Hematology 3.

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Total Questions - 149

Remember (24 Questions)

Q1. What is the main component of red cell membrane and what does it surround?

A. Hemoglobin

B. Plasma membrane

C. Nucleus

D. Electrolytes

Q2. Which scientist first noted cells in blood?

A. Donne

B. Gulliver

C. Malassez

D. van Leeuwenhoek

Q3. Which component of the blood constitutes of 91.5 percent of its total volume?

A. Water

B. Plasma Proteins

C. Other Solutes

D. Red Blood Cells

Q4. Which of the following scientists discovered platelets?

A. Donne

B. Gulliver

C. Malassez

D. Hayem

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Q5. What is the normal reference range for WBC count for adults?

A. 4.8 to 10.8 x 10^3/mm³

B. 150 to 400 x 10^3/mm³

C. 4.2 to 5.4 x 10^6/µL for females and 4.7 to 6.1 x 10^6/µL for males

D. 1200-3400 cells/mcL

Q6. Which scientists differentiated lymphocytes from granulocytes by size?

A. Donne

B. Gulliver

C. Malassez

D. Hayem

Q7. Which scientist counts white blood cells (WBCs) via hemocytometry?

A. Donne

B. Gulliver

C. Malassez

D. Hayem

Q8. Which plasma proteins contribute to 7 percent of the total blood volume?

A. Water

B. Plasma Proteins

C. Other Solutes

D. Red Blood Cells

Q9. Which scientists defined methods for counting platelets?

A. Donne

B. Gulliver

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 C. Malassez

D. Hayem

Q10. Which of the following are present in the "Buffy Coat" layer of centrifuged whole

blood?

A. Red Blood Cells

B. Platelets

C. Lymphocytes

D. Basophils

Q11. Which type of blood cell is typically 7-8 m in diameter and has a mean volume of 90

femtoliters (fL)?

A. Red Blood Cells

B. Platelets

C. Lymphocytes

D. Neutrophils

Q12. Which type of granulocyte are easily recognizable because of the large, round,

secondary, refractile granules that have an affinity for the acid eosin stain, staining them

orange to reddish-orange?

A. Red Blood Cells

B. Platelets

C. Neutrophils

D. Eosinophils

Q13. Which scientists used aniline dyes to stain WBCs?

A. Donne

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 B. Gulliver

C. Malassez

D. Ehrlich

Q14. Which of the following is the correct percentage of the absolute value of basophils in

normal blood?

A. 4.2 to 5.4 x 10^6/µL

B. 4.8 to 10.8 x 10^3/mm³

C. 0% to 2%

D. 0-450 cells/mcL

Q15. Which type of white blood cell is also called granulocytes?

A. Monocytes

B. Lymphocytes

C. Neutrophils

D. Eosinophils

Q16. Which type of white blood cell has a band or two-lobed nucleus with condensed

chromatin and has an affinity for blue or basic thiazine dyes?

A. Monocytes

B. Lymphocytes

C. Neutrophils

D. Basophils

Q17. What is the first value in the IO 5 S20 S a0 sequence?

A. 5

B. 20

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 C. 0

D. S

Q18. To which hemisphere does the latitude value of 5 in the IO 5 S20 S a0 sequence belong?

A. Northern Hemisphere

B. Southern Hemisphere

C. Eastern Hemisphere

D. Western Hemisphere

Q19. Which direction is indicated in the IO 5 S20 S a0 sequence and what does it signify?

A. East, the time zone

B. West, the wind direction

C. North, the location

D. South, the latitude

Q20. Which parameter is not specified in the IO 5 S20 S a0 sequence?

A. Latitude

B. Elevation

C. Longitude

D. Time zone

Q21. What is the longitude value in the IO 5 S20 S a0 sequence?

A. 5

B. 20

C. S

D. a0

Q22. Which type of cell is characterized by a round eccentric nucleus, dark blue, abundant

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 cytoplasm, and a perinuclear clear zone?

A. Neutrophil

B. Osteoblast

C. Plasmacyte

D. Platelet

Q23. Which substances make up the largest percentage of the liquid portion of blood, also

known as plasma?

A. Platelets (7%)

B. Red blood cells (45%)

C. White blood cells (5%)

D. Water and proteins (91.5% and 7%, respectively)

Q24. What is the percentage of water, plasma proteins, and other solutes in human blood?

A. Water (91.5%), plasma proteins (7%), and other solutes (1.5%)

B. Water (70%), plasma proteins (20%), and other solutes (10%)

C. Water (80%), plasma proteins (15%), and other solutes (5%)

D. Water (60%), plasma proteins (30%), and other solutes (10%)

Understand (20 Questions)

Q25. How would you identify the primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus from the second

month to the seventh month of gestation?

A. Liver

B. Spleen

C. Bone marrow

D. Femur

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Q26. How would you express the proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis?

A. Basophilic normoblast, pronormoblast, polychromatophilic normoblast,

orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

B. Pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, polychromatophilic normoblast,

orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

C. Pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast,

polychromatophilic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

D. Basophilic normoblast, pronormoblast, orthochromatic normoblast,

polychromatophilic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Q27. How would you distinguish an orthochromic normoblast from other normoblasts?

A. Small, blue-black pyknotic nucleus; no nucleoli; pink cytoplasm

B. Proamplified nucleus; clumped chromatin; pink cytoplasm

C. Coarse chromatin; ill-defined or absent nucleoli; predominantly blue cytoplasm

with pink tinge

D. Thin, dispersed chromatin; prominent nucleoli; basophilic cytoplasm

Q28. How would you differentiate between a segmented and band neutrophil in a blood

smear?

A. By the shape of the nucleus

B. By the size of the cell

C. By the presence or absence of a filament

D. By the staining intensity of the cytoplasm

Q29. How would you express the normal adult reference values for red blood cells (RBCs) in

terms of their concentration in whole blood?

A. 4.2 to 6.1 x 10^9/L

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 B. 150 to 400 x 10^9/L

C. 4.8 to 10.8 x 10^6/L

D. 90 femtoliters (fL)

Q30. How would you contrast the morphology of normal mature erythrocytes and

reticulocytes on a blood smear?

A. Normal mature erythrocytes are larger than reticulocytes

B. Normal mature erythrocytes have a nucleus while reticulocytes do not

C. Normal mature erythrocytes are more rigid than reticulocytes

D. Reticulocytes have a more irregular shape than normal mature erythrocytes

Q31. How would you describe the normal adult reference values for white blood cells

(WBCs) in terms of their concentration in whole blood?

A. 4.2 to 5.4 x 10^9/L

B. 4.8 to 10.8 x 10^6/L

C. 0% to 4%

D. 150 to 400 x 10^9/L

Q32. How would you compare the size of eosinophils and basophils in normal adult

peripheral blood in terms of their diameter?

A. Eosinophils are larger than basophils

B. Basophils are larger than eosinophils

C. They are approximately the same size

D. It is not possible to compare their size based on the given information

Q33. How would you identify eosinophils in a blood smear?

A. By the shape of the nucleus

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 B. By the size of the cell

C. By the presence of large, round, refractile granules

D. By the staining intensity of the cytoplasm

Q34. How would you express the normal adult reference values for platelets in terms of their

concentration in whole blood?

A. 4.2 to 5.4 x 10^9/L

B. 4.8 to 10.8 x 10^6/L

C. 150 to 400 x 10^9/L

D. 90 femtoliters (fL)

Q35. How would you contrast the morphology of normal mature erythrocytes and

lymphocytes on a blood smear?

A. Normal mature erythrocytes are larger than lymphocytes

B. Normal mature erythrocytes have a nucleus while lymphocytes do not

C. Normal mature erythrocytes are more irregularly shaped than lymphocytes

D. Lymphocytes have a more characteristic staining pattern than normal mature

erythrocytes

Q36. How would you describe the normal adult reference values for monocytes in terms of

their concentration in whole blood?

A. 4.2 to 5.4 x 10^9/L

B. 4.8 to 10.8 x 10^6/L

C. 0% to 4%

D. 150 to 400 x 10^9/L

Q37. How would you define the term "buffy coat" in the context of blood cell layers obtained

through centrifugation?

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 A. The layer between the red blood cell (RBC) and plasma layers

B. The layer of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets obtained through

centrifugation

C. The layer of plasma and RBCs, from which WBCs and platelets have been

removed

D. The layer of WBCs, platelets, and RBCs, from which plasma has been removed

Q38. How would you express the normal adult reference ranges for neutrophils in terms of

their concentrations in whole blood?

A. 2% to 6% of total WBC count

B. 2400 to 7500 cells per mm3

C. 150 to 400 x 10^9/L

D. 90 femtoliters (fL)

Q39. How would you distinguish between neutrophils and basophils on a blood smear stained

with Wrights stain?

A. By the size of the nucleus

B. By the size and staining intensity of the granules

C. By the staining intensity of the cytoplasm

D. By the shape of the cells

Q40. How would you predict the effect of a decrease in platelet count on blood clotting?

A. Increased clotting time

B. Decreased clotting time

C. No effect on clotting time

D. Inconsistent effects on clotting time

Q41. How would you interpret the abbreviation "IO" in the context of the given text?

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 A. Input/Output

B. Intelligence Officer

C. Internal Operations

D. Internal Order

Q42. How would you differentiate between the degrees abbreviated as "5" and "S20" in the

given text?

A. Direction vs. magnitude

B. Distance vs. direction

C. Angle vs. time

D. Magnitude vs. angle

Q43. How would you describe the meaning of the abbreviation "a0" in the given text?

A. Alpha zero

B. Axis origin

C. Action zero

D. Alpha at zero

Q44. How would you express the relationship between the abbreviations "IO" and "a0" in the

given text?

A. Cause and effect

B. Part and whole

C. Synonyms

D. Antonyms

Apply (43 Questions)

Q45. How would you apply the knowledge of the primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus

from the second month to the seventh month of gestation?

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Ans: In a scenario where you need to identify the primary site of hematopoiesis in a fetus

during the specified gestation period, the correct answer is "Liver".

Q46. How would you use the knowledge of the proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis?

Ans: In a situation where you need to identify the correct sequence of erythropoiesis, the

correct answer is "Pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, polychromatophilic

normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte".

Q47. How would you demonstrate the characteristics of an orthochromic normoblast?

Ans: In a situation where you need to identify an orthochromic normoblast, the correct answer

is "Small nucleus; thick and condensed nuclear chromatin; no nucleoli; mixture of pink

and blue cytoplasm".

Q48. How would you implement the sequence for the maturation pools of granulocyte

production?

Ans: In a situation where you need to identify the correct sequence for the maturation pools of

granulocyte production, the correct answer is "Proliferation, maturation, storage,

functional (or marginated) pool".

Q49. How would you apply the knowledge of the proper cell sequence of granulocytopoiesis?

Ans: In a situation where you need to identify the correct sequence of granulocytopoiesis, the

correct answer is "Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band,

segmented cell".

Q50. How would you modify the granulocytic cell with a kidney-shaped nucleus with

clumped chromatin and small, pink, secondary granules with a few primary dark

granules?

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Ans: In a situation where you need to identify a granulocytic cell with the specified

characteristics, the correct answer is "Metamyelocyte".

Q51. How would you use the knowledge of the proper cell sequence for the

monocyte-macrophage phagocytic system?

Ans: In a situation where you need to identify the correct sequence for the

monocyte-macrophage phagocytic system, the correct answer is "Monoblast,

promonocyte, monocyte, macrophage".

Q52. How would you demonstrate your understanding of the primary site of hematopoiesis in

the fetus from the second month to the seventh month of gestation?

A. Liver

B. Spleen

C. Bone marrow

D. Femur

Q53. How would you present the proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis?

A. Basophilic normoblast, pronormoblast, polychromatophilic normoblast,

orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

B. Pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, polychromatophilic normoblast,

orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

C. Pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast,

polychromatophilic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

D. Basophilic normoblast, pronormoblast, orthochromatic normoblast,

polychromatophilic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Q54. How would you use the morphological characteristics to identify an orthochromic

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 normoblast?

A. Small, blue-black pyknotic nucleus; no nucleoli; pink cytoplasm

B. Round nucleus with visible nucleoli; indistinct and dispersed chromatin; blue

cytoplasm

C. Coarse chromatin; ill-defined or absent nucleoli; predominantly blue cytoplasm

with pink tinge

D. Small nucleus; thick and condensed nuclear chromatin; no nucleoli; mixture of

pink and blue cytoplasm

Q55. How would you change the sequence for the maturation pools of granulocyte production

for optimal functional outcomes?

A. Maturation, proliferation, storage, functional (or marginated) pool

B. Proliferation, maturation, storage, functional (or marginated) pool

C. Storage, maturation, proliferation, functional (or marginated) pool

D. Functional (or marginated) pool, storage, proliferation, maturation

Q56. How would you modify the cell sequence of granulocytopoiesis for better understanding

of the granulocytic cell differentiation?

A. Myeloblast, myelocyte, promyelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, segmented cell

B. Myeloblast, metamyelocyte, myelocyte, promyelocyte, segmented cell, band

C. Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, segmented cell

D. Myeloblast, band, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, segmented cell

Q57. How would you differentiate a metamyelocyte from other granulocytic cells based on

morphological features?

A. Kidney-shaped nucleus with clumped chromatin and small, pink, secondary

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 granules with a few primary dark granules

B. Band-shaped nucleus with no constrictions or obvious segmentation

C. Round or slightly indented nucleus, fine chromatin, and no cytoplasmic granules

D. Large, abundant violet-blue or purple-black granules

Q58. What is the average blood volume in an adult woman?

A. 4 to 5 L

B. 5 to 6 L

C. 6 to 7 L

D. 3 to 5 L

Q59. What is the percentage of plasma in the blood?

A. 55%

B. 45%

C. 44%

D. 1%

Q60. What is the percentage of formed elements (white blood cells and platelets) in the

blood?

A. 55%

B. 50%

C. 60%

D. 45%

Q61. What is the reference range for white blood cell count (WBCs) in adults?

A. [4.2 to 5.4] x 10^2/L

B. [4.8 to 10.8] x 10^3/L

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 C. [150 to 400] x 10^3/L

D. [150 to 400] x 10^6/L

Q62. What is the reference range for platelet count in adults?

A. [4.2 to 5.4] x 10^2/L

B. [4.8 to 10.8] x 10^3/L

C. [150 to 400] x 10^3/L

D. [150 to 400] x 10^6/L

Q63. What percentage of the cellular elements in the blood are red blood cells?

A. 55%

B. 50%

C. 60%

D. 45%

Q64. In a blood sample consisting of 5 mL of blood, how many white blood cells (WBCs) are

expected to be present if the WBC count is within normal range?

A. [24 to 54] x 10^3/L

B. [24 to 54] x 10^6/L

C. [0.024 to 0.054] x 10^3/L

D. [0.024 to 0.054] x 10^6/L

Q65. In a blood sample consisting of 5 mL of blood, how many platelets are expected to be

present if the platelet count is within normal range?

A. [0.1 to 0.4] x 10^9/L

B. [0.1 to 0.4] x 10^6/L

C. [150 to 400] x 10^9/L

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 D. [150 to 400] x 10^6/L

Q66. In a blood sample consisting of 5 mL of blood, how many red blood cells are expected

to be present if the red blood cell count is within normal range?

A. [2.1 to 2.7] x 10^12/L

B. [2.1 to 2.7] x 10^9/L

C. [2.1 to 2.7] x 10^6/L

D. [2.1 to 2.7] x 10^3/L

Q67. How many times greater is the number of red blood cells compared to white blood cells

in the blood?

A. 5

B. 10

C. 20

D. 40

Q68. How many times greater is the number of red blood cells compared to platelets in the

blood?

A. 5

B. 10

C. 20

D. 40

Q69. What is the ratio of white blood cells to platelets in the blood?

A. 1:1

B. 1:5

C. 1:20

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 D. 1:44

Q70. What is the ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells in the blood?

A. 1:40

B. 1:50

C. 1:60

D. 1:70

Q71. What is the ratio of platelets to red blood cells in the blood?

A. 1:40

B. 1:50

C. 1:60

D. 1:70

Q72. How would you demonstrate the normal size of a red blood cell (RBC) in a blood

smear?

Ans: A normal mature RBC is a biconcave disc that is 7 to 8 m in mean diameter and 1.5 to

2.5 m thick.

Q73. How would you use the information about the segmentation of neutrophils and its role in

phagocytosis?

Ans: Segmentation of the nucleus enables neutrophils to pass through an opening in capillary

endothelial lining cells and "home in" on selected prey, which is crucial for bacterial

infections.

Q74. How would you modify the percentage of eosinophils in normal adult peripheral blood?

Ans: Normal adult peripheral blood contains 0 percent to 4 percent eosinophils, any

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 modification would require medical intervention.

Q75. How would you implement the identification of band neutrophils in a blood smear?

Ans: Band neutrophils have a nucleus with a horseshoe or sausage shape in which the

opposite edges of the nucleus become almost parallel for an appreciable distance, with

no filament separating the two sides.

Q76. How would you develop a method to count and understand the significance of red blood

cells (RBCs) in a blood smear?

Ans: RBCs are counted and evaluated in an area of the stained smear where red cells are

evenly distributed and do not overlap, their morphology is evaluated to diagnose

hematologic diseases and suggest further testing.

Q77. How would you use the information about the granules of eosinophils and basophils in

the identification of these cells in blood smears?

Ans: Eosinophils have large, round, secondary, refractile granules that stain orange to

reddish-orange, while basophils have large, abundant, violet-blue granules that are

visible above the nucleus as well as lateral to it.

Q78. How would you construct a table showing the normal adult values for peripheral blood

cells using the provided information?

Ans: The table would include the normal adult values for neutrophils (bands and segments),

eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, with their respective percentage

and absolute values per mm.

Q79. How would you present the determination of cell morphology and percentages of each

type of blood cell present as an important skill to master?

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Ans: This skill is vital as the analysis of cell morphology may be greatly hindered by poorly

made and poorly stained smears, leading to difficulties in the diagnosis of hematologic

diseases and further testing.

Q80. How would you apply the knowledge of the normal RBC morphology to identify

abnormal RBCs in a given blood sample?

A. By identifying the biconcave disc shape, distinct and smooth margins, and dull

pinkish hue of the RBCs.

B. By calculating the mean volume of the RBCs.

C. By evaluating the even distribution and uniform size of the RBCs and the

presence of central pallor.

D. By checking for the presence of a nucleus or inclusions in the RBCs.

Q81. How would you apply the concept of nuclear segmentation in neutrophils to diagnose a

bacterial infection?

A. By counting the number of segments in the nucleus.

B. By evaluating the shape of the nucleus.

C. By assessing the staining properties of the granules.

D. By determining the motility of the neutrophils.

Q82. How would you use the information about the normal adult peripheral blood cells to

diagnose a patient with leukocytosis?

A. By comparing the absolute values of each type of white blood cell with the

normal range.

B. By evaluating the morphology of the red blood cells.

C. By assessing the staining properties of the granules in the neutrophils.

D. By determining the motility of the platelets.

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Q83. How would you apply the knowledge of the diurnal variation in the percentage of

circulating eosinophils to interpret a blood test result?

A. By comparing the percentage of eosinophils in the blood sample with the normal

range.

B. By taking into account the time of day when the blood sample was taken.

C. By evaluating the morphology of the eosinophils.

D. By assessing the functionality of the other white blood cells.

Q84. How would you apply the IO 5 S20 S a0 configuration to a different robotic system?

Ans: The IO 5 S20 S a0 configuration could be applied to a different robotic system by setting

the joint limits, motor types, and other relevant parameters to match the new systems

specifications. The same principles of inverse kinematics (IO) and dynamics (D) would

be used to control the movement of the robot.

Q85. How would you construct a story map for a character using the IO 5 S20 S a0

configuration?

Ans: A story map for a character could be constructed by plotting the characters movements

and actions along the x, y, and z axes, with the IO 5 S20 S a0 configuration representing

the characters starting position and orientation. The map could be annotated with

descriptions of the characters actions and decisions at each point.

Q86. How would you modify the IO 5 S20 S a0 configuration to solve a different robotics

problem?

Ans: The IO 5 S20 S a0 configuration could be modified by changing the joint limits, motor

types, or other relevant parameters to suit the specifications of the new problem. The

underlying principles of inverse kinematics and dynamics would remain the same, but

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 the configuration would need to be adapted to the new problems constraints and

objectives.

Q87. IO 5 S20 S a0

A. IO 5° R20 S a0

B. IO 5° S20 S a1

C. IO 10° S20 S a0

D. IO 5° N20 S a0

Analyze (21 Questions)

Q88. What is the primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus from the second month to the

seventh month of gestation?

Ans: The primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus from the second month to the seventh

month of gestation is the bone marrow.

Q89. Which cell sequence represents the proper order of erythropoiesis?

Ans: The proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis is pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast,

polychromatophilic normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, and

erythrocyte.

Q90. Which description best fits the morphology of an orthochromatic normoblast?

Ans: An orthochromatic normoblast has a small, dark nucleus with no nucleoli and pink

cytoplasm.

Q91. Which sequence represents the proper order of the maturation pools of granulocyte

production?

Ans: The proper sequence of the maturation pools of granulocyte production is proliferation,

maturation, storage, and functional (or marginated) pool.

Q92. Which cell sequence represents the proper order of granulocytopoiesis?

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Ans: The proper cell sequence of granulocytopoiesis is myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte,

metamyelocyte, band, and segmented cell.

Q93. Which granulocytic cell has a kidney-shaped nucleus with clumped chromatin and

small, pink, secondary granules with a few primary dark granules?

Ans: A metamyelocyte is the granulocytic cell that has a kidney-shaped nucleus with clumped

chromatin and small, pink, secondary granules with a few primary dark granules.

Q94. Which granulocytic cell classification is described as having large, abundant violet-blue

or purple-black granules?

Ans: Basophils are the granulocytic cell classification described as having large, abundant

violet-blue or purple-black granules.

Q95. What is the proper cell sequence for the monocyte-macrophage phagocytic system?

Ans: The proper cell sequence for the monocyte-macrophage phagocytic system is monoblast,

promonocyte, monocyte, and macrophage.

Q96. Which cell classification is described by the following statements: second most

numerous cell in the blood, usually small and round, intensely blue cytoplasm, and

nucleus with clumped dark purple chromatin?

Ans: Lymphocytes are the cell classification described by the following statements: second

most numerous cell in the blood, usually small and round, intensely blue cytoplasm, and

nucleus with clumped dark purple chromatin.

Q97. What can you infer about the historical milestones in hematology mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text highlights several key milestones in the history of hematology, starting from the

discovery of cells in blood by van Leeuwenhoek in 1642 to the use of aniline dyes to

stain white blood cells (WBCs) by Ehrlich in 1879. These milestones represent

significant advancements in the field of hematology, leading to a better understanding of

different blood components and their functions.

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Q98. What can you point out about the composition of blood as mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text mentions that blood is primarily composed of water (91.5 percent), plasma

proteins (7 percent), and other solutes (1.5 percent). This suggests that water forms the

major component of blood, followed by plasma proteins and other solutes.

Q99. How would you explain the concept of buffy coat as mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text mentions the term "buffy coat" in the context of centrifuged whole blood. The

buffy coat refers to the thin layer of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets that

accumulates at the interface between the plasma and red blood cell layers in a

centrifuged blood sample.

Q100.What can you infer about the morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) as mentioned in the

text?

Ans: The text provides a detailed description of the morphology of RBCs, including their

size, shape, and staining characteristics. A normal mature RBC is a biconcave disc that

is 7 to 8 m in mean diameter and 1.5 to 2.5 m thick, with a mean volume of 90

femtoliters (fL). The RBC has a plasma membrane surrounding a solution of proteins

(mainly hemoglobin) and electrolytes.

Q101.What can you point out about the morphology of segmented neutrophils as mentioned in

the text?

Ans: The text provides a detailed description of the morphology of segmented neutrophils,

including their size, shape, and staining characteristics. Segmented neutrophils are

characterized by a nucleus separated into two to five (usually three) lobes, with a narrow

segment or filament connecting the lobes. The nuclear chromatin is heavily clumped,

coarse, or pyknotic and stains purplish-red, while the cytoplasm is light pink and

contains secondary granules that stain either pink or a neutral color.

Q102.What can you infer about the role of neutrophils and monocytes in the immune system

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 as mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text mentions that neutrophils and monocytes play a key role in inflammation and

phagocytosis. They migrate from the blood vessel into the tissues, where they serve as

the first line of defense against bacterial infections.

Q103.What can you point out about the characteristics of eosinophils as mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text provides a detailed description of the characteristics of eosinophils, including

their size, shape, and staining characteristics. Eosinophils are characterized by large,

round, secondary, refractile granules that have an affinity for the acid eosin stain, which

appear orange to reddish-orange with Wrights stain. Normal adult peripheral blood

contains 0 percent to 4 percent eosinophils.

Q104.What can you infer about the characteristics of basophils as mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text provides a detailed description of the characteristics of basophils, including

their size, shape, and staining characteristics. Basophils are characterized by large,

abundant, violet-blue (or purple-black) granules that have an affinity for blue or basic

thiazine dyes.

Q105.What can you infer about the importance of blood cell morphology and staining in the

diagnosis of hematologic disease as mentioned in the text?

Ans: The text emphasizes the importance of blood cell morphology and staining in the

diagnosis of hematologic disease. A well-made and well-stained blood smear is vital, as

the analysis of cell morphology may be greatly hindered by poorly made and poorly

stained smears. Careful examination of cell morphology on a blood smear and

determination of the percentage of each type of blood cell present is an important skill to

master.

Q106.What explanation do you have for the meaning of the abbreviation "IO" in the context of

the given text?

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Ans: IO stands for Input/Output in the context of computer systems or electronics. However,

in the given text, its meaning is not explicitly stated, and hence its interpretation requires

additional context.

Q107.How would you explain the significance of the degree notation (5 S20 S) in the given

text?

Ans: The degree notation (5 S20 S) in the given text likely refers to a geographical location,

with the degrees and minutes indicating its latitude. The "S" indicates that the location is

in the Southern Hemisphere.

Q108.What can you infer about the meaning of the symbol "a0" in the given text?

Ans: The symbol "a0" in the given text could have multiple meanings depending on the

context, including mathematical constants, a variable name in computer programming,

or a symbol in physics. Its interpretation requires additional context.

Evaluate (21 Questions)

Q109.Which criteria would you use to assess the primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus

from the second month to the seventh month of gestation?

Ans: The primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus from the second month to the seventh

month of gestation is the liver, which can be verified through medical literature and fetal

hematopoiesis studies.

Q110.What sources could you use to verify the proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis?

Ans: Medical literature and hematology textbooks can be used to verify the proper cell

sequence of erythropoiesis, which is: pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast,

polychromatophilic normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, and

erythrocyte.

Q111.What information would you use to prioritize the morphological features of an

orthochromic normoblast?

26
Ans: To prioritize the morphological features of an orthochromic normoblast, information on

the cell's size, nuclear chromatin, nucleoli, and cytoplasm color should be considered. In

this case, the correct answer would be: small nucleus; thick and condensed nuclear

chromatin; no nucleoli; mixture of pink and blue cytoplasm.

Q112.What changes would you recommend to improve the description of granulocyte

production maturation pools?

Ans: The description should maintain the correct order of the maturation pools for

granulocyte production: proliferation, maturation, storage, and functional (or

marginated) pool.

Q113.Do you believe the given information accurately describes the distinguishing

characteristics between a neutrophilic band and a neutrophilic segmented cell?

Ans: Yes, the given information accurately describes the distinguishing characteristics. Band

neutrophils have a filament between nuclear lobes, while segmented neutrophils lack

this filament and have a distinguishable lobed nucleus shape.

Q114.How would you feel if the information provided on granulocytic cells was inconsistent

or incomplete?

Ans: I would feel uncomfortable and dissatisfied, as it would hinder my ability to accurately

identify and differentiate the various granulocytic cells with confidence.

Q115.How effective are cytokines in stimulating the production of red blood cells?

Ans: Erythropoietin is highly effective in stimulating the production of red blood cells. It is a

primary cytokine responsible for this process, acting on developing red blood cells in the

bone marrow.

Q116.What are the consequences of providing inaccurate or outdated information on blood

cell identifications in hematology?

Ans: Providing inaccurate or outdated information on blood cell identifications in hematology

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 may lead to misdiagnoses, improper treatment, and lost trust in healthcare professionals.

Q117.What influence will an in-depth understanding of blood cell morphology have on a

hematologists ability to diagnose and treat disorders in their field?

Ans: A thorough understanding of blood cell morphology will significantly enhance a

hematologist's ability to diagnose and treat disorders, ensuring appropriate patient care

and improving health outcomes.

Q118.What criteria would you use to assess the normal morphology of erythrocytes in a blood

smear?

Ans: The criteria for assessing the normal morphology of erythrocytes in a blood smear

include evaluating the cells in an area where they are evenly distributed and do not

overlap, observing their biconcave disc shape, and ensuring that they are uniform in size

with a small area of central pallor and no nucleus or inclusions.

Q119.What sources could you use to verify the normal reference values for white blood cells

in adults?

Ans: The sources to verify the normal reference values for white blood cells in adults include

authoritative medical texts, reputable medical websites, and scientific literature. It

should be noted that these values can vary with age, gender, geographic location, and

health status.

Q120.What influence will the segmentation of the neutrophil nucleus have on their function in

inflammation and phagocytosis?

Ans: The segmentation of the neutrophil nucleus enables these motile cells to pass through an

opening in capillary endothelial lining cells and "home in" on selected prey, such as

microorganisms causing infection.

Q121.What are the pros and cons of differentiating between band and segmented neutrophils

in a blood smear?

28
Ans: The advantages of differentiating between band and segmented neutrophils include

obtaining a more accurate count of these cells, which is important for the diagnosis of

certain medical conditions. The disadvantage is that it may be difficult to distinguish

between these cells, and there may be borderline cases that require expert interpretation.

Q122.Choose one key factor contributing to the variations in the percentage of eosinophils in

normal blood.

Ans: One key factor contributing to the variations in the percentage of eosinophils in normal

blood is the diurnal variation in the percentage of circulating eosinophils, which

increases at night and decreases in the morning.

Q123.How effective are basophils at recognizing and responding to allergens in the body,

compared to other types of white blood cells?

Ans: Basophils are not as effective at recognizing and responing to allergens as other types of

white blood cells, such as mast cells, which are more specialized for this function.

Q124.What are the consequences of having an abnormally high or low percentage of basophils

in the blood?

Ans: An abnormally high or low percentage of basophils in the blood can be indicative of an

underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.

Q125.Critique the reference values for platelets in adults, and discuss their relevance for

clinical diagnosis.

Ans: The reference values for platelets in adults are widely accepted and widely used in

clinical diagnosis. However, these values can vary with age, gender, geographic

location, and health status, and it is important to use clinical judgment and other

diagnostic tests to interpret platelet counts in individual patients.

Q126.Prioritize the factors that should be considered when evaluating the morphology of white

blood cells in a blood smear.

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Ans: The factors that should be prioritized when evaluating the morphology of white blood

cells in a blood smear include the overall appearance of the cells, their size, shape, and

nuclear characteristics, the presence or absence of blood cell inclusions, and the

distribution of the cells in the smear.

Q127.What criteria would you use to assess the value of IO 5 S20 S a0?

Ans: One criterion that could be used to assess the value of IO 5° S20 S a0 is its accuracy and

reliability in providing the intended input or output.

Q128.What sources could you use to verify the validity of IO 5 S20 S a0?

Ans: To verify the validity of IO 5° S20 S a0, one could consult technical specifications, user

manuals, or other documentation provided by the manufacturer, as well as third-party

reviews or testing results.

Q129.What changes would you recommend to improve the performance of IO 5 S20 S a0?

Ans: To improve the performance of IO 5° S20 S a0, one might recommend updating its

software or firmware, increasing its processing power or memory, or adding new

features or functionality based on user feedback or market trends.

Create (20 Questions)

Q130.Design a plan to differentiate hematopoiesis in the fetus from the second month to the

seventh month of gestation.

Ans: During the second month to the seventh month of gestation, the liver is the primary site

of hematopoiesis in the fetus.

Q131.Create a list of the proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis.

Ans: The proper cell sequence of erythropoiesis is as follows: pronormoblast, basophilic

normoblast, polychromatophilic normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte,

and erythrocyte.

Q132.Develop a description of an orthochromic normoblast.

30
Ans: An orthochromic normoblast is a small cell with a pink cytoplasm and a small, thick,

and condensed nucleus with no nucleoli.

Q133.Propose a sequence for the maturation pools of granulocyte production.

Ans: The sequence for the maturation pools of granulocyte production is as follows:

proliferation, maturation, storage, and functional (or marginated) pool.

Q134.Organize a list of the proper cell sequence of granulocytopoiesis.

Ans: The proper cell sequence of granulocytopoiesis is as follows: myeloblast, promyelocyte,

myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, and segmented cell.

Q135.Construct a description of a granulocytic cell with a kidney-shaped nucleus with

clumped chromatin and small, pink, secondary granules with a few primary dark

granules.

Ans: A granulocytic cell with a kidney-shaped nucleus with clumped chromatin and small,

pink, secondary granules with a few primary dark granules is a metamyelocyte.

Q136.Integrate a list of the proper cell sequence for the monocyte-macrophage phagocytic

system.

Ans: The proper cell sequence for the monocyte-macrophage phagocytic system is as follows:

monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte, and macrophage.

Q137.Generate a description of a cell with a round eccentric nucleus, dark blue, abundant

cytoplasm, and a perinuclear clear zone.

Ans: A cell with a round eccentric nucleus, dark blue, abundant cytoplasm, and a perinuclear

clear zone is a plasmacyte.

Q138.Devise a way to differentiate between band and segmented neutrophils and in deciding

whether the link connecting the lobes is narrow enough to be called a filament or wide

enough to be identified as a band.

31
Ans: To differentiate between band and segmented neutrophils, you should consider the

following features: in a band neutrophil, there are two distinct margins, with nuclear

chromatin material visible between the margins. If the margin of a lobe can be traced as

a definite and continuing line from one side of the nucleus across the isthmus to the

other side, then it may be assumed that a filament is present even though it is not visible.

In a segmented neutrophil, there are no distinct margins, and the chromatin is heavily

clumped, coarse, or pyknotic and stains purplish-red. The cytoplasm is light pink, and

the secondary granules stain either pink or a neutral color. In case of doubt, the

questionable cell should be placed into the mature category.

Q139.How would you improve the process of counting platelets using the methods defined by

Hayem?

Ans: To improve the process of counting platelets using the methods defined by Hayem, you

could propose the use of automated or semi-automated methods, such as flow cytometry

or impedance-based counters, to increase accuracy and reduce the time required for

manual counts. Additionally, you could suggest the use of standardized staining

protocols to improve the consistency of platelet morphology and decrease variability in

counts between different operators.

Q140.Can you brainstorm a list of new and unusual uses for the crystalloid core of eosinophil

granules, composed mainly of major basic protein

Ans: While eosinophil granules and major basic protein (MBP) have well-established

functions in immune response and inflammation, some potential unusual applications

could include:

1. Developing novel drug delivery systems by exploiting the affinity of MBP for acid

aniline dyes, which could facilitate targeted drug release in acidic environments.

2. Utilizing MBP as a biomarker for eosinophil activation in health and disease.

3. Investigating the use of MBP in anti-parasitic therapies due to its ability to bind to and

32
 damage parasite membranes.

4. Exploring the potential use of MBP as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications

due to its structural properties and capacity to interact with various cell types.

Q141.If you are tasked with proposing a method to enhance the visualization and

differentiation of basophil granules, how would you approach this?

Ans: To enhance the visualization and differentiation of basophil granules, you could propose

the following:

1. Utilizing staining protocols that enhance basophil granule staining, such as toluidine

blue or May-Grunwald Giemsa stains, which can provide better contrast and granule

visibility.

2. Investigating the use of immunofluorescence staining techniques that target specific

basophil granule markers, such as CD123 or FcRI, for improved granule identification.

3. Employing digital image analysis tools to aid in granule quantification and

characterization, providing a more objective and standardized approach to basophil

granule analysis.

Q142.What changes would you make to revise the current approach to counting white blood

cells

Ans: To revise the current approach to counting white blood cells (WBCs) via

hemocytometry, you could propose the following changes:

1. Standardizing the dilution process and using automated diluters to reduce variability

and increase reproducibility.

2. Implementing automated or semi-automated methods for counting WBCs, such as

flow cytometry or impedance-based counters, to increase accuracy and reduce human

error.

3. Incorporating quality control procedures, such as regular calibration of counting

chambers and validating counting methods against reference standards.

33
Q143.Can you develop a proposal for the improved visualization and analysis of RBC

morphology on a blood smear?

Ans: To improve the visualization and analysis of RBC morphology on a blood smear, you

could propose the following:

1. Implementing standardized staining protocols to ensure consistent and high-quality

staining of RBCs.

2. Utilizing digital image analysis tools for automated or semi-automated RBC

morphology analysis, providing a more objective and standardized approach to RBC

assessment.

3. Investigating the use of flow cytometry or other automated methods for RBC analysis

to increase accuracy and reduce human error.

4. Developing training programs for medical personnel to improve their ability to

recognize and interpret RBC morphological abnormalities.

Q144.How would you test the effectiveness of various staining techniques in highlighting the

nuances of different blood cell types, particularly for erythrocytes and platelets?

Ans: To test the effectiveness of various staining techniques in highlighting the nuances of

different blood cell types, you could:

1. Prepare slides with blood samples stained using various methods, including Wright's

stain, Giemsa stain, and others.

2. Perform a blind analysis of the stained slides by multiple experienced observers to

assess inter-observer variability and accuracy in identifying the different blood cell

types.

3. Utilize digital image analysis tools to quantify the staining intensity and granularity of

the cells, providing an objective assessment of staining effectiveness.

4. Compare the results from different staining techniques to determine which method(s)

provide the best overall visualization and differentiation of the various blood cell types.

34
Q145.How would you design a plan to optimize the staining procedure for blood films to

ensure consistent and high-quality results, particularly for plasma proteins and other

solutes?

Ans: To design a plan to optimize the staining procedure for blood films, consider the

following steps:

1. Research and review the available staining techniques and their respective effects on

plasma proteins and other solutes.

2. Standardize the staining protocol, including reagent preparation, incubation times, and

washing procedures, to minimize variability and ensure reproducibility.

3. Implement strict quality control measures, such as regular monitoring of staining

solution pH and osmolarity, to maintain optimal staining conditions.

4. Train personnel on the standardized staining procedure to ensure consistency in

staining practice across all users.

5. Regularly evaluate staining results by experienced observers and utilize digital image

analysis tools to provide objective assessments of staining quality.

Q146.What could you invent to facilitate the counting and analysis of various blood cell types

in a mixed population, particularly in cases where specific cells are rare or difficult to

distinguish?

Ans: To facilitate the counting and analysis of various blood cell types in a mixed population,

you could consider inventing:

1. A high-resolution, multiplexed imaging platform that combines brightfield, phase

contrast, and fluorescence microscopy to enable detailed visualization and

differentiation of various cell types.

2. A machine learning-based algorithm that can automatically identify and classify

different blood cell types, even in cases where they are rare or difficult to distinguish.

3. A portable, point-of-care device that utilizes microfluidics and automated image

35
 analysis to enable rapid, accurate, and objective counting and analysis of blood cells in

resource-limited settings.

4. A nanotechnology-based contrast agent that can selectively bind to and highlight

specific blood cell types, improving their visibility and enabling more accurate counting

and analysis.

5. An integrated, user-friendly software platform that allows for the comprehensive

analysis of blood cell data, including cell counting, morphology assessment, and

statistical analysis, to provide actionable insights for diagnostic and therapeutic

decision-making.

Q147.How would you design a plan to implement the IO 5 S20 S a0?

Ans: A plan to implement the IO 5° S20 S a0 would involve identifying the specific

requirements and constraints of the system, designing the architecture and components,

and developing a detailed implementation plan with milestones and timelines. The plan

should also include contingencies and a testing strategy to verify the correct functioning

of the system.

Q148.If you are tasked with developing a system with the specifications IO 5 S20 S a0, how

would you construct it?

Ans: To construct the system with the specifications IO 5° S20 S a0, you would start with a

detailed design of the system architecture, followed by the development of individual

components and their integration. The construction process would involve testing and

validation of each component and the system as a whole, ensuring that it meets the

specified requirements and performs as expected.

Q149.Can you brainstorm a list of new and unusual uses for the IO 5 S20 S a0 specifications?

Ans: Sure! Here are some possible creative uses for the IO 5° S20 S a0 specifications:

* A robotic system for surveying and mapping underwater caves or wrecks.

36
* An autonomous underwater vehicle for oceanographic research, such as monitoring

water temperature, salinity, and currents.

* A submersible drone for inspecting underwater infrastructure, such as pipelines,

bridges, or dams.

* A remote-operated vehicle for underwater exploration and photography, suitable for

scientific or recreational purposes.

* A system for monitoring and managing aquaculture, such as monitoring water quality,

fish health, and feeding patterns.

37