TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – CAVITE CAMPUS

Carlos Q. Trinidad Avenue, Salawag, Dasmariñas City, Cavite

Department Of Engineering

ACEE 11L
Industrial Electronics (Laboratory)

SMART PARKING SPACE MANAGEMENT FOR ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS

Group Members
Baloyo, Marcus Damian O. Radam, Christ Simon R.
Cortez, Jan Clyde Reyes, Rafael Yñigo F.
Cuevas, Yna Cherubim J. Reyes, Redelyn Cris D.
David, Patricia Syrille P. Reyes, Ricxanne T.
Gaid, Mariel P. Saraza, John Iverson J.
Iñigo, Mark Jefferson A. Sarmiento, Mary Coolin M.
Loquente, John Earl Sungcang, Lhery D.
Molina, Jenyzel Xyra R. Valdez, John Noble I.
Ortega, Keshley Akeesha M. Vallejo, Raphael C.

Submitted to:
Engr. Feliciano Bulos Jr.
Faculty - DOE
I. INTRODUCTION
As urban centers continue to grow, the demand for convenient and efficient parking solutions has
never been more critical. Here in the Philippines, one of the major problems in transportation is the parking,
which causes lots of troubles and conflict among the drivers. Also, excessive parking sometimes leads to
accidents and, in some cases, robberies.
Being said that, this project intends to enhance the security of the parking lots, hence will improve
the drivers’ satisfaction. This initiative will not only improve such, but will also enhance the streamline
traffic flow, reduce congestion, and maximize space utilization. Given that technology advances, to
innovate a design that is safe, accessible, and user-friendly, ultimately elevating the parking space, is indeed
feasible.
The main function of the system is to detect whether the parking is occupied or available and to
protect the vehicles to excessive parking. Only a parking space will be featured in the miniature. The
prototype of that will include an entrance and an exit gate with 8 available parking spots. Furthermore, the
access control will only be able to identify cars utilizing sensors.
In addition to this project is the development of a miniature prototype of the proposed parking space
to serve as a guide and presentation tool, showcasing the project's mechanisms, functionalities, and real-
life performance.

1.1 Purpose and Justification

This study aims to create a real-life simulation of a parking space control system. By constructing
a miniature version, we can thoroughly understand how the system functions, allowing the audience to
visualize the interplay of its components. The project intends to simplify parking for drivers, significantly
reducing the time spent searching for available spaces. In busy parking lots, this system will improve overall
management and user experience.
Additionally, it will allow for future expansions by integrating more parking spaces, benefiting
areas with increasing traffic demands. With automated indicators and intelligent management, the system
will streamline parking processes, addressing common issues in congested locations. By minimizing
confusion and delays, it will enhance parking operations' efficiency.
The ability to adapt and add more slots as necessary ensures responsiveness to changing demands
over time. Ultimately, this project aims to optimize parking operations, improve traffic flow, and provide a
scalable solution for future needs, making it an essential asset for urban development and transportation
planning.

1.2 Objectives
This project aims to:

• Demonstrate how control sensors can be utilized to operate parking spaces

• Create a cost-effective miniature that demonstrate quality and functionality of a real parking
system.
 • Provide a practical demonstration of how access control system improves security by
restricting unauthorized entry
• Provide a cost-effective representation of a potentially expensive in real-world system for
educational purposes.

1.2 Scope and Limitations

The study, entitled “Smart Parking Space Management for Access Control Systems” is a detection
system aims to prevent traffic in the parking lot developed using utilizing sensors as the primary input of
information. Automatic gate pass, turning on of light indicators, screen monitors, and power supply were
included in the system.
The project’s design will feature a grocery store parking space with eight available parking slots,
as well as an entrance and exit gate that will exhibit an access control system capable of detecting cars
through sensors. The project’s functionality is restricted to the following:

• The entrance gate will only open when an RFID is presented.

• In each parking slot, it will indicate if it is occupied or not.
• The system will count and monitor the number of cars parked in the area.
• The entrance gate will not open if the parking space is fully occupied.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

According to Basty, S. et al. (2022), the RFID car parking system helps to address traffic jams in
parking spaces and provide an efficient way to station vehicles, saving a lot of time and money for the car
owners as they will not hire personnel to control the traffic; rather, they will just check in and out for spaces.
Jackson, C., and Kannan, K. (2017) proved that by using two components, namely, parking allocation,
which is composed of sensors to navigate the occupied slots, and seamless parking to scan the tags using
an RFID scanner, there will be less human intervention and save plenty of time.
RFID helps to create secured and well-regulated parking lots. Chatterjee, A. et al. (2019) verifies
that by using RFID tags and readers accompanied by a database, it can be possible to monitor the activities
of vehicle owners. Utilizing the centralized database system, access and control are achievable. The
personnel in charge of monitoring the system can easily recognize the time and date a vehicle enters and
exits. It is beneficial, especially in universities, to monitor the attendance of teachers with vehicles
occupying the parking lot. Sadaat, H. and Shoukat, O. (2022) showed that the development of RFID parking
systems improves the management of parking vehicles. RFID parking system aids the monitoring of
vehicles in and out, helps reduce money and fuel consumption, and assists vehicle owners to know the
location of nearby available parking spaces. Moreover, it also helps in identifying the need for expansion
of parking areas.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is used to identify and track tags attached to a vehicle. It is
widely used, especially in the parking system, to ensure security and manage the parking system thoroughly.
In the study of Sheng, N. et al. (2023) emphasize RFID as a means of monitoring and an access control
mode where it identifies the number of available parking spaces and prohibits illegal parking in the area.
The system allows the RFID to control the barrier gate and buzzer; the gate will remain closed if the RFID
detects an unidentified vehicle. Along with this, Ausecha, C., Rosero, J., and Gonzalez, G. (2021) assert the
 features of RFID, it shows that RFID protocols have high versatility due to their variety of tags, support the
Internet of Things (IoT), help in tracking, tracing, and securely monitoring individuals using ultra-wideband
(UWB), and ensure the control of data security captured by various sensors. Moreover, RFID protects
against replay, cloning, and tack tracking, allowing car owners to have effective and efficient security.
On the contrary, Kannadasan, R. et al. (2016) emphasized the employment of different RFID tags
and their cost, suggesting that an active sensor together with a higher frequency transducer can work in a
broader range, but it is considerably expensive than a low-frequency passive RFID tag. On top of that,
there is also a risk of data privacy leaks when using a “read-write” information stored in tags as the same
frequency range transducer can read the other vehicle input information; hence, to addressed this situation,
“read-only” tags that gather the identification of the users are stored at the central base of the system to
ensure security and privacy. Mazlan, M., Hamid, I., and Kamaludin, H. (2018) added the weaknesses that
occur in an RFID parking system, such as the unavailable access and updated information of staff or
workers, forbidding system revision of information, short range of monitoring of the system, which allows
vehicles to be monitored only at the entrance, and any change of data must be administered to admin only.

III. METHODOLOGY
3. 1 Project Requirements
In this section, the following equipment are listed that will be used in constructing real life
automated parking system:

• LED Lights: Green and Red Lights to turn on and off indicating when a slot is occupied or available.
• RFID Readers: Installed at the entrance to detect RFID cards.
• RFID Tags: Each car will be provided with an RFID card for access.
• Barrier Gate: Automated arm barrier installed at the entrance that opens based on parking
availability.
Software used:

• RFID Integration: Software libraries to handle RFID communication and authentication.

• Database System: Store historical data about parking slot usage and user RFID logs.
• SCADA Systems: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems used for
monitoring, controlling, and analyzing the data of programmed parking systems.
• Industrial Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC): Embedded systems to control and manage
sensor input, light activation, and barrier operation.
In addition, in the construction of the prototype for this project, the required materials will be
determined by the scale, quality of components, and any additional features to be included. Below is a
preliminary estimate for the intended basic prototype:

• Arduino Board
• IR Sensors
• Servo Motors (SG90)
• Motor Drivers (L298N or others)
• Structural Materials (plastic, wood, or metal for the parking platform)
• Power Supply
 • Wiring and Connectors
• Miscellaneous (LEDs, resistors, capacitors, breadboard, etc.)
• PISO Shift Register (Subject to change)
• SIPO Shift Register (Subject to change)
• PNP Transistor (Subject to change)

3. 2 Workforce and Skills

This section outlines the necessary technical skills and system knowledge for the project
development.
Developing the smart parking system prototype using Arduino necessitates knowledge in
embedded systems, programming, and electronics. Developers should understand sensors, communication
protocols, and basic control mechanisms. If the team possesses foundational programming and hardware
prototyping skills, the project is viable; otherwise, external Arduino or electronics experts may be needed.
Upon the development of the project, a project personnel must possess the requisite skills for
implementing and maintaining RFID systems, including staff for integration and user support. If skill gaps
may exist or arise, hiring new staff or contracting experts may be necessary for implementation and ongoing
support for the proposed project.

3.3 Regulatory Requirements

This section outlines the regulatory requirements for developing and implementing the RFID-based
smart parking system.
1. RFID Users Protection Act: Mandates consumer notification and security measures against
unauthorized RFID data access.
2. NTC Regulations: Requires approval and compliance for legal RFID system operation.
3. Data Privacy Act of 2012: Governs secure and transparent handling of personal data collected by
RFID systems.

3.4 Prototype
This section discusses the planned systems, mechanisms and iterates on how should each
components work together in ensuring that the objectives are satisfied. However, parts of this prototype are
subject to change due to factors such as cost, component availability, and other factors.
The prototype will be split into four chapters, namely: The power supply, slot indicators, gates,
and the integration of each part.

I. Power Supply
The researchers believe that sourcing power from the AC mains will be more cost-effective over
time compared to relying on batteries that require periodic replacement. This project will implement a 5V
DC adapter connected to an AC source (see Figure 1). The DC adapter will then connect to a barrel jack
 adapter (see Figure 2) to extract positive and negative leads, facilitating easy integration with various
components in the project, including the Arduino and servo motors. Power will be supplied in parallel to
the Arduino, motors and other components, as the Arduino is unable to directly power the servo motors due
to its limited current capacity. However, the RFID module would be powered via Arduino because of its
required 3.3V input, of which the Arduino could supply.
Since the voltage supplied by the power adapter is already in 5V, the unregulated 5V input pin and
GND would be used (Figure 3).

Figure 1. A 5V DC
adapter. Figure 2. A female DC
barrel jack adapter.

Figure 3. Power connection to an Arduino Nano.

Below is the diagram that represents how should the above be wired (Figure 4).

Motors

Barrel Jack
5V Wall Adapter Arduino
Adapter

Other
Components
Figure 4. Wiring.

II. Slot indicators

Automating parking slot management requires the capability to automatically monitor whether
parking spaces are occupied. This pertinent information can then be relayed to gate systems, enabling
vehicles waiting to enter to determine the availability of spaces. Additionally, this system assists motorists
in locating available parking spots. The objective of this project is to implement this functionality using
 infrared (IR) sensors (Figure 5), which can detect obstacles, but in this case, parked vehicles. The data
collected from these sensors will be processed by an Arduino, which will signal the parking status of each
slot through either a green light for availability or a red light for occupancy. Furthermore, we can enhance
this system by incorporating a display that counts the available parking spaces in the lot, indicated on an
LCD screen (Figure 6) installed near the entrance.
The project aims to place eight parking spaces for use.

Figure 5. A typical IR sensor used Figure 6. An LCD screen.

in Arduino projects.

III. Gates
The project will incorporate two servos to control the
entrance and exit gates. Additionally, the gates will be equipped with
IR sensors, functioning similarly to the slot indicators. These IR
sensors will detect vehicles waiting to enter or exit, relaying data to
the Arduino, which will then activate the gates to open. However, as
noted previously, once the parking lot has reached maximum
capacity, the entrance gates will remain closed. An LCD monitor
nearby will display this information, along with other relevant
details, to vehicles waiting at the entrance gate. Figure 7. A parking gate.

D. Integration

Figure 8. A circuit diagram

 Legend
HW 201 = IR sensor
MFRC522 = RFID Module
HD44780 = LCD Display
SG90 = Servo motor
74LS166D = PISO Shift Register
74HC595 = SIPO Shift Register

As seen above, this project requires many inputs and outputs across many sensors, LEDs and
modules. As such, the Arduino itself cannot account for all of them due to its limited I/O (Input/Output)
pins, therefore, integrated circuits (ICs) are needed to control its inputs and outputs. The ICs used for this
project are namely the 74LS166D (PISO shift register) and 74HC595 (SIPO shift register). These two
function such that the Arduino have an extension where it could control objects that it otherwise could
not.
The PISO shift register or the parallel-in-serial-out register is an IC that takes a parallel input of
bits (1s and 0s) and stores that until a clock signal is released to output its stored data in serial manner;
single file, one at a time. The SIPO shift register or the serial-in-parallel-out, on the other hand is the
inverse of the PISO, whereas it takes a serial input then releases its stored bits into parallel outputs when a
clock signal is released.
On the context of this project, the characteristics of these two shift registers are utilized to control
many inputs and outputs while still maintaining free I/O pins on the Arduino board for further use.
Theoretically, the use of shift registers also allows this project to increase its parking spaces by cascading
the shift registers and therefore allowing more sensors and LEDs to be controlled by amounts of 16, 32 or
even 64, while only connecting three pins on the Arduino. However, such amounts are not within the
scope of this project and the prototype would only place 8 parking spaces.
As for the other modules, they would be connected as shown on the diagram and no further
additional explanation are needed.

3.5 Finances
This section outlines the estimated cost for the proposed project. The table below shows the
breakdown of the costs for the miniature project.

Direct Cost Unit Cost Qty. Total

Arduino ₱ 300 1 ₱ 300

IR Sensors ₱30 10 ₱ 300

Servo motors ₱ 200 2 ₱ 400

LCD Display ₱ 200 1 ₱ 200

RFID Module ₱ 100 1 ₱ 100

 LED ₱ 50 8 ₱ 400

Power Supply ₱ 300 1 ₱ 300

PISO Shift Register ₱ 30 1 ₱ 30

SIPO Shift Register ₱ 50 1 ₱ 50

Total ₱ 2,080.00

Table 3.1 Miniature prototype cost

breakdown

In addition, the table outlines the direct and indirect costs of the proposed parking space project,
below is the estimated breakdown of the cost for this project.

Direct Cost Unit Cost Qty. Total

RFID scanner ₱ 3,000 2 ₱6,000

RFID cards ₱100 8 ₱800

Sensors for parking slot ₱2,000 8 ₱16,000

LED indicator
(red/green) ₱200 8 ₱1,600

Monitor for entrance

display ₱10,000 1 ₱10,000

Automated gate
mechanism ₱20,000 1 ₱20,000

Miscellaneous (wirings,
connectors, etc.) ₱6,000

Parking area
construction ₱800 per sqm 150 ₱120,000

Labor (Installation and

Setup) ₱30,000

Software development ₱100,000

Total ₱310,400.00

Table 3.2 Proposed project direct

cost breakdown
 Indirect Cost Cost

Energy Consumption ₱42,000

Software Maintenance ₱30,000

Total ₱72,000.00 annually

Table 3.3 Proposed project indirect

cost breakdown

The potential revenue of this project is approximately ₱2,240.00 per day that is estimated to
₱67,000.00 monthly assuming all the 8 parking spaces are used the whole day at a rate of ₱20.00 per hour.

IV. RISK ANALYSIS

This section analyzes the potential risks involved in building a miniature automatic car parking
access control system from technical, financial, and operational perspectives, as well as strategies to
mitigate them:
Table 4.1 outlines risk areas, descriptions, probabilities, impacts on the project prototype, and
mitigation strategies for each risk.
Risk Area Risk Description Probability Impact Mitigation

Sensor and control

Undergoing each component
design flaws can cause
Technical Medium High through a thorough prototyping
parking system failures
and testing before integration.
and inefficiencies.

Integration issues
Using only compatible and tested
between hardware
hardware to ensure software-
Technical components (barriers, Medium High
hardware version compatibility,
sensors, cameras) and
with thorough testing conducted.
software systems.
Unanticipated costs
related to hardware, Developing a detailed cost plan
Financial software development, High Medium with contingencies and maintain
maintenance, and ongoing cost monitoring.
testing.
Table 4.1 Risk Table on the project
prototype
 Table 4.2 outlines risk areas, descriptions, probabilities, impacts on the project development, and
mitigation strategies for each risk.
Risk Area Risk Description Probability Impact Mitigation
Test thoroughly before full
System failure or implementation, establish a
Technical malfunction of RFID Medium High reliable support and maintenance
readers and software plan, and implement redundant
backup systems.
Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to
High initial investment justify investment and explore
Financial costs for RFID High Medium financing options or phased
infrastructure implementation to manage
expenses.
Launch a benefits-focused
Resistance from marketing campaign. Incentivize
Operational customers to adopt the Medium Medium early adopters with discounts or
new system loyalty points, and provide clear
transition instructions and support.
- Create a comprehensive RFID
Staff training
training program for staff.
Operational inadequacies leading to Low High
- Hold regular refreshers and offer
operational delays
continuous support.
Table 4.2 Risk Table on the project
development

V. CONCLUSION

To follow…

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

To follow…
VII. REFERENCES:
Ausecha, M., Rosero, J., & Gonzalez, G. (2021). RFID Applications and Security
Review. Computation, 9(6), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation9060069
Basty, S. S., Kiwad, R., Vittal, S., & Ullah, M. M. (2022). RFID based Smart Parking System. International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 11(7).
https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV11IS070127
Chatterjee, A., Manna, S., Rahaman, A., Sarkar, A. R., Ghosh, A., & Ansari, A. A. (2019, March 1). An
Automated RFID Based Car Parking System. IEEE Xplore.
https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTRONIX.2019.8862411
Jackson, C., & Kannan, K. (2017). RFID Based Smart Car Parking System. International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, 12, 6559–6563. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer17/ijaerv12n17_35.pdf
Kannadasan, R. et al. (2016). Rfid Based Automatic Parking System. Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 10(2) Special 2016, 186-191. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prabakaran-
N/publication/295979433_Rfid_Based_Automatic_Parking_System/links/56d13cc208ae4d8d64a
39c51/Rfid-Based-Automatic-Parking-System.pdf
Mazlan, M., Hamid, A., & Kamaludin, H.(2023). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Car Parking
System. JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 2(4-2), 318–322.
https://www.joiv.org/index.php/joiv/article/view/173/165
Sadaat, H., & Shoukat, O. (2022). RFID Based Smart Parking. ResearchGate, 50.
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24165.37602
Sheng, N., Mariam, W., Annuar, A.,& Hafiza, W. (2022). Parking System Using Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID) Technology. 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4910-4_8