Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING
Two columns having cross-section of 250 x 250 mm and 300 x 300 mm, loaded with 300 KN and 500
KN respectively. The center-to-center distance between the column is 4 m. The bearing capacity of soil
is 100 KN/m2. Design a rectangular combined footing being width as 1.5 m. Use M20 grade of concrete
and Fe 415 grade of steel.
300 KN 500 KN
Solution:
Total load coming from columns, = 300 + 500 = 800 𝐾𝑁
Assume wt. of footing as 10% of column load = 10 % x 800 = 80 KN
Total Load transferred to the soil, 𝑃 = 800 + 80 = 880
880 Sub-Soil
Required Area of footing, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 8.8 m2
100
Limiting the width of footing as, Bf = 1.5 m,
Therefore, required Lf = 5.86 m Bf
4m
Adopt, Bf = 1.5 m & Lf = 6.0 m
Lf
Hence provided area of footing Lf x Bf = 1.50 x 6.0 = 9.0 m2
Note: To have the uniform pressure distribution, CG OF LOAD should coincide with CG OF FOOTING.
For that lets consider that the CG of load is at a distance of “X” from the center of left column C1.
Taking moment of loads about center of column C1.
500 𝑥 4
𝑋= = 2.5 𝑚 Bf
300 + 500
A X 4-X B
Projection of footing on L.H.S from the center of column C1,
𝐿 6 Lf /2 Lf /2
𝐴= − 2.5 = − 2.5 = 0.5
2 2
Projection of footing on R.H.S from the center of column C2,
𝐿 6
𝐵= − (4.0 − 2.5) = − (4.0 − 2.5) = 1.5
2 2
Net upward soil pressure, w = 800 / 9 = 88.89 KN/m2
C1 P = 300 KN C2 P = 500 KN
0.5 m 4.0 m 1.5 m
``
P = 88.89 KN/m2
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
Calculation for Shear Force for total width of footing as 1.5 m
SF @ A = 0 To find point of zero shear force,
SF @ B (Left) = 133.34 x 0.5 = 66.67 KN 300 233.34
=
SF @ B (Right) = 66.67 – 300 = -233.33 KN 4 − 𝑋1 𝑋1
SF @ C (Left) = -233.33 + 133.34 x 4 = 300 KN 300 𝑋1 = 233.34 (4 − 𝑋1 )
SF @ C (Right) = 300 - 500 = -200 KN 300 𝑋1 + 233.34 𝑋1 = 933.34
SF @ D (Left) = -200 + 133.34 x 1.5 = 0 KN 533.34 𝑋1 = 933.34
MA = 0 KN-m 𝑋1 = 1.75 m
MB = 133.34 x 0.52/2 = 16.667 KN-m Now from left edge of footing,
MC = 133.34 x 1.52/2 = 150.00 KN-m 0.5 + 1.75 = 2.25 m
Mm ax = (133.34 x 2.252/2) – 300 x 1.75 = -187.49 KN-m
300 KN
66.67 KN
200 KN
233.33 KN
187.49 KN-m
A B E C D
16.667 KN-m
150 KN-m
(A) DEPTH REQUIRED FOR FLEXURE
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 187.49 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.5 𝑥 187.49 = 281.235 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √
0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
281.235 𝑥 106
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √ = 260.64 mm,………………………Providing over all depth as D = 450 mm
0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1500
Assume clear cover as 50 mm and diameter of bar as 16 mm,
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 450 − 50 − 16/2 = 392 𝑚𝑚
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
Check against Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
Note: Checking the punching shear under the heavily loaded column. As in this example its column C2.
Consider the critical section at a distance of d/2 from the face of the column C2, and knowing the
shear force at this critical section,
C1 C2
C2
1.5 m
0.3 + d
0.3 m
0.3 m
6m 0.3 + d
V= 500 – 88.89 (0.3 + 0.392)2 = 457.433 KN
Vu= 457.433 x 1.5 = 686.15 KN
Perimeter length of Shear Area b’ = 4 (300 + 392) = 2768 mm
𝑉𝑢⁄
Nominal shear at critical section, 𝑇𝑣 = 𝑏′ 𝑥 𝑑
Nominal shear, 𝑇𝑣 = 686.15 𝑥 10^3⁄ 2768 𝑥 392 = 0.6323 MPa
IS 456-2000, Pg. 58, Cl.31.6.3,
Shear at critical section = Tc x Ks
Ks = 0.5 +βc where βc = shorter side of column / Longer side of column
Therefore, βc = 300/300 = 1
Therefore, Ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.50 >1 Hence, Ks = 1 Only
𝑇𝑐 = 0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 √20 = 1.118 MPa
Tv = 0.6323 MPa < Tc = 1.118 MPa
Hence provided depth safe in punching shear.
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
DESIGN FOR REINFORCEMENT
(A) Along length of footing
• Longitudinal Tensile Reinforcements for Mid Span (At Top)
M= 187.5 KN-m Mu= 1.5 x 187.5 = 281.25 KN-m (Hogging Moment)
0.5 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ⁄𝑓 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 2 ] 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑘
0.5 𝑥 20 6
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 4.6 𝑥 281.25 𝑥 10 ⁄20 𝑥 1500 𝑥 3922 ] 𝑥 1500 𝑥 392
415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2151.54 mm2 (Design Requirement)
Ast = 0.12 % x b x D = 0.12 % x 1500 x 450 = 810 mm2 (Minimum Requirement)
Providing T16 mm, Unit area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Spacing required over width,
201.06
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑥 1500 = 140.132 𝑚𝑚
2151.54
Hence provide the spacing as 125 mm c/c
Provide T16 @ 125 c/c along length of footing.
Area of steel provided, Ast = (201.06 / 125) x 1500 = 2412.72 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 2412.72
𝑃𝑡 = = 𝑥 100 = 0.36 %
𝑏 𝑥 𝐷 1500 𝑥 450
• Longitudinal Tensile Reinforcements Under Column C1 (At Bottom)
M= 16.67 KN-m Mu= 1.5 x 16.67 = 25.00 KN-m (Sagging Moment)
0.5 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ⁄𝑓 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 2 ] 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑘
0.5 𝑥 20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 4.6 𝑥 25.00 𝑥 10^6⁄20 𝑥 1500 𝑥 3922 ] 𝑥 1500 𝑥 392
415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 177.84 mm2 (Design Requirement)
Ast = 0.12 % x b x D = 0.12 % x 1500 x 450 = 810 mm2 (Minimum Requirement)
Providing T12 mm, Unit area of bar = 113.09 mm2
Spacing required over width,
113.06
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑥 1500 = 209.44 𝑚𝑚
810
Hence provide the spacing as 200 mm c/c
Provide T12 @ 200 c/c along length of footing.
Area of steel provided, Ast = (113.09 / 200) x 1500 = 848.18 mm2
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 848.18
𝑃𝑡 = = 𝑥 100 = 0.1256 %
𝑏 𝑥 𝐷 1500 𝑥 450
• Longitudinal Tensile Reinforcements Under Column C2 (At Bottom)
M= 150.00 KN-m Mu= 1.5 x 150.00 = 225.00 KN-m (Sagging Moment)
0.5 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ⁄𝑓 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 2 ] 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑘
0.5 𝑥 20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 4.6 𝑥 225.00 𝑥 10^6⁄20 𝑥 1500 𝑥 3922 ] 𝑥 1500 𝑥 392
415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1691.52 mm2 (Design Requirement)
Ast = 0.12 % x b x D = 0.12 % x 1500 x 450 = 810 mm2 (Minimum Requirement)
Providing T12 mm, Unit area of bar = 113.09 mm2
Spacing required over width,
113.06
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑥 1500 = 100.28 𝑚𝑚
1691.52
Hence provide the spacing as 100 mm c/c
Provide T12 @ 100 c/c along length of footing.
Area of steel provided, Ast = (113.09 / 100) x 1500 = 1696.35 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1696.35
𝑃𝑡 = = 𝑥 100 = 0.251 %
𝑏 𝑥 𝐷 1500 𝑥 450
(B) Transverse reinforcement or Along width of footing
Width over which column load is supposed to be distributed is d, from the face of columns. As shown
in the figure.
a + 2d a + 2d
C1 C2
1.5 m
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
• Transverse Reinforcements Under Column C1
Projection of slab in transverse direction beyond the face of column C1,
(1.5 − 0.25)⁄
= 2 = 0.625 𝑚
Width over which column load is to be distributed,
b’ = 0.25 + 2 𝑥 0.392 = 1.034 𝑚
Net upward soil pressure, = 300⁄(1.034 𝑥 1.5) = 193.42 𝐾𝑁/ 𝑚2
Now we are considering 1 m wide strip for design
(193.42 𝑥 0.6252 )⁄
M at the face of column = 2 = 37.78 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Mu = 1.5 x 37.78 = 56.68 KN-m/m
Effective depth in transverse direction, d = 450 – 50 – 12 – 6 = 382 mm
0.5 𝑥 20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 4.6 𝑥 56.68 𝑥 10^6⁄20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 3822 ] 𝑥 1000 𝑥 382
415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 420.78 mm2/m
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % x 1000 x 450 = 540 𝑚𝑚2 / m
Providing T12 mm, Unit area of bar = 113.09 mm2
Spacing required over width,
113.06
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑥 1000 = 209.25 𝑚𝑚
540
Hence provide the spacing as 200 mm c/c
Provide T12 @ 200 c/c along width under column C1 of footing.
Area of steel provided, Ast = (113.09 / 200) x 1000 = 565.45 mm2/m
𝐴𝑠𝑡 565.45
𝑃𝑡 = = 𝑥 100 = 0.126 %
𝑏 𝑥 𝐷 1000 𝑥 450
• Transverse Reinforcements Under Column C2
Projection of slab in transverse direction beyond the face of column C1,
(1.5 − 0.3)⁄
= 2 = 0.60 𝑚
Width over which column load is to be distributed,
b’ = 0.3 + 2 𝑥 0.392 = 1.084 𝑚
Net upward soil pressure, = 500⁄(1.084 𝑥 1.5) = 307.50 𝐾𝑁/ 𝑚2
Now we are considering 1 m wide strip for design
2
M at the face of column = 307.50 𝑥 0.6 ⁄2 = 55.35 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 /m
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
Mu = 1.5 x 55.35 = 83.025 KN-m/m
Effective depth in transverse direction, d = 450 – 50 – 12 – 6 = 382 mm
0.5 𝑥 20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 4.6 𝑥 83.025 𝑥 10^6⁄20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 3822 ] 𝑥 1000 𝑥 382
415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 623.38 mm2/m
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % x 1000 x 450 = 540.00 𝑚𝑚2/ m
Providing T12 mm, Unit area of bar = 113.09 mm2
Spacing required over width,
113.06
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑥 1000 = 181.36 𝑚𝑚
623.38
Hence provide the spacing as 150 mm c/c
Provide T12 @ 150 c/c along width under column C2 of footing.
Area of steel provided, Ast = (113.06 / 150) x 1000 = 753.7 mm2/m
𝐴𝑠𝑡 753.7
𝑃𝑡 = = 𝑥 100 = 0.167 %
𝑏 𝑥 𝐷 1000 𝑥 450
B. SHEAR CHECK
Check For One-Way Shear
Note: Critical section at a distance of d from the face of the column C1 fall beyond the edge of footing
hence no check is needed under this column. Now we are going to check shear stress under the column
C2 in the projected part at a distance of d from the face of column.
1.5 m
C2
d
0.3 m 1.5 m
0.3 m
`
1.5 – 0.3/2 – 0.392
𝑉 = 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑
𝑉 = 88.89 𝑥 1.5 𝑥 (1.5 − 0.15 − 0.392) = 127.73 KN, 𝑉𝑢 = 127.735 𝑥 1.5 = 191.60 𝐾𝑁
Tv = Vu / b x d = 191.60 x 10^3 / 1500 x 392………………………Tv =0.326 MPa
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
To find shear at critical section, we should know available % of steel at the section
i.e., Pt =0.251 %, Fck = 20 MPa, as per IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.4, Table:19
Pt Tc
0.250 0.360
0.251 0.3604
0.500 0.480
Tv = 0.326 MPa < Tc = 0.3604 MPa ……………Hence Ok. No Need to provide shear reinforcements.
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Design of Combined Footing Struct Soft Centre
(SSC)
Designed Schedule and Details
FOOTING SIZE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS TRANSVERSE
(MM) TOP BOTTOM REINFORCEMENTS
Design Extended Extended
L B D Under C1 Under C2 Top Bottom
R/F R/F R/F
See
6000 1500 450 T16@125 T16@250 T12@200 T12@150 T12@200 T12@200
Details
T16 @ 125 C/C T16 @ 250 C/C
T12 @ 200 C/C
450 MM
T12 @ 200 C/C 6.0 M T12 @ 100 C/C
T16 @ 125 C/C T16 @ 250 C/C
1.5 M
T12 @ 200 C/C (A) TOP PLAN VIEW
d d d d
1.5 M
T12 @ 200 C/C T12 @ 150 C/C
T12 @ 200 C/C T12 @ 100 C/C
(B) BOTTOM PLAN VIEW
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