Physics

Year: First Credit Hours: Theory 160

Level: Certificate Practical: 80
Assessment Marks: 100

Course Description

This course in physics is designed to provide students with an understanding of the scientific laws of our
physical world, and how physics contributes to life’s activities in modern society. The course emphasizes
both quantitative and qualitative aspects of physics, involving mathematical models and equations. The
application of physics to social and environmental situations is well illustrated.

The practical component of this course is designed to supplement learning through the application of
learned theory. The students will handle simple apparatus to do simple measurements, demonstrate simple
electrical circuits, and apply their knowledge of physics to real life examples.

Course objectives
On completion of the course the student will be able to:
 Correlate physics and its applications related to everyday experiences of their life.
 Identify the social, economic, environmental and other implications of physics.
 Describe physics as a coherent and developing framework of knowledge based on fundamental
theories ofthe structures and processes of the physical world.
 Demonstrate the skills of experimenting, observing, interpreting data and evaluating evidence to
formulate generalizations and models.
 Apply knowledge of physical principles to familiar and unfamiliar situations.
 Apply facts, vocabulary and conventions to unit measurements and common measuring
instruments.
 Explain the definitions, laws, concepts, theories and models presented in this course.
 Describe the applications and implications of physical facts and principles.

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams, performance observation.

Teaching / Learning activities and resources: classroom instruction and demonstration, return
demonstration, models, solving related problems.

Recommended Texts
1. Brij Lal and Subramanyan, Principles of Physics.
2. Nelkon and Parker, Advanced Level Physics (5th ed.)
3. Physics Practical Manual, Basanta Raj Rosyra (second edition)

Reference Texts
1. Pradhan, J.M. & Gupta, S.K., A Textbook of Physics (part I & II)
2. Verma, H.C., Concepts of Physics I & II
3. Sears, Zemansky & Young, University Physics
4. Halliday, D & Resnick, R., Physics Part I & II

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Course: Physics Hrs. theory 160 Hrs. lab 80
Unit 1: Mechanics Hrs. theory 40 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 1.1: Units and Measurement Hrs. Theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define fundamental and derived units. 1. Physical concept of mass, length and time.
2. Explain, MKS, CGS and SI system of units. 2. Various systems of units and their conversion.
3. Convert one system of units into another 3. Express derived units in terms of fundamental
system of units. units.
4. Express derived units in terms of fundamental 4. Precise and accurate measurement
units. 5. Dimensional formula for various physical
5. Define precise and accurate measurement quantities.
6. Use of dimensions to derive simple physical 6. Conversion of system of units using
quantities and equations (time period of simple dimensions
pendulum) 7. Solve simple numerical problems
7. Convert one system of units into another using
dimensional formula
Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit 1.2: Scalar and Vectors Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Differentiate between scalars and vectors 1. Scalar and vectors with examples.
2. Identify whether a physical quantity is scalar or 2. Vector addition by parallelogram and triangle
vector. method.
3. Resolve vectors into two rectangular 3. Resolve a vector into two components.
components. 4. Triangle and parallelogram law of vectors
4. State and explain triangle and parallelogram 5. The product of two vectors either results in a
law of vectors scalar quantity or a vector quantity.
5. Point out the resultant of two or more vectors 6. Simple numerical problems
by graphical method.
6. Write the values of scalar product and vector
product, for selected problems.
Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit 1.3: Kinematics Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define displacement, velocity, instantaneous 1. Displacement, velocity, instantaneous
velocity, average velocity, uniform velocity velocity, average and uniform velocity and
and acceleration retardation. acceleration (retardation).
2. Differentiate between distance and 2. Distance and displacement, speed and
displacement, speed and velocity. velocity.
3. Write down the relation of kinematics equation 3. The concept of projectile motion (Show that
of motion (linear and gravitational). path of the projectile is parabolic)
4. Calculate the time of flight, maximum height 4. Solve simple numerical problems
and horizontal range of a projectile (Both
cases)
5. Solve simple problems related to the projectile.
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams, Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
performance observation. classroom instruction and demonstration, return
demonstration, models, solving related problems.
Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit 1.4: Force Hrs. theory 9 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:

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1. State Newton's laws of motion. 1. Linear momentum and significance of
2. Give the concept of inertia of rest, motion and Newton's laws of motion in various
3. direction. concepts.
4. Define force in terms of rate of change of 2. Interpret the meaning of inertia of rest and
momentum and give their directions. inertia of motion.
5. Derive F = ma and used it to solve simple 3. Illustrate the applications of inertia and
problems. impulse.
6. Recognize the impulse is a force act in very 4. Angular displacement, velocity and
short interval of time. acceleration
7. State and prove principle of conservation of 5. Derive the relation v = r.
linear momentum with examples. 6. Recall vector nature of velocity and change
8. Define angular displacement, angular velocity the direction of velocity in circular motion.
& angular acceleration. 7. Know the magnitude of centripetal force and
9. Distinguish between angular velocity and 8. centrifugal force, F = mv2/r = mr2 (With
linear velocity and derive relation between derivation)
them. 9. Friction, limiting friction, angle of friction
10. Define circular motion, centripetal force, and and
centrifugal force. coefficient of friction.
11. State the magnitude and direction of centripetal 10. State law of limiting friction.
and centrifugal force and their applications to 11. Derive the relation between angle of friction
centrifuge and satellite (not derivation). and coefficient of friction.
12. Differentiate between elastic and inelastic 12. Simple numerical problems
collision.
13. Define friction, laws of limiting friction, angle
of friction,angle of repose e of repose and
coefficient of friction.
Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit 1.5: Work, Energy and power Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define work energy and power and give their 1. The distinction between the common uses of
units in various systems. the term work, energy and power and its
2. Define KE and PE also give their magnitude. meaning in Physics.
3. State and verify the principle of conservation 2. Conservation of energy i.e. change of KE into
of energy. PE giving example of falling body.
4. Give examples to demonstrate the uses of the 3. Give the transformation of different forms of
transfer of energy. energies i.e. PE into KE etc.
4. Simple numerical problems
Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit 1.6: Gravity and Gravitation Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. State Newton's law of gravitation. 1. Laws of gravitation F = GMm/R2.
2. Deduce unit and dimension of G. 2. Acceleration due to gravity, mass and weight
3. Define acceleration due to gravity and 3. The relation between gravitation constant and
variation of g due to height and depth acceleration due to gravity.
4. Differentiate between mass and weight. 4. The variation of g due to height and depth.
5. Explain weightlessness condition in lift 5. Center of mass and center of gravity.
6. State the condition of equilibrium of a body 6. Conditions of equilibrium of a body with
7. Differentiate between center of gravity and examples.
center of mass 7. Simple numerical problems
8. Satellite, Orbital velocity & time period

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Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit: 1.7 Properties of Matter Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define elasticity, stress, strain and elastic limit 1. Hook's law and the relation between stress,
on the basis of Hook's law strain and elasticity of solid material
2. Write relation for energy stored in a stretched 2. Elastic potential energy and energy density in
wire and energy density a stretched wire(without derivation)
3. Define surface tension. 3. The property of surface tension of liquid.
4. Differentiate adhesive and cohesive force. 4. Adhesive and cohesive forces.
5. Define viscosity of liquid. 5. The capillary action.
6. Describe how the height of liquid rises in a 6. Viscosity and fluid movement
capillary tube of sufficient and insufficient 7. Simple numerical problems
length.
Unit 1: Mechanics
Sub-unit 1.8: Hydrostatics Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Demonstrate that fluid pressure acts in all 1. Fluid pressure and determination of the
directions formula P = gh.
2. Explain that liquid pressure is proportional to 2. Pascal's law.
the depth of the liquid and independent of the 3. Density, relative density and specific gravity.
shape of the vessel. 4. Difference between density and specific
3. Define density, relative density and specific gravity.
gravity of solids and liquids. 5. Archimedes's principle and its uses.
4. Upthrut, Archimedes's principle. 6. Design equipment to verify Archimedes's
5. Apply Archimedes's principle to determine the principle.
specific gravity of various solids and liquids. 7. The principle of floatation and condition of
6. State the principle of flotation & condition of equilibrium for floating bodies.
equilibrium of floating bodies. 8. Atmospheric pressure with examples.
7. Explain how barometers works 9. Introduction of Mercury barometer
8. Describe how atmospheric pressure affects 10. The effect of air pressure on human body.
human body functions. 11. Simple numerical problems
Unit 2: Heat Hrs. theory 22 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 2.1: Thermometry Hrs. theory 2 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define heat and temperature. 1. Concept of heat temperature.
2. Distinguish between heat and temperature. 2. Factors on which sensitivity depends
3. Explain sensitivity of liquid thermometers 3. Demonstrate various types of thermometers
4. Explain the operation and use of a and explain their uses.
thermometer. 4. Derivation of the formula
5. Determine the lower and upper fixed points of C/5 = [F – 32]/9 = [K – 273]
the thermometer. 5. Relation between different temperature scales.
6. Define different temperature scales (Celsius, 6. Simple numerical problems
Fahrenheit and Kelvin)
7. Convert one temperature scale into another.
8. Use the temperature conversion formula to
convert and solve numerical problems related
to it

Unit 2: Heat
Sub-unit 2.2: Expansion Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab

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Objectives: Content:
1. Describe linear, superficial and cubical 1. Linear, superficial and cubical expansion of
expansion of solids and their expansivity. solids.
2. Derive the relation between linear, superficial 2. The relations l2 = l1[1 +  (2 – 1)],
and cubical expansivity of solids A2 = A1[1 + (2 – 1)], V2 = V1[1 + (2 –
3. Define real and apparent expansion of liquid. 1)]
4. Explain the change in density of a substance 3. Derivation of  = 3 and  = 2.
with the variation temperature. 4. Apparent and real expansion of a liquid and
5. Discuss the density variation of water with its relation
temperature (anomalous properties of water). 5. Change in density of an object due to change
6. Discuss the concept of water therapy due to in temperature.
high specific heat capacity of water. 6. Anomalous expansion of water and its
importance to marine life.
7. Why water is used for cooling and heating
purposes.
Unit 2: Heat
Sub-unit 2.3: Calorimetry Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define heat capacity, specific heat capacity. 1. Heat capacity, specific heat capacity.
2. Distinguish between joule and calorie as heat 2. Give the relation between joule and calorie.
unit. 3. Melting point, boiling point and freezing point
3. Understand the quantity of heat content of a of a substance.
body Q = ms . 4. The effect of pressure on melting and boiling
4. Explain the energy required to cause a phase point of substance
change at constant temperature. 5. Determination of latent heat of fusion of ice
5. Define freezing, melting and boiling point of a and latent heat of steam by the method of
substance mixture.
6. Explain latent heat of fusion and latent heat of 6. Simple numerical problems
vaporisation.
7. Discuss the effect of pressure on melting and
boiling point of the substance.
Unit 2: Heat
Sub-unit 2.4: Hygrometry Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define saturated and unsaturated vapours. 1. Learner will become knowledgeable about:
2. Differentiate between SVP and USVP. 2. Saturated and unsaturated vapours.
3. Draw P-V and P-T diagrams and explain the 3. Saturated VP and unsaturated VP.
behaviours of vapours. 4. P-V and P-T diagrams and explain the
4. Discuss the effect of pressure and altitude on behaviours of vapours.
the boiling point of a liquid. 5. The effect of pressure and altitude on the
5. Explain the term due point, absolute humidity boiling point of a liquid.
and relative humidity. 6. RH =
6. Demonstrate the wet and dry bulb hygrometer Partial vapour pressure of water
and describe its use to determine the relative 100
vapour pressure of water %
humidity
7. Wet and dry bulb hygrometer and relative
humidity.
Unit 2: Heat
Sub-unit 2.5: Transfer of heat Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:

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1. Differentiate between conduction, convection 1. The transfer of heat by conduction,
and radiation. convection and radiation.
2. Define thermal conductivity with its unit and 2. Thermal conductivity giving their dimension
dimension. and units.
3. Distinguish between good and bad conductors of 3. Laws of black body radiation.
heat. 4. Medical uses of heat radiation(thermal
4. Define black body and black body radiation. therapy)
5. Explain transmission of heat by conduction, 5. Solve simple numerical problems
convection and radiation with appropriate
application to medical field and daily use.
6. Define black body.
7. State and explain Stefan Boltzmann`s law and
give an example of its application.
8. Describe medical uses of thermal radiation.
Unit 3: Light Hrs. theory 18 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 3.1: Reflection of light Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Explain the laws of reflection of light. 1. The phenomenon of reflection and
2. Find the deviation of light by plane mirror hence state thelaws of reflection of
as rotating mirror. light.
3. Distinguish between real and virtual image. 2. Principles of reflection of light –
4. Show that in plane mirror object distance = 3. The rotation of mirror through angle 
image distance. the reflected ray is rotated through 2.
5. Define the terms pole, center of curvature, 4. Object distance is just equal to image
radius of curvature, principal focus, distance i.e. u = v but the image is
principal axis, focal length. virtual.
6. Show that r = 2f for spherical mirrors. 5. Real and virtual image.
7. Draw ray diagrams to solve problems 6. Image formation of spherical mirror.
involving spherical mirrors. 7. How to correct sign for the focal
1 1 1 length, object distance and image
8. Derive the formula  
u v f distance.
1 1 1
8. The relation, r = 2f,   and
u v f
I/O = v/u = m for mirrors.
9. Nature, size and position of the image
formed by spherical mirrors at various
positions of the object distance on the
principal axis.
10. Simple numerical problems
Unit 3: Light
Sub-unit 3.2: Refraction Hrs. theory 7 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. State and explain the laws of refraction of 1. Phenomenon of refraction.
light. 2. Refractive index in terms of the speed of light
2. Verify the laws of refraction of light and define in vacuum to the speed of light in medium.
refractive index in different media. 3. The relations aggwwa = 1.
3. Derive the expression for apparent depth and 4. Refractive index in terms of real depth and
lateral shift in a glass slab. apparent depth.

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4. Define critical angle and total internal 5. The relation d = t(1 – 1/) andlateralshift p =
reflection. t[sin(i – r)]/cos(r).
5. Explain the phenomenon of total internal 6. Derivation of the formula  = 1/sin(C)
reflection. 7. Critical angle and conditions for total internal
6. Explain the passage of light rays through a reflection.
prism. 8. Examples of total internal phenomenon,
7. Derive the formula i + e = A +  and mirage, light pipe.
(A = r1 + r2) 9. Ray box to demonstrate the deviation of light
8. Define minimum deviation and derive the ray in prism.
formula  = sin[(A + m)/2]/sin(A/2) 10. The formula A +  = i + e and
9. Define the terms convex lens, image in lens,  = sin[(A + m)/2]/sin(A/2)
optical center, and thin lens. 11. Uses of different types of lenses.
10. Draw a ray diagram to locate positions of 12. Converging aspect of convex lens and
image in thin lenses (concave and convex). diverging aspect of concave lens.
11. Derive lens formula and lens maker's formula. 13. Ray box to demonstrate image formation by
convex as well as concave lens.
14. Lens formula and lens maker's formula.
15. Simple numerical problems
Unit 3: Light
Sub-unit 3.3: Optical Instrument Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Draw a labeled diagram of human eye. 1. Structure of human eye with diagram.
2. Explain the eye as an instrument, which forms 2. The "model eye".
as sharp image on the retina. 3. Ray diagram to explain the correction of
3. Explain the terms far point, near point, and defect of vision.
least distance of distinct vision. 4. Use of simple and compound microscopes.
4. Define the terms visual angle and angular 5. Calculation of the magnifying power of
magnification. simple and compound microscopes.
5. Explain the technique of removing the defect 6. Dispersion of light by prism.
of vision. 7. Dispersion due to variation of refractive index
6. Trace the path of rays through simple and with colours
compound microscopes. 8. Simple numerical problems
7. Explain how white light is a combination of
seven different colours, easily decomposed into
its components.
8. Understand that refractive index varies with
colours.
9. Demonstrate the dispersion of light by prism.
Unit 4: Waves and Sound Hrs. theory 10 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 4.1: Waves Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define transverse, longitudinal, progressive 1. Equations of progressive and stationary
and stationary waves with examples. waves
2. Define amplitude, wavelength, frequency, 2. Energy flow in a wave
period andvelocity of the wave. 3. Superposition of waves
3. Describe how a wave carries only energy 4. Reflection, refraction, diffraction, and
from onepoint to another and no material interference of waves
particle is transmittedin the wave motion. 5. Simple numerical problems
4. Show that a wave undergoes reflection

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 refraction,interference and diffraction
phenomena
Unit 4: Waves and Sound
Sub-unit 4.2: Characteristics of Sound Waves Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Differentiate between noise and music. 1. The characteristics of sound i.e. note, pitch,
2. Explain the characteristic of musical sound. intensity, loudness and timber.
3. Define the terms sonic (audible), infrasonic, 2. Qualitative relations of pitch with frequency,
ultrasonic and super sound. intensity with loudness and overtones with
4. Define beats and write down beats formula quality of sound.
using superposition of waves. 3. Beat and beat frequency.
5. Describe how intensity of sound is proportional 4. Intensity level in terms of decibel.
to the square of amplitude. 5. Threshold of hearing and threshold of pain.
6. Define intensity level, bel and decibel. 6. Ultrasonic wave and its medical uses.
7. Explain the threshold of hearing and threshold 7. V=√E/р
of pain. 8. Simple numerical problems
8. Explain ultrasonic waves and its medical uses.
9. Explain the evidence that sound waves in air
are longitudinal waves.
10. Explain how air undergoes compression and
rarefaction as sound waves travels through the
air.
11. V=√E/р, Vα √T, Vα √1/M
Unit 5: Electrostatics Hrs. theory 10 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 5.1: Fundamentals of electrostatics Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Explain the properties of electrical charges. 1. Charges and their behaviour.
2. Distinguish between conductor, insulator, and 2. Electrification by friction, conduction and
semiconductor. induction on the basis of modern theory.
3. Explain the phenomenon of charging by 3. Surface charge density
friction, conduction and induction. 4. Simple numerical problems
4. Describe the surface charge density on various
conductors
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams, Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
performance observation. classroom instruction and demonstration, return
demonstration, models, solving related problems.
Unit 5: Electrostatics
Sub-unit 5.2: Electrostatic Field Hrs. theory 7 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. State and explain Coulomb's law. 1. Coulomb's law for point charges and
2. Explain the properties of lines of force derivation of the expression for force.
3. Define electric field and electric flux. 2. Effects of permittivity on a medium between
4. Calculate electric field intensity due several two point charges.
point charges. 3. Electric field and normal electric flux.
5. Define electric potential difference, potential 4. Potential and potential energy(no derivation)
energy and electron volt. 5. Analogy between electric potential and
6. Concept about the equipotential surface. gravitational potential.
7. Concept about zero potential 6. Electron volt and its use.
8. E=V/d, for parallel plates capacitor 7. Capacitor and Capacitance and its units
8. Series and parallel combination of capacitors

45
9. Explain series and parallel grouping of 9. Simple numerical problems
capacitors

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams, Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
performance observation. classroom instruction and demonstration, return
demonstration, models, solving related problems.
Unit 6: Magnetism Hrs. theory 10 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 6.1: Fundamentals of Magnetism Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Explain magnetic field strength, lines of force, 1. Like pole repel and unlike pole attract to each
magnetic field intensity, and permeability. 2. other.
2. State Coulomb's law for magnetism. 3. Various types of magnets and their positions
3. Describe the properties of a magnet. of poles.
4. Calculate magnetic field intensity due to a bar 4. Coulomb's law for magnetism.
magnet at any point on the equatorial and axial 5. Magnetic field intensity due to bar magnet at
line of a bar magnet. (a) end on position (b) broad side on position.
5. Explain Tangent law of magnetism 6. Lines of force around a bar magnet and the
6. Trace the lines of force and describe their neutral point.
properties. 7. Uniform and nonuniform magnetic field
7. Define neutral point. 8. Simple numerical problems
Unit 6: Magnetism
Sub-unit 6.2: Terrestrial Magnetism Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the dip, declination, and horizontal 1. Dip, declination, horizontal and vertical
components of earth's magnetic field. components of earth's magnetic field.
2. Define and give the properties of dia, para and 2. Properties of dia, para and ferromagnetic
ferromagnetic materials. 3. MaterialsDomain theory
3. Concept of domain theory. 4. Simple numerical problems

Unit 7: Current Electricity Hrs. theory 20 Hrs. lab

Sub-unit 7.1: Electric current Hrs. theory 7 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Discuss current as the rate of flow of charge. 1. Current as the rate of flow charge.
2. State and verify Ohm's law. 2. Potential difference.
3. Define resistance and resistivity. 3. Ohm's law and its verification.
4. List the factors that influence resistance of a 4. Expression R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ……….and
conductor. 5. 1/R =1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ….. in series and
5. Distinguish between Ohmic and non-Ohmic parallel combination.
conductors. 6. Conversion of a galvanometer into ammeter
6. Find the equivalent resistance from the series and voltmeter.
and parallel combination of resistors. 7. Ohmic and non-Ohmic conductors from I-V
7. Perform the conversion of galvanometer into curve.
voltmeter and ammeter. 8. Various types of electrical circuits.
9. Simple numerical problems
Unit 7: Current Electricity
Sub-unit 7.2: Resistance and heat Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. State and explain Joule's laws of heating. 1. Joule's laws of heating and derivation of the
2. Distinguish between potential difference and equation: H = i2Rt/J
emf.

46
3. Relate emf, terminal potential and internal 2. Heat production in resistance wire due to
resistance. passage of current.
4. Derive the equivalent emf from series and 3. Electric power in terms of energy dissipated
parallel and mixed groupings of cells in a time in the resistance wire.
5. Define Joule's conversion factor. 4. Meaning of emf and internal resistance of a
cell.
5. Relation E = V + Ir.
6. Purpose of grouping of cells to find maximum
current and maximum voltage.
7. Electric power, watt, kilowatt, kilowatt-hour
and horsepower.
8. Meaning of Joule's conversion factor.
9. Simple numerical problems
Unit 7: Current Electricity
Sub-unit 7.3: Chemical effect of current Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Explain the term electrolysis, electrolyte, 1. Faraday's laws of electrolysis and the method
electrodes (cathode and anode) and ions. of its verification.
2. Explain electrochemical equivalent of the 2. Faraday's constant and electro chemical
elements. equivalent.
3. Explain Faraday's laws of electrolysis and 3. Thermocouple, Seebeck and Peltier effect.
experimental verification. 4. Terms, neutral point and temperature of
4. Define Faraday's constant. inversion.
5. Explain the thermocouple principle. 5. Concept about thermoelectric series.
6. Explain Seebeck and Peltier effect.

Unit 7: Current Electricity

Sub-unit 7.4: Alternating Current Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe alternating current (AC) and its 1. AC and DC.
interpretation. 2. Importance of AC over DC.
2. Relate rms and mean value of current and 3. Expressions irms, vrms and imean, vmean with peak
voltage with its peak value. value.
3. Appreciate that ac meters measures rms values 4. Introduction of a transformer and energy loss
only. mechanisms in transformers.
4. Explain theintroduction of a transformer and its 5. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
losses. 6. Simple numerical problems
5. Describe step up and step down transformers.
6. Define stabilized voltage.
7. State and explain Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction.
Unit 8: Modern Physics Hrs. theory 30 Hrs. lab
Sub-unit 8.1: Electron Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Explain the particle nature of electricity. 1. Particle nature of electricity.
2. Discuss the nature, production and properties 2. Production and properties of cathode rays.
of cathode rays. 3. Moving electrons in electric and magnetic
3. Derive the motion of electrons in electric and fields.
magnetic fields. 4. Specific charge of an electron (introduction)
5. Simple numerical problems
Unit 8: Modern Physics

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Sub-unit 8.2: Photoelectricity Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Define the terms photoelectric effect, photon, 1. Photoelectric effect.
wave function, threshold frequency and 2. Quantum theory of radiation.
stopping potential. 3. Einstein’s photoelectric equation h  =  + ½
2. Explain photoelectric effect on the basis of the mv2 and interpretation
quantum theory of radiation. 4. Workings of photocells
3. Draw a photoelectric circuit. 5. Light on photographic plate and
4. State Einstein’s photoelectric equation. photochemical reaction
5. Give the application of photoelectric effect 6. Simple problems using photoelectric
(photocell). equations.
Unit 8: Modern Physics
Sub-unit 8.3: X-ray Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Draw well labeled diagram of modern x-ray 1. Production, nature and use of x-rays.
tube. 2. Property of x-rays.
2. Explain the production mechanism of x 3. Various uses of x-rays
rays(Coolidge X-ray tube) 4. Bragg`s law of X-ray diffraction
3. Discuss the properties and uses of x-rays 5. Simple numerical problems
4. Explain Bragg`s law
Unit 8: Modern Physics
Sub-unit 8.4: Radioactivity Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Explain the difference between natural and 1. Radioactivity.
artificial radioactivity. 2. Properties of ,  and  radiations.
2. List the main properties of ,  and  radiation. 3. Laws of radioactive disintegration.
3. Explain why these forms of radiation have 4. The constant relationship between half-life
energy on the order of mega electron voltage. and decay.
4. Write down the equations for the laws of 5. Medical uses of radiation and artificial
radioactivity. radioactive nuclei.
5. Write down the formula that shows that the 6. N= N0e-λt, dN/dt = -λN
relationship n between half-life and decay are 7. Simple numerical problems.
constant.
6. Graph the decay of radioactivity with time.
7. Explain the principle involved in radio carbon
dating.
Unit 8: Modern Physics
Sub-unit 8.5: Properties of nucleus Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the constituents of a nucleus. 1. The constituents of nuclei.
2. Classify different types of nuclei. 2. Isotopes and mass numbers of different
3. Define unified atomic mass units (amu), mass elements.
defect, binding energy and binding energy per 3. Isotope instability.
nucleons. 4. E = mc2 (only qualitatively).
4. Calculate the mass defect and binding energy 5. Fission, fusion and energy released from these
of a nucleus. nuclear reactions.
5. Calculate energy equivalence of mass in joules, 6. Radiation hazards and safety.
eV, and MeV. 7. Calculate mass defect, loss of mass due to
6. Explain Einstein’s mass-energy relationship radioactive disintegration numerically.
theory. 8. Biological effect of nuclear radiations

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7. Calculate energy released from the decay of 9. Simple numerical problems
radioactive isotopes.
8. Define fission and fusion and calculate the
energy released.
9. Discuss health hazards and safety related to
radiation.
10. Explain biological effects of nuclear radiations
Unit 8: Modern Physics
Sub-unit 8.6: Physics and Society Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe how our environment is being 1. Deteriorating conditions of the environment
destroyed due to noise pollution, air pollution we live in.
water pollution, radiation pollution 2. Useful and harmful aspects of radiation.
2. Discuss the wide spectrum of electromagnetic 3. Concepts about ozone depletion, greenhouse
radiation from radio waves to cosmic rays. effect and acid rain.
3. Discuss ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, 4. Environmental protection strategies
acid rain.
4. Discuss strategies to reduce pollution at local
and national levels.
Practicals Hrs. theory Hrs. lab 80
Objectives: Content:
1. Determine the volume of a hollow cylinder and 1. Application of theory form preceding units.
a solid cylinder using vernier calipers. 2. Note: Should perform compulsorily
2. Determine the volume of a steel ball and cross minimum fifteen(15) Experiments from above
section of a glass rod using a micrometer screw list.
gauge. 3. Marks distribution for final practical
3. Determine thickness of glass plate using examination
spherometer. 4. (Practical Note-3, Oral-3 & Experiment -6)
4. Determine the acceleration due to gravity by
using simple pendulum.
5. Verify Archimedes’ principle and find the
specific gravity and density of solids heavier
than and insoluble in water
6. Determine the specific gravity of solids
dissolved in water.
7. Determine the specific gravity and density of
substances lighter than and insoluble in water
8. Verify the laws of reflection of light and find
the relationship between object distance and
image distance.
9. Determine the refractive index of liquid/glass
slab using travelling microscope.
10. Verify laws of refraction and find the refractive
index.
11. Determine the upper and lower fixed points of
a given thermometer and find the correct
temperature of tap water.
12. Find the focal length of a convex lens by the
double pin method.

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13. Verify the laws of moments of forces and find
the weight of a given body.
14. Determine the latent heat of fusion of ice.
15. Determine the melting point of wax by cooling
curve method.
16. Determine the magnetic moment and pole-
strength of a bar magnet by locating the neutral
points, keeping N-pole pointing south
17. Verify Ohm’s law by using an Ohm meter and
volt meter.
18. Demonstrate the variation of lateral
displacement with an angle of incidence in a
rectangular slab.
19. Determine the refractive index of a prism using
the I-D curve method.
20. Determine velocity of sound in air at NTP
using resonance tube apparatus
21. Determine angle of dip in the laboratory
22. Determine frequency of AC source using
sonometer

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