digitized selecting
only the grades within and above the
cut-off value inside the digitized region
Fig.1 Location of drillholes in the mine plan
using the section mode. The creation
of sections is done for all the drillhole
row sets (Fig.7). The figures for
explaining the procedure has been
illustrated in Figs.5, 6 and 7.
Then, using the function of
triangulation inside a segment and
triangulation between segments for the
extreme two section strings, the 3-D
model of the ore is generated (Fig.8).
The solid model is then validated for
any invalid edges or repetitions of
edges, etc. Then the volume of the
Fig.2 Magnified view of the drillholes and the plan solid model is calculated (Table 4).

4.2. DISPLAY OF BOREHOLES

The mine plan was imported into
the Surpac graphics in the form of
string file, i.e. str format. Then the mine
plan was corrected for its scale and
orientation by using the ‘Move string
constrained by – transformation’
function. The map was rotated to an
angle of +72° and its scale was
increased to a magnitude of 13.6.
Simultaneously the map was also
subjected to translation till it reached
its desired coordinates. With this Fig.3 Generation of surface string file
configuration, the drill holes were
displayed in the plan (Figs.1 and 2).
4.3. 3-D MODELLING
Prior to 3-D modelling, some of the
other functions to be carried out
include generation of surface DTM
from a given borehole set, indicating
the depths in the boreholes which can
be considered as ore and creation of
sections for different drillhole sets.
The surface string is generated
using the ‘import data from one file’
function. The collar file is selected and Fig.4 Generation of surface DTM file

JOURNAL OF MINES, METALS & FUELS 419

 4.4. BLOCK MODELLING
Before starting block modelling,
compositing of drillholes is done for
proper resource evaluation. In the
process of compositing, the assay
values of the adjacent samples from
the drillholes are combined in order to
determine the assay values of longer
drillhole intervals. Basically, there are
six types of compositing methods
used in Surpac software- downhole,
bench elevation, by grade
Fig.5 Drillhole display constraints, by geological constraints,
from end of hole and from multiple
elements.
Downhole drill compositing has
been done with a fixed length of 5 m
composite length, with minimum
percentage of samples to be included
as 75% and no zone selection method.
Compositing has been done with the
parameter of grade % of Al2O3 (Fig.9).
The compositing string data and the
statistics of the raw data, i.e. the
Fig.6 Colour constraining of drillhole row set and entering into the section mode statistical trends of grades vs number
of samples for Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and
TiO2 have been illustrated as below
(Fig.10).
Next comes the process of block
modelling in which the solid ore model
is divided into smaller regular block
units of customized size for better
resource evaluation which means
determining the volume of the entire
ore deposit from the block model and
comparing with the volume of the
solid model and second, to estimate
the grade of a particular block using
Fig.7 Creation of sections for all drillhole sets different grade estimation techniques
with the aid of compositing.
Block modelling has been done
with block size of 10 m * 10 m * 4 m
and sub-block size of 5 m * 5 m * 2 m.
Then the block model is constrained
according to the extent of the ore
deposit and the volume of the block
model is calculated (Fig.11 and
Table-6). Grade estimation of Al2O3 for
a particular block has been done
using the techniques of Nearest
Neighbour, Inverse Distance and
Kriging (Table 5). The values have
Fig.8 3-D model or solid model of the ore deposit been compared as shown in Table 5.

420 JULY, 2017

 IP / DG / M-JULY / 1ST / 19.7.17

5. Results and conclusion

1. The total ore reserve volume for the
3-D model is 996117.53 m3, while the
total ore reserve volume for the
block model is 998950 m3. The
difference in their volumes comes
out to be around 2832.47 m3 which
is 0.284% or approximately 0.3% of
the total ore reserve volume for the
solid model. This implies that the
volume of the block model is 0.3%
greater than the volume of the solid
Fig.9 Downhole compositing
model. This anomaly is occurring
because the 3-D model has been
formed from the process of
triangulation, leading to smooth
surfaces and softer edges, but the
block model is composed only of
larger blocks and smaller sub-blocks
and the pointed edges of the
blocks/sub-blocks cannot negotiate
with the surface that has been
formed from a solid model, thereby
overestimating the volume of the
ore body.
2. There is also the occurrence of
anomalies in the trisolation extents
of solid model and those of the
block model due to their methods
of formation.
3. The overall surface area for the
block model is definitely greater
than the surface area of the solid
model, i.e. 136505.15 m2.
4. In the statistical trends for various
constituents of bauxite, the average
grade of Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and
TiO2 are found out to be 40.53%,
30.36%, 3.13% and 2.26%
Fig.10 Statistical analysis of various constituents of bauxite respectively.
5. Comparing the grades of Al2O3 for
the mentioned block using the three
different grade estimation
techniques, we find that the grades
by Natural Neighbour, Inverse
Square Distance and Kriging
methods come out to be 43.1394%,
43.99% and 41.37% or approximately
43.14%, 44% and 41.37%
respectively. If we compare the
Nearest Neighbour and Inverse
Square Distance methods, we
Fig.11 Block model of the deposit showing grades through inverse square distance method notice a slight difference in the

JOURNAL OF MINES, METALS & FUELS 421

 TABLE 4: SOLID MODELLING OBJECT REPORT 2. Dagdelen, K. (2001): Open pit optimization- Strategies for
Layer name: section2.dtm improving economics of mining projects through mine
Object: 1 planning. International Mining Congress and Exhibition
Trisolation: 1
of Turkey- IMCET 2001. Pages: 117-121.
Validated = true 3. Haldar, S. K. (2013): Mineral Exploration- Principles and
Status = solid Practices. Elsevier Publications. Pages: 157-182.
Trisolation extents 4. Huang, Ping, Yang, Peng, Chen, Yizhou and Chenjun, Liu
X minimum: 20289.046 X maximum: 20619.962 (2011): “Three Dimensional model of Cangshang Gold
Y minimum: 21294.427 Y maximum: 21632.713 Mine based on Surpac.” International Journal of
Z minimum: 1260.898 Z maximum: 1303.550
Adavncements in Computing Technology. Dec 2011, Vol-
Surface area: 136505.15
3 Issue 11. Pages: 299-306 (8p).
Volume : 996117.53 5. Jiang, Xue-liang, Yang, Hui and Wen, Chang-ping (2013):
“Excavation Simulation of Opencut Mining Slope
TABLE 5: COMPARISON OF Al2O3% GRADE FOR A PARTICULAR BLOCK Containing Goaf Based On Refined Three-Dimensional
Parameter Value
Geological Model With Surpac and FLAC 3D.” EJGE
Vol. 18 (2013), Bund. B. Pages: 345-364.
Y-coordinate 21391.927
X-coordinate 20361.546
6. Karu, V., Vastrik, A. and Valgma, I. (2008): Application of
Z-coordinate 1297.898
Modelling Tools in Estonian Oil Shale Mining Area. Oil
Shale, 2008, Vol 25, No. 2 Special, Estonian Academy
Block size 5*5*2
Publishers. Pp 135-144.
Al2O3 % (nearest neighbour) 43.1394
Al2O3 % (inverse distance) 43.99
7. Kasmaee, Sara, Gholamnejad, Javad, Yarahmadi, Alireza
and Mojtahedzadeh, Hosein (2010): Reserve Estimation
Al2O3 % (ordinary kriging) 41.37
of the high phosphorous stockpile at the Choghart iron
mine of Iran using geostatistical modelling. Mining
TABLE 6: BLOCK MODEL REPORT
Science and Technology 20 (2010), Elsevier Publications.
Gemcom Software International Dec 02 2015 Pages: 855-860.
Block model report 8. Moharaj, M. C. and Wangmo, Y. (2014): Ore Body
Constraints used Modelling and Comparison of Different Reserve
a. Inside 3DM section 2 Estimation Techniques. E-Thesis (2014). National
Keep blocks partially in the constraint: False Institute of Technology, Rourkela.
Volume 998950 9. Roy, Indranil and Sarkar, B. C.: Ore body Modelling: An
1/1 Integrated Geological-Geostatistical, Approach,
Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines,
grade values which occur because the Nearest Neighbour Dhanbad.
method uses the concept of Voronoi polygon in which the
10. Xiao-ming, Liu, Zhou-quan, Luo, Qing-fa, Chen, Xun-
distance of all the corners (other sample points) from the
fang, Zhang and Qing-ling, Zhu (2009): “3D dynamic
concerned point remains the same, but in Inverse Square
monitoring of collapse area based on CMS-Surpac.”
Distance method, the weightage (grade values) between
IEEE Journal. Pages: 637-641.
two sample points are taken into consideration. Both
11. Zhi-yong, Zhou, Jiang-hong, Chen and Ke-ping, Zhou
Nearest Neighbour and Inverse Square Distance methods
(2004): “Application of Surpac Vision software in
take only two points for consideration. But in the Kriging
establishing model of ore body.” Modern Mining 04-2004.
method, the weightage (grade values) of multiple points
are taken into consideration and calculation is done using 12. Zhouquan, Luo, Xiaoming, Liu, Jiahong, Su, Yabin, Wu
a tedious formula, thereby giving a smaller average value. and Wangping, Liu (2006): “Building of Three
This clearly implies that the Nearest Neighbour method Dimensional Models of Deposit based on Surpac.”
over estimates the alumina percentage. It also under Metal Mine (04-2006).
estimates the volume of the reserve. Inverse Square 13. Zhou-quan, Luo, Xiao-ming, Liu, Zhang, Bao, Hao, Lu
Distance method overestimates both attributes in and Chang, Li (2008): Cavity 3D modelling and
comparison to ordinary Kriging. correlative techniques based on cavity monitoring.
Journal of Central South University of Technology
References (2008) Vol 15, Springer Publications. Pp 639-644.
1. Agarwal, H. (2012): Modelling of Opencast Mines using 14. Zhou-quan, Luo, Xiao-ming, Liu, Jia-hong, Su, Ya-bin,
Surpac and its Optimization. E-Thesis (2012). National Wu and Wang-ping, Liu (2007): Deposit 3D modelling
Institute of Technology, Rourkela. and application. Springer publications. Pages: 225-229.

Printed by Pradip Kumar Chanda at The Indian Press Pvt. Ltd. 93A Lenin Sarani, Kolkata 700 013 and
422 JULY, 2017
published by him for Books & Journals Pvt. Ltd. from 6/2 Madan Street, Kolkata 700 072.