Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Implicit Differentiation
In the first kind of derivative, we applied the Rules over the functions represented
by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ), if the function be 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐, then the derivative called implicit
𝑑𝑦
differentiation. In ,𝑦 is called dependent variable, 𝑥 is called independent variable.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
To find we differentiation 𝑦 by normal method
𝑑𝑥
But 𝑥 differentiation implicit.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Examples: Find , to the following:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 = 2𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟶ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2−2𝑥
3𝑦 2 = 2 − 2𝑥 ⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟶ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 −2 = −3𝑦 2 ⟹ (2𝑥 − 2) = −3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2
⟹ =
𝑑𝑦 2−2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
We note that
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛𝑦
Note:- in the higher differentiation if we prove 𝑛 =? Then we find the first the
𝑑𝑥
other with simplify then we find the other higher derivative, and if we prove
𝑑 𝑛𝑦 𝑑 𝑚𝑦
+ 𝑚 + ⋯ =? Then we derivative the function and directly without simplify
𝑑𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥
find higher derivative.
Example: if 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 , then prove:
𝑑 2𝑦 −25
1) =
𝑑𝑥2 𝑦3
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
2) 2 + 2𝑦 + 2( ) =0
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑 𝑦
3) 𝑦 +3 ∙ =0
𝑑𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥2
1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
Sol.
−𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 ⟶ 𝑦 ′ =
𝑦
−𝑥
𝑦 (1) −𝑥𝑦 ′ 𝑦 (1)−𝑥( )
′′ 𝑦
𝑦 =− =−
𝑦2 𝑦2
Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
𝑥2
𝑦+ 𝑦 2 + 𝑥2 25
′′ 𝑦
𝑦 =− 2 =− =−
𝑦 𝑦3 𝑦3
2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
Sol.
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 2(𝑦 ′ )2 = 0
3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
Sol.
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 = 0
𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ ∙ 𝑦 ′ + 1 = 0
𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 + 1 = 0
𝑦𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′ + 2(𝑦 ′ )𝑦 ′′ + 0 = 0
𝑦𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ = 0
Example: if we are given that 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, show that 𝑥𝑦 ′′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ≠ 0
Sol.
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⟶ 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ′
1
𝑦′ = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ′
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 mult. by 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑥𝑦 ′′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
′′ 3 2
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
Example: if 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, prove that 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦(1 + 𝑦 2 )
Sol.
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) when 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦(1 + 𝑦 2 )
Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Example: if 𝑙𝑛2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2, show that 4𝑦 ′′ 𝑙𝑛3 𝑦 = 9𝑦(𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 1)
Sol.
1
𝑙𝑛2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 ⟹ 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 ( ) (𝑦 ′ ) = 3
𝑦
3𝑦
𝑦′ =
2𝑙𝑛𝑦
2
2𝑙𝑛𝑦 (3𝑦′ )−3𝑦( 𝑦 )∙𝑦′
𝑦 ′′ =
4𝑙𝑛2 𝑦
3𝑦 3𝑦
6𝑙𝑛𝑦 ( 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 )−6𝑦( 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 )
𝑦 ′′ =
4𝑙𝑛2 𝑦
𝑦
9𝑦−9 𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑦 ′′ =
4𝑙𝑛2 𝑦
9𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦−9𝑦
9𝑦(𝑙𝑛𝑦−1)
𝑦′′ = 𝑙𝑛𝑦
4𝑙𝑛2 𝑦
= 4𝑙𝑛3 𝑦
4𝑦 ′′ 𝑙𝑛3 𝑦 = 9𝑦(𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 1)
*The Logarithmic derivative
𝑑𝑦
The Logarithmic differentiation is a method to find to the difficult examples
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
and the examples that is not rule about it, we can to any function of this type
𝑑𝑥
by follow the steps.
1) Take the (𝑙𝑛) for two sides.
2) Simplify the right side.
3) Differentiation the two sides respect to 𝑥 implicitly.
4) mult. by 𝑦 for two sides.
5) Substitute 𝑦 by equivalent in 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑦
Examples: Find to the following functions:
𝑑𝑥
1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5)(7𝑥 + 3)(9𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 1)
Sol. Take in for two sides
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛[(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5)(7𝑥 + 3)(9𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 1)]
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5) + 𝑙𝑛(7𝑥 + 3) + 𝑙𝑛(9𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 1)
1 2𝑥+3 7 27𝑥2 −5
𝑦′ = + + mult. two sides by 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥2 +3𝑥−5 7𝑥+3 9𝑥3 −5𝑥+1
′ 2𝑥+3 7 27𝑥2 −5
𝑦 = 𝑦[ + + ]
𝑥2 +3𝑥−5 7𝑥+3 9𝑥3 −5𝑥+1
𝑦′ = ـــــ
Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
2) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)5 ∙ √𝑥 3 + 1 ∙ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑒3𝑥−4 ∙ 8
Sol. Take in for two sides
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛[(𝑥 − 1)5 ∙ √𝑥 3 + 1 ∙ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑒3𝑥−4 ∙ 8]
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1)5 + 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 3 + 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑒3𝑥−4 + 𝑙𝑛 8
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 5𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 3 + 1) + 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 4) + 𝑙𝑛 8
2
Differentiation the two sides implicitly respect to 𝑥
1 ′ 5 3𝑥2 1
𝑦 = + + +3+0 mult. two sides by 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥−1 2(𝑥3 +1) 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
′ 5 3𝑥2 1
𝑦 = 𝑦[ + + + 3]
𝑥−1 2(𝑥3 +1) 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
3) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
Sol. Take in for two sides
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 1
𝑦′ = 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥(1)
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥)
4) 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Sol. Take in for two sides
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
𝑦 ′ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Chain Rule
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑛) , 𝑛 = 𝑓 (𝑚) , 𝑚 = 𝑓 ()ـــ, … , 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑧
Then = ∙ ∙ ∙ … ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 ــ 𝑑𝑥
Such that
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑛
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑛) , 𝑛 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ⟹ = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑚
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑛) , 𝑛 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) , 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⟹ = ∙ ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Examples: Find to the following functions:
𝑑𝑥
1) 𝑦 = 3𝑛2 + 5𝑛 − 7 , 𝑛 = 5𝑥 − 9
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑛
∴ = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (6𝑛 + 5)(5) = 30𝑛 + 25
𝑑𝑥
= 30(5𝑥 − 9) + 25 = 150𝑥 − 245
2) 𝑦 = (4𝑚 − 3)2 , 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑧 + 1) , 𝑧 = 𝑥 3
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑧
∴ = ∙ ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 8(4𝑚 − 3) ∙ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑧 + 1) ∙ 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 8(4𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 3 + 1) − 3) ∙ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝑥 3 + 1) ∙ 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3) Find , 𝑦 = √3𝑡 − 2 , 𝑥 = 5𝑡 2 + 7𝑡 − 3
𝑑𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
∴ = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
= , = 10𝑡 + 7
𝑑𝑡 2√3𝑡−2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 3 1 3
∴ = ∙ =
𝑑𝑥 2√3𝑡−2 10𝑡+7 2(10𝑡+7) √3𝑡−2
𝑑𝑦 3
4) find ,if 𝑥 = 3𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 1 , 𝑡 = 7𝑧 − 3 ,𝑧 = 2𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 3 , 𝑦 = √2𝑚 − 1
𝑑𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 1
∴
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑚
= ∙ ∙ ∙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑦
Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
𝑑𝑥 1
= (6𝑡 − 5)(7)(4𝑚 − 4) ∙ 2
𝑑𝑦 3
3 √(2𝑚−1)2
3
= 42(6𝑡 − 5)(𝑚 − 1) ∙ √(2𝑚 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥 1
∴
𝑑𝑦
= 42(6𝑡−5)(𝑚−1)∙ 3√(2𝑚−1)2
Home work
Exercise(1):- If 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3, show that 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 − 3𝑥 − 3 = 0
Exercise(2):- If 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥, show that 𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦𝑥 = 0
Exercise(3):- If 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 3𝑥, show that 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′′ = −2
Exercise(4):- If 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 show that 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
Exercise (5):- Find to the following function
𝑑𝑥
2
(𝑥2 +1) ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 ∙ 5√2𝑥−1
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
3. 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
4. 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑙𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥−3)
𝑑𝑦
Exercise(6):- Find if 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 − 6𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Exercise(7):- Find if 𝑥 = √𝑢 , 𝑢 = 𝑣(3 − 2𝑣) , 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Exercise(8):- If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 , 𝑥 = √2𝑡 2 + 1 find the value of when 𝑡 = √2
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑦
Exercise(9):- If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 5 so that 𝑥 = √𝑡 + 3 , find the value of
2 𝑑𝑡
when 𝑡 = 4