Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Engineering Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct

Review article

The refurbishment of gasometers as a relevant witness of industrial

archaeology
Luigi Fiorino a,1, Raffaele Landolfo b,2, Federico Massimo Mazzolani a,⇑
a
Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, P.le Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
b
Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The term gasometer, coined by the inventor of gas lighting William Murdoch in the late 18th century, is
Received 17 June 2014 commonly used to indicate a structure for storing gas. Nowadays, the gasometers have a significant
Revised 22 November 2014 historical and cultural interest, belonging to the so-called ‘‘industrial archaeology’’. The most important
Accepted 25 November 2014
gasometer typologies are illustrated in this paper, by focusing on relevant European examples of
Available online 12 December 2014
structural recovering and functional conversion evidences, such as the gasometers of Vienna, Oberhausen
(Germany), Dresden, Leipzig, Copenhagen, Dublin and Athens. Finally, the main aspects concerning the
Keywords:
restoration design of the 80,000 m3 column-guided telescoping gasometer of Naples are illustrated.
Environmental effects
Gasometer
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gasholder
Industrial constructions
Rehabilitation
Restoration

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
1.1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
1.2. Vienna gasometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
1.3. Oberhausen gas holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
1.4. Dresden and Leipzig Panometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
1.5. Copenhagen Øster Gasværk Teater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
1.6. Dublin Gasworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
1.7. Gasometers of the Technopolis City of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
2. Refurbishment design of the 80.000 m3 napoletanagas gasometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
2.1. The gasometer and its history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
2.2. The current state of degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
2.3. The phases of the rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
2.4. The structural recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
3. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 081 7682443.

E-mail addresses: lfi[email protected] (L. Fiorino), [email protected] (R. Landolfo), [email protected] (F.M. Mazzolani).
1
Tel.: +39 081 7682436.
2
Tel.: +39 081 2538052.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.035
0141-0296/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 253

1. Introduction Regarding the historic evolution of constructive typologies, the

surrounding retaining structure of the first gasometers, generally
1.1. General built in 19th century, was made in masonry. Starting from the
20th century, the use of steel as basic material to built the
The term gasometer (or gasholder) was coined in the late eigh- surrounding retaining structure replaces the masonry.
teenth century by the Scottish engineer William Murdoch [17], Another subsequent evolution, mainly addressed to improve
inventor of gas lighting. Although the term literally means ‘‘gas the lifting effectiveness, was the introduction of spiral guided
meter’’ (a meter for measuring the amount of gas), it is commonly gasometers.
used, perhaps improperly, to indicate a structure conceived with From a structural point of view, the main difference between
the purpose of storing the town or illumination gas. telescoping and piston type gasometers, consists in the way how
In the past, these tanks were used to store illumination gas. to withstand loads. In fact, for telescoping gasometers, the main
With the spread of natural gas in the second half of the twentieth scope of telescopic cylindrical shell is to contain gas, therefore it
century, the use of town gas is disappearing and the gasometers mainly resists to the gas pressures, while the other actions are
gradually lose their function. transferred to the surrounding retaining structure, which absorbs
The gasometers represented traditional structures for storing them. On the contrary, in the case of piston type gasometers, the
low-pressure gases. They typically stored town gas, natural gas fixed cylindrical shell has the double function to contain gas and
and industrial gas, whose size was ranged from few cubic meters withstand all loads.
up to 350,000 m3. The gasometers can be grouped in two basic In general, actions due to dead load, live load, gas pressure,
typologies: telescoping and piston type [7,1]. wind, snow, earthquake, temperature, soil and water pressures
Telescoping or water-sealed gasometers are composed by tele- all have an impact on the gasometer structure. Fig. 1 shows the dif-
scoping cylindrical shells which move up and down as the quantity ferent load pattern for both telescoping and piston type gasmeters,
of contained gas changes. Water (or oil) seals were fitted between in the case of pressure and wind actions, which generally represent
the telescoping cylindrical shells to prevent gas spill (Fig. 1a). They the most important acting loads.
can be classified into two subcategories: column- and spiral- Nowadays, the gasometers are, in some cases, constructions of
guided gasometers. To guide the telescoping walls there is an significant historical and cultural interest, belonging to the so-
external relatively stiff structure, which was made of masonry called ‘‘industrial archaeology’’ and therefore deserve to be the
(Fig. 2a) or steel (Fig. 2b and c). Spiral guided gasometers represent subject of structural recovers and functional conversions. In the
an update version. These do not have a frame and each telescopic following, some European examples of structural recovering and
wall was guided by the one below, by means a rotation occurring functional conversion evidences, such as the gasometers of Vienna,
on helical runners (Fig. 2c). Oberhausen, Dresden, Leipzig, Copenhagen, Dublin and Athens are
Piston type gasometers contained a weighted piston with seals presented (Table 1).
fitted between it and the lateral cylindrical shell. Also in this case,
the quantity of gas governs the position of the piston (Fig. 1b). An
1.2. Vienna gasometers
example of piston type gasometers are shown in Fig. 2d.
The Vienna gasometers, Austria, were built was built in the late
1800s in the Simmering district of Vienna and at that time they
were the largest gas holders in Europe (Fig. 3a). In 1981, the Vienna
gasometers were listed by the country’s heritage ministry as
outstanding examples of industrial architecture. Starting from
1986 they were no longer used and were shut down.
In 1995 the city of Vienna decided the reuse of these protected
industrial constructions for residential purposes and the
architectural designs were done by the architects Jean Nouvel,
Coop Himmelblau, Manfred Wehdorn and Wilhelm Holzbauer,
for gasometers A, B, C and D, respectively. The project preserved
the historic exterior brick walls and comprised of 620 apartments,
offices and shops (Fig. 3b–d).

1.3. Oberhausen gas holder

(a) Telescoping gasometers
The gasometer of Oberhausen, Germany, was a piston type gas
holder, made of a framework of 24 steel girders and a 5 mm thick
riveted sheet metal [10]. This gasometer represented the largest
gas holder in Europe, with a maximum capacity of about
350,000 m3 and a weighted piston of 1200 t. As it was heavily
damaged during the War World II, it was demolished in 1946
and its reconstruction ended in 1950 (Fig. 4a).
After its decommissioning in 1988, on proposal of the Emscher
Park International Building Exhibition, the gasometer was con-
verted into a exhibition hall, which today can be considered the
landmark of the city of Oberhausen.
During the restoration the weighted piston was fixed at 4.5 m
(b) Piston type gasometers height and a 3000 m2 exhibition space was obtained below it. On
the top of the weighted piston, the main exhibition space was
Fig. 1. Functioning scheme and load pattern of typical traditional gasometers. created, with a stage having a diameter of 20 m and seating for
254 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

(a) Troy gasholder, New York, USA (b) Roma Ostiense gasometer, Rome,
(Frame, 1987) Italy (imprese.san.beniculturali.it)

(c) Bovisa gasometer, Milan, Italy (d) Battersea gas holder, London,
(storiadimilano.it) England, UK (Guillery & Thom,
2012)
Fig. 2. Example of (a) masonry, (b) steel column-guided telescopic, (c) steel spiral-guided telescopic, and (d) steel piston type gasometers. (See above-mentioned references
for further information.)

Table 1
Typology and geometric data of some European gasometers.

Name Typology Year of construction Year of reconversion Storage capacity (m3) Height (m) Diameter (m)
Vienna gasometers MTCG 1896–1899 1999–2001 90,000 70 60
Oberhausen gas holder SPT 1927–1929 1993–1994 350,000 118 68
Dresden Panometer MTCG 1879–1880 2006 30,000 39 54
Leipzig Panometer MTCG 1909 2003 56,000 49 57
Copenhagen Øster Gasværk MTCG 1883 1979 - 25 47

MTCG: masonry telescopic column-guided; SPT: steel piston type.

500 people. Also the roof was made accessible to the visitors was in operation until 1977. The panoramic picture is 105 m in
(Fig. 4b). circumference and about 30 m in height. The theme of the
panoramic picture is not always the same, but it changes
1.4. Dresden and Leipzig Panometers periodically. Some of presented themes are: Mount Everest
(2003–2005), Ancient Rome (2005–2009), Amazonia (2009–2013)
The Dresden and Leipzig Panometers, both in Germany, and Leipzig 1813 (2013-today). Also in this case, in addition to
represent panoramic paintings which occupy the inner walls of the panoramic picture, the building contains an exhibition having
the disused gasometers [11]. a theme relating the subject of the painting (Fig. 5c).
The disused gasometer occupied by the Dresden Panometer was
built in the late 1800s with an external masonry cylinder. The 1.5. Copenhagen Øster Gasværk Teater
panoramic painting, titled Dresden 1756, was created by the
Austrian-born artist Yadegar Asisi, depicting the city of Dresden The gas holder of Østre Gasværk (East Gasworks in English)
as it might appeared in 1756, with a size of 105 m in circumference was opened as the Copenhagen (Denmark) city’s second
and 27 m in height. The internal space of this gasometer contains gasworks, when the existing facilities no longer could satisfy
also an exhibition on the creation of the painting and some historic the growing demand for gas. In 1970 it was shut down and
maps and original drawings of the city (Fig. 5a and b). then the gasometer was reused as a venue of the Østre
The Leipzig Panometer occupies the inside masonry walls of a Gasværk Teater, which is constructed within the masonry
decommissioned gasometer in Leipzig, Germany. This gasometer external walls (Fig. 6).
 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 255

(a) Internal view during the (b) External view in actual configuration
construction

(c) Gasometer B (d) Gasometer C

Fig. 3. Vienna gasometers. (wiener-gasometer.at).

(a) External view during the (b) External view in 2011

operating period
Fig. 4. Oberhausen gas holder. (gasometer.de).

1.6. Dublin Gasworks bedrooms, bathrooms and utility room, face on the internal court
(Fig. 7).
The gasworks in South Lotts, Dublin (Ireland), was a 60 m diam-
eter gasometer built in 1885. Its conversion into nine-storey apart- 1.7. Gasometers of the Technopolis City of Athens
ment building, with the preservation of outer steel frame structure,
was completed in 2007 under the design of O’Mahony Pike archi- The Technopolis City of Athens (Greece) is located in the old
tects. The building, now known as The Alliance Building, consists city’s former gasworks, not far from the Acropolis. The factory
of over 210 apartments in which the living area and main bedroom was founded in 1857, started functioning in 1862 and its produc-
are located on the external perimeter, allowing for large views over tion activity was stopped in 1984. After its closure, the industrial
the city, while the entrance hall and ancillary areas, like secondary settlement was gradually transformed into an industrial museum
256 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

(a) External view (snaphanen.dk)

(a) Dresden Panometer - External view

(b) Dresden Panometer - Internal view (b) Internal view during a theatrical event (denstoredanske.dk)
Fig. 6. Øster Gasværk Teater.

(a) External view

(c) Leipzig Panometer - External view
Fig. 5. Dresden and Leipzig Panometers. (asisi.de).

and a cultural venue, which is in operation since 1999. The three

steel column-guided telescopic gasometers included in the old gas-
works were converted for new uses. The gasometer D2 hosts the
Athina municipal radio, the museum of radio broadcasting and
an amphitheatre with a capacity of 250 seats (Fig. 8a).
The gasometer D4 accommodates staff offices on the ground
and 1st floor and exhibition spaces on the 2nd floor (Fig. 8b). The
(b) Internal view
gasometer D15, built in 1950s, was restored maintaining all of its
original elements and nowadays hosts a gift shop (Fig. 8c). Fig. 7. Dublin Gasworks. (armchairtravelogue.blogspot.it).

2. Refurbishment design of the 80.000 m3 napoletanagas

gasometer expert in physics, who had collaborated in the work of drilling
the tunnels of Mont Cenis and Gothard [2]. A plan, preserved in
2.1. The gasometer and its history the State Archives of Naples, shows in detail the various parts of
the settlement in 1866 (Fig. 9a). In addition to the deposits of coal
The history of the 80,000 m3 gasometer is closely linked to that and fireclay warehouses, placed at the centre of the complex and
of the Neapolitan society of lighting and heating with gas (Napole- constructed in neo-Romanesque style, the factory had three gas-
tanagas), which was officially founded in 1862 by the company ometers, each of capacity of 4000 m3. In 1897 another gasometer
Parent, Shaken and C. of Paris, with the commitment to build a of 6000 m3 was built. In the last two decades of nineteenth cen-
gas manufacturing and distribution plant in Naples, located near tury, gas lighting spreads even in private homes, but at the end
the river Sebeto, next to the old railway line Naples-Portici [16]. of the century electric lighting quickly spreads through cities.
The plant, which was completed in November 1863, was Therefore, the company left the market of gas lighting at the begin-
designed by the Swiss engineer Jean Daniel Colladon, a renowned ning of twentieth century, diversified its production. Consequently,
 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 257

The lift tanks are containers free to slide vertically, closed on the
upper face by the sealing membrane, open at the bottom face and
with the lower portion immersed in the base water tank. Therefore,
the tank floats on the water, which prevents the gas from leaking
out of the bottom face (water seal). The gas enters and exits by
means of tubes which emerge from the water and the tank changes
its configuration based on the amount of gas stored inside.

2.2. The current state of degradation

Since 2000, the state of degradation of the gasometer has been

a corporate priority, which has motivated the planning of a pro-
gram of periodic monitoring. This program has various activities,
which can be grouped chronologically as listed below: (1) study
(a) Gasometer D2 - External view (xpatathens.com) conducted in 2000 aimed to perform structural analysis and
safety assessment; (2) visual inspections were carried out in
2004, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012; (3) sampling and chemical
characterization of the materials contained in the gasometer were
carried out between March and April 2012. For the inspections, a
complete external scaffolding structure has been erected since
2011.
As a premise to the presentation of the results of these activi-
ties, it is appropriate to illustrate the notations adopted for mem-
bers and joints of the surrounding retaining steel structure, which
(b) Gasometer D4 (Mazzolani, (c) Gasometer D15 are shown in Fig. 12. The photos of the various joint typologies are
2008) (xpatathens.com) presented in Fig. 14.
Initially, it was possible to identify the types of steel product
Fig. 8. Gasometers of the Technopolis City of Athens. (See above-mentioned through experimental tests made in 2000. Therefore, since nine
references for further information.) steel samples were taken from the some elements belonging to
the surrounding retaining structure (Fig. 12). These steel samples
were subjected to mechanical tests and chemical analysis (Table 4).
The total number of samples was considered adequate to identify
the plants were restored and expanded with the construction of the steel typology used to build the surrounding retaining struc-
two other gasometers of 6000 and 15,000 m3 (Fig. 9b). ture, as confirmed by low value of COVs (maximum value equal
In the early years of the twentieth century, the plant capacity to 0.13). The results of mechanical tests showed that the plates
was expanded with the construction of three new gasometers: and the profiles are similar to S235 steel grade, while both rivets
two gasometers of 14,000 m3 and one of 27,000 m3, which and bolts could be classified into the 4.6 bolt class (Fig. 15). Also
replaced those of 6000 and 15,000 m3, respectively (Fig. 9c). a topographic geometric survey of the nodes position was carried
Between 1925 and 1935 the settlement was enhanced again, with out in the same period. The results highlighted an ovalization of
the construction of two gasometers of 11,000 m3, which replaced the gasometer horizontal sections, with values of the deviations
the old gasometers of 4000 m3 (Fig. 9d). In 1938 started the con- from the perfect circular geometry increasing from the bottom
struction of the gasometer of 80,000 m3, which replaced one of upwards, which reach the maximum magnitude of about 10 cm
gasometers of 14,000 m3 (Fig. 9e). During the Second World War, at crown level. The reason of this permanent deformation can be
although almost entirely destroyed by German bombing, the fac- referred to the predominant wind direction, and the corresponding
tory stopped completely the activity only for very short periods. prevalent wind pressures. (Fig. 13).
In this period the gasometer of 80,000 m3 was under construction Structural analysis and safety verifications were performed
(Fig. 10). Today, the company’s area occupies only a portion of the under the assumption of the gasometer out of service. Therefore,
original surface and only three gasometers remain: the gasometer only the base water tank and surrounding retaining steel structure
of 80,000 m3 and other two more recently built of 42,000 and were considered. The structural analysis was carried out by consid-
5000 m3 (Fig. 9f). ering the actions due to dead and live loads, earthquake, wind,
The gasometer of 80,000 m3, built by the German company snow and temperature evaluated according to the Italian code
Klönne, was destined to the accumulation of gas obtained from dis- D.M. 16/01/1996 [12]. In particular, on the basis of climatic zone
tillation of coal and was taken out of service in the 80s, with the (3rd snow zone) and altitude above the sea level (less than
conversion of the manufactured gas to natural gas. The construc- 200 m), the value of snow load on the ground is set equal to
tion is a steel column-guided telescoping gasometer with a water 0.75 kN/m2. For the wind action, the basic wind velocity is set
bottom tank. In particular, the structure consists essentially of: equal to 27 m/s (3rd wind zone, altitude above the sea level less
(1) a base cylindrical tank (the base water tank); (2) four concen- than 500 m). A temperature variation equal to ±25° is assumed.
tric telescopic cylindrical tanks (the lift tanks), the innermost of Actions are combined at both ultimate (ULS) and serviceability
which is surmounted by (3) a circular canopy (the sealing mem- (SLS) limit states (Table 5).
brane); (4) a surrounding retaining steel structure conceived as a Three-dimensional linear finite element models of the gasome-
cage for containing the lift tanks (Fig. 11, Table 2) [6]. The base ter was set up, which appropriately represents mass and stiffness
water tank and the concentric telescopic cylindrical tanks are distributions of base water tank and surrounding retaining steel
made of riveted curved thick plates, while the sealing membrane structures. In particular, models with two different geometry were
is made of butted-welded curved thin plates stiffened on the bot- developed: (1) perfect model and (2) actual model. The model (1)
tom face by reticular structures. The surrounding retaining steel represents the nominal global geometry without imperfections,
structure is made of bolted and/or built-up members (Table 3). while the model (2) corresponds to the actual geometry, as it
258 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

1 1 2 3

1 2
1 1
1

(a) 1866 - gasometers of 4,000 m3 (1) (b) 1899 - gasometers of 6,000 (2) and 15,000 m3 (3)

1 1 4 5 6 1 4 5
6 4
1 4

(c) 1915 gasometers of 14,000 (4) and 27,000 m3 (5) (d) 1930 gasometers of 11,000 (6)

40 41 42 43
PANDA PANDA PANDA
MQ. 9.35 PANDA

MQ. 3.04
MQ. 8.05

MQ. 3.40
MQ. 69.80 44

PANDA
MQ. 19.55

MQ. 91.56

MQ. 4.20
MQ. 163.56

MQ. 4.20
MQ. 19.60
15.20

MQ. 14.97

19
MQ.539.50
DOBLO'

DI MAGAZZINO
AREA RISERVATA
18
MQ. 91.27

OPERAZIONI
DOBLO'

MQ. 224.10
39

BANDE DISSUASITRI
PER RIDUZIONE DI VELOCITA' MQ. 175.28

38
26.60

MQ. 41.20
1.60

7
8 47 MQ. 23.00
9 46
10 45
11

10.64
12
13
14
15

LEGENDA SEGNALETICA
MQ. 93.97
83.60

STOP 17
DOBLO'

MQ. 59.90
16

10 DOBLO'

4.62

95
PANDA
2.00

MQ. 15.90 17.66 5.04

area parcheggio
4,00
m

2.00
1
riservata ai turnisti
1.50
BRAVO 1.50

1.05
11.75
4.61
26.60

PANDA DA N° 48 A N° 94
PUNTO
4, 40 m
2 6
DI
RACCOLTA

6.18
6,30 m
5.78
LEOMAR

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DUCATO
BRAVO 4.90
PANDA THT

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21
22 6.08
PANDA 24 22
PANDA
23
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PANDA
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133
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2.73

132
5 131
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4 130
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128 47
BRAVO 138
127
SEDICI
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SCU

19 125 48
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6.00
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26 39
38
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18 PANDA 5
SCU

140
36 37 134
135
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4 28 123
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4.85
122 49
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34 35 141
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27 29 121
3 32 33 50
SCU

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6 112 113
136
111 114
15.20

DO

PANDA
2 30
6 16 4.06
115 142
110
1 31 137
SCU

MULTIPLA 116 143

28
DO

15 109
32 32
1 PANDA
7 117 144
4.74

31 33
DUCATO 108
14
2 30
34 145
29 118
9.95

DUCATO
1.40

3 35 107
4,00
m

N° 145
6 ,30 m
5.76

36
5.21

DUCATO 4 119
2.30

2.00 106
37
5
DUCATO
4.20

PUNTO 6 120
10 40
DI 7 8 9
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DUCATO DUCATO 38
41
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A
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PAND

12 42
. PERORG
A
PAND

DIR 2
11
A

10 32
8.38

. PAD 43 33
PAND

DIR
18.95
3
A
PAND

3.07
9
96 31
A

34
44
PAND

8 A CORSIA
PEDONALE
4
PAND

PAND 99 4, 40
A

m
7 97 30
A
A

35
PAND

A
6 45

1
PAND 4.91 5
PAND 98
A
PAND

6
5 63
A 29
A

5
O PAND 36
4 6
6.82

CARIC
DI IALITORI RECINZIONE IN ORSO-GRIL
1.54

EGGIO MATER 62
RANEO AI FORNI
CO
E PANNELLI AUTOPORTANTI 89
64 28
STOP

PARCH 16.87
IN C.A. PRECOMPRESSO 90 37
SCARIVATO
TEMPO
7
3.40

E
RISER ( TIPO CANTIERI STRADALI ) CANCELLO DI EMERGENZA
18.41 61
65 27
CARRABILE 88
38
91
1.23

8
2.00 5.80
10.28 60
66 26
9.09 87 39
92 9
3.50 0.92 2.84
22 1.20 59
58 67
1.70

3.28
1 86 25
3 1.60 93 40
2 3 4 5 23 10
6 7
57 58
85 68 24
24 59 94 41
2 60 11
8 56 57
84 69 23
61 95 42
62 12

7
1
9 55
42 40 41 56
83 70 22
63 64 96 44
13
10 54
38 39 55
65 82 71 21
66

6
97 45
11 14
53

4 8
54

7
67 72 20
43 68 81 46
36 37 98
12 15
52
53
73
69 70 80 19
34
ALBERO
99 47
35 13 16
51
52
71 72 74
79 18
32 100 48
44 33 14
2.20 ALBERO
1
13 51
2 73 74 87 75 17
78 49
30 15 101
31 3
4.60

4 75 50
76 76
2.50

14
28 16 5 102
77 MQ. 59.00
29 105
6 77
45 78
7 88
26 17 1.00 4.60
27 104
8
79 80 19
11 9 15 89
18 18 102
10 103
2.20

12 17 4.00
ALBERO
13 11
DUCATO

81 82 91
16 90 103 4.73
DUCATO

8 4 46 25 12 27 CANCELLO EMERGENZA
3
2.90
DUCATO

CANTIERE
9
2.90

25 104
2.90

14 24 23 22 21 83 84
20 19 92
26 93
SCUDO

15
28
SCUDO

4.72

16 105
DUCATO

17 50 85 86
DUCATO

ALBERO ALBERO
2.20

CANCELLO EMERGENZA

18 94 95 CANTIERE ALBERO
31
DUCATO

101 106
1.50

19 96
100
DUCATO

97 30
20 47 49 98 99 29
4.60 MQ. 71.14
CANCELLO EMERGENZA
DUCATO

2.92
3.90

CANTIERE E ALL' OCCORRENZA

14.19

ALBERO PER ACCESSO DEPOSITI OFFICINA

DUCATO

N° 106
2.40

10
DUCATO

11 ARRETRAMENTO RECINZIONE DI CANTIERE

12
5.30
SCUDO

1 2 2.20
SCUDO

SCUDO

DOBLO'

DOBLO'

48

21
20

(e) 1943 - 80,000 m3 gasometer (7) under construction (f) 2011 - gasometers of 42,000 (8) and 5,000 (9) m3

Fig. 9. Plan view of via Brin settlement. (Compagnia Napoletana del gas. 1962).

resulted by the topographic survey. The base water tank structure F for load combination (2) (see Table 5). The G type members were
was modelled with 2D plate elements having 4 nodes, while the too slender, with respect to the code limits, i.e. the maximum slen-
surrounding retaining structure was modelled with 1D beam ele- derness equal to k = Lcr/i = 264 was higher than klim = 200 (code
ments with hinged nodes having their nominal cross-section. The limit), where Lcr is the buckling length equal to the member length,
scope of the analysis was not to evaluate the effect of the progres- and i is the radius of gyration about the weak axis, which was eval-
sive damage, but to identify the consolidation intervention, consid- uated taking into account of the effective second moment of area of
ering that all the members with reduced cross-section due to the battened built-up members.
corrosion damage will be substituted with new members with The state of stress in the connections exceeded the allowable
the nominal shape. values in the fasteners (rivets/bolts) for the type 1 joints, while
The results obtained from the structural analysis and the ULS the other most loaded joints were the types 3 and 5, even if for
safety verification performed according to the Italian code D.M. them the code requirements were not exceeded (Table 5). The
16/01/1996 [13,14] showed that the state of stress in the members results obtained with models (1) and (2) were not very different
was generally low with respect to the code requirements. Table 6 in terms of ULS safety verification; therefore it can be argued that
lists a selection of locations where the design strength is compared the geometric imperfections due to the ovalization did not intro-
with the corresponding demands. As can be seen in this table the duce any implications in the structural performance of the
demands exceed the design strength for joints 3 and 5 and member gasometer.
 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 259

Fig. 10. Damage of via Brin settlement during the Second World War. (Compagnia Napoletana del gas. 1962).

4
3
2

(a) (b)
1 base water tank
2 lift tanks
3 sealing membrane
4 surrounding retaining steel structure
Fig. 11. 80,000 m3 Napoletanagas gasometer. (a) during the operating period (Compagnia Napoletana del gas. 1962); (b) the present configuration.

Table 2 Table 3
Main geometrical data of 80,000 m3 Napoletanagas gasometer. Member types of surrounding retaining steel structure.

Level of 1st catwalk 10.1 m Element label Member type Chord cross-section type
Level of 2nd catwalk 20.2 m
D Battened UPN140
Level of 3rd catwalk 30.2 m
F Built-up UPN220 and IPN280
Level of 4th catwalk 40.3 m
F Battened UPN180
Level of crown 50.4 m
G Battened L60  6
Ext. diam. of base water tank 53.2 m
H Laced L60  6 and L70  7
Max diam. of retaining steel structure 56.6 m
I Laced L80  8 and L90  9

to the bottom stiffening structures (Fig. 16b and c). The surround-
The various inspections were conducted between 2004 and ing retaining steel structure is affected by corrosion of different
2012, having as main objective the quality control of the surround- magnitude, depending on whether they are linear structural ele-
ing retaining steel structure. In particular, the quality control con- ments (e.g. columns and diagonals) or joint plates. Linear elements
sisted in a visual examination of all members and joints, with the usually are affected by diffuse and superficial corrosion, while in
development of a photographic report and the compilation of a the contact surfaces with the joint plates the corrosive phenomena
damage survey report. are more significant and affect larger thicknesses. For the joint
From the results of these investigations, it is possible to obtain plates, the degradation is significantly more advanced and, in some
the damage conditions of the gasometer, which appears to be cases, it is characterized by ruptures and lack of portions of the
affected by different degradation phenomena, depending on the material (Fig. 17). This phenomenon is very typical for historic
type of considered element. The most important degradation phe- steel structures still in service [3,4,5].
nomena mainly affect the sealing membrane and the surrounding In order to provide a comprehensive screening in the damage of
retaining steel structure. In particular, the sealing membrane the joints, starting from the data given by the damage survey
shows the effects of typical snap-through buckling (Fig. 16a), reports, a detailed mapping was set-up. This mapping allows a
which was produced by the degradation of strength due to corro- quantitative evaluation of the magnitude and distribution of the
sion of its composing structural elements, with particular regard state of degradation and its evolution from 2004 to 2012
260 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

S5
S4 S1

7 8 I
S7
S3
E H S5

B2 S2 F D G

S6 S1
5 6

3 4
B1 S3 S4
2 1

B2 B1
S7
S2
S6

0 1 2 4 6 8 10
N
Fig. 12. Horizontal sections and elevation with: notations for the members and joints; location of samples.

Table 4
Experimental identification of steel products.

Sample label Sample type Element type Tensile test Impact test Hardness test Chemical analysis C Chemical analysis Mn, Si Chemical analysis S, P
S1 Steel plate Member E U U U U U
S2 Steel plate Member E U U U U
S3 Steel plate Member D U U U U U
S4 Steel plate Member F U U U
S5 Steel plate Member H U U U
S6 Steel plate Member G U U
S7 Steel plate Member F U U U
B2 Bolt Joint 1 U U
B3 Bolt Joint 1 U U

(*) Perfect geometry: refers to a circle passing through the column

centroids; Actual geometry: refers to the column centroids position
resulting from the topographic geometric survey (graphic amplification
factor equal to 40).
(**) Qualitative theoretical wind pressure distribution on a cylinder

Fig. 13. Ovalization of the gasometer horizontal sections.

 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 261

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
Fig. 14. Joint typologies.

600
MPa Fu=360MPa (S235) Fu=400MPa (4.8) yield stress (fy) Table 6
ULS safety verification results for the most stressed parts.
Fy=235MPa (S235) Fy=360MPa (4.8) ulmate stress (fu)
500
Structural part Max reserve factor Relevant load combination

400 Member F 0.92 (2)

Member G 1.42 (2)
Joint 1 1.39 (2)
300 Joint 3 0.72 (2)
Joint 5 0.58 (2)
200
Reserve factor = design strength/design load.

100

0 identified: (3.1) first stage - starting of rupture in joint plates;

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 B2 B3 (3.2) second stage - rupture of joint plates in intermediate state,
i.e. yet allowing forces redistribution; (3.3) third stage - advanced
Fig. 15. Tensile tests results.
rupture of joint plates, allowing limited force redistribution. In
particular, the subclass (3.3) covers the cases in which the joints
have undergone a marked progress of damage, the effect of which
Table 5
Load combinations.
could affect the structural continuity between these joints and the
members that are connected to them.
ULS (1) cG G ‘‘+’’ cQ [QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QW ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT] The most fundamental factors causing the structural damage
(2) cG G ‘‘+’’ cQ [0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ QW ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT]
are represented by the lack of maintenance, which has produced
(3) cG G ‘‘+’’ cQ [0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QW ‘‘+‘‘ QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT]
(4) cG G ‘‘+’’ cQ [0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QW ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ QT] the complete degradation of steel protective coating, together with
the proximity to the sea, which is about 500 m in SSW direction. In
ULS (Earthquake) (5) cE E ‘‘+’’ cG G ‘‘+’’ cQ [0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT]
particular, the influence of the marine environment clarifies the
SLS (6) G1 ‘‘+’’ G2 ‘‘+’’ QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QW ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT
(7) G1 ‘‘+’’ G2 ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ QW ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT
distribution of joints damage, which increases in the SSW direction
(8) G1 ‘‘+’’ G2 ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QW ‘‘+’’ QS ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QT (vertical alignments from 3 to 18). This phenomenon can be imme-
(9) G1 ‘‘+’’ G2 ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QL ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QW ‘‘+’’ 0.7 QS ‘‘+’’ QT diately highlighted by the distribution of the total joists number
affected by the damage class 3.3 for each vertical, presented in
‘‘+’’ implies ‘‘to be combined with’’.
G = dead load; QL = live load; QW = wind load; QS = bsnow load; QT = temperature Fig. 19.
load; E = seismic load. Fig. 19 shows the evolution of the number of nodes affected by
cG = 1.0 favourable, or cG = 1.0 unfavourable; cQ = 0 favourable, or cQ = 1.5 unfa- each of the different classes of degradation above defined, in the
vourable; cE = 1.5.
time range from 2004 to 2012. It also shows the performance of
an overall indicator of the state of degradation (degradation index:
DI), defined as:
(Fig. 18). For this purpose, the types of degradation were divided
into three classes: (1) deep and/or widespread corrosion, (2) rup- DI ¼ nð1Þ þ nð2Þ þ nð3:1Þ þ nð3:2Þ þ nð3:3Þ ð1Þ
ture of rivets/bolts, (3) rupture of joint plates. In particular, for where n(1), n(2), n(3.1), n(3.2) and n(3.3) represent the number of nodes
the class (3), in order to differentiate the magnitude of the affected by the relevant class of degradation. Obviously, because the
phenomenon starting from 2010, three subclasses have been single node may be affected by different types of degradation, the DI
262 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

Fig. 16. Sealing membrane: (a) snap-through buckling; (b) and (c) collapse of bottom stiffening structures.

Fig. 17. Typology of joint degradation: (a) rupture of bolts and widespread corrosion; (b) rupture of bolts and advanced corrosion; (c) starting of rupture of joint plates; (d)
advanced rupture of joint plates.

parameter can be greater than the total number of nodes. Examina- ago has initiated the process necessary for the full recovery of
tion of Fig. 19 shows that the temporal evolution of the degradation the construction.
has exhibited a sudden deterioration of the conditions in recent According to the client needs, the main guiding principles of
years (2010–2012), in particular for the types of damage associated project were established as follows: (1) at the stage of refurbish-
to the rupture of plates. This can be explained by the high stress val- ment design of the gasometer, its subsequent destination (future
ues reached in the joint plates due to the strong reduction of resis- usage) is not known; (2) therefore the refurbishment design of
tant cross-sections area caused by corrosion. In fact, as far as the the gasometer must be independent of the subsequent reuse; (3)
ultimate tensile stress is reached, the rupture of the joint plate only the recovery of the base tank and the surrounding retaining
starts and the evolution of the phenomenon becomes self-exciting. steel structures is expected; (4) the future new construction will
The acceleration of joints degradation during the last years made it built inside the rehabilitated gasometer structure, without any fur-
necessary the definition of appropriate preservation countermea- ther structural interactions. These guidelines simplify the issues of
sures. In particular, the most damaged joints (13 joints in 2011 compatibility between the preserved parts and those added in
and 12 joints in 2012) were submitted to reinforcing provisional future. On the other side, the structural analysis and the design
interventions (Fig. 20). of rehabilitation can be performed, neglecting the future new
construction.
2.3. The phases of the rehabilitation The project basically identifies two working phases: (1) the
demolition of the sealing membrane and lift tanks; (2) the recovery
Motivated by a deep state of degradation which characterize of the base water tank and surrounding retaining steel structure. In
the gasometer and by the possibility of its reuse provided by the particular, the first phase of operations includes the demolition of
town-planning scheme, the Napoletanagas company some years the sealing membrane. Then the disposal of the waste contained in
 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 263

the base water tank will be done by creating an opening in the The second phase will be dedicated to the recovery of the sur-
water tank and lift tanks to allow for the disposal of sludge inside rounding retaining steel structure and the complete painting of
the gasometer. At the end of this work, the opening will be closed the gasometer. For this purpose, the construction will be divided
by using the same removed plates. The next step involves the into eight circular sectors and the works will contemporary pro-
demolition of the lift tanks. After the end of demolition operations, ceed only on two diametrically opposed sectors, by mounting a
the area inside the base water tank will be paved and equipped scaffold on the inner side of the surrounding retaining steel
with a sewer for the disposal of rainwater. structure. These sectors will treated by sandblasting operations,

2004

2009

Total number of joints affected by the damage class 3.3 for each vercal
3
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 0

2010

Total number of joints affected by the damage class 3.3 for each vercal
2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 3
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

2011
deep and/or widespread corrosion
rupture of rivets/bolts
rupture of joint plates – 1st stage
rupture of joint plates – 2nd stage
rupture of joint plates – 3rd stage
joints with provisional interventions

Legend
Total number of joints affected by the damage class 3.3 for each vercal
2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 3
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

2012
Fig. 18. Mapping of the joints damage.
264 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265

450 of upper catwalks, steps and landing floors of the stairs with galva-
JOINTS NUMBER
nized pre-painted steel gratings.
400
DEGRADATION INDEX Different protective treatments are specified in the design
350 depending on the type of adopted rehabilitative process. In
TOTAL NUMBER OF JOINTS: 324
particular, for all the elements of the surrounding retaining
300
steel structure, the cycle consists of several steps to be per-
250 formed in the factory, including sandblasting, application of
two protective epoxy-polyammide coats (total thickness of
200
(1) deep and/or widespread corrosion 180 lm) and application of polyurethane topcoat (total thick-
150 (2) rupture of rivets/bolts
(3.1) rupture of joint plates – 1st stage
ness of 100 lm). For elements that will remain on-site, the
(3.2) rupture of joint plates – 2nd stage cycle provides a very high pressure water cleaning by hydro-
100 (3.3) rupture of joint plates – 3rd stage
DI scarifying with water pressure ranging from 1200 to 1500 bar,
50 brush application of two protective epoxy coats (total thickness
0
of 200 lm) and application of polyurethane topcoat (total
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011YEAR 2012 thickness of 100 lm).

Fig. 19. Evolution of nodes degradation.

3. Summary

The gasometers represent, in some cases, constructions of

significant historical and cultural interest, belonging to the
so-called ‘‘industrial archaeology’’ and therefore deserve to be
the subject of structural recovers and functional conversions.
A witness of the present technical interest to this old typologies
is given by analysing some case studies of reuse, in which the
gasometers have found a new use in modern times after their
reconversion.
The reparation of the 80,000 m3 Napoletanagas gasometer of
Naples, which represents a column-guided telescoping gasometer
built in 1935, is also illustrated. The results obtained from the
structural analysis and safety verification showed that the stresses
in the members, with some exceptions, were generally low respect
to the Italian code provisions, while the state of stress in the con-
nections exceeded, in the most loaded joints, the allowable values
in the fasteners (rivets/bolts). From the results of the on-site sur-
vey, the damage conditions of the gasometer were defined. The
most important degradation phenomena due to the corrosion
Fig. 20. Reinforcing provisional intervention on Type 4 joint. mainly affect the sealing membrane and the surrounding retaining
steel structure.
The general project basically identifies two working phases: (1)
structural recovery, preparation and painting of metal surfaces.
the demolition of the sealing membrane and lift tanks; and (2) the
When all operations on the two diametrically opposed sectors
recovery of the base water tank and the surrounding retaining steel
will be ended, the activities will continue with the disassembly
structure.
of the interior scaffold and its replacement on other two diamet-
For the structural rehabilitation of the gasometer, the atten-
rically opposed sectors, in such a way to permit recovery and
tion was mainly focused to the joints of the surrounding retaining
paint works on another portion of the gasometer. For the comple-
steel structure, which represent the most damaged elements.
tion of all the works, the whole sequence will be repeated four
Their rehabilitation consists of the complete replacement of all
times in total.
existing fasteners and joint plates with new appropriate steel
elements.
2.4. The structural recovery As soon as this reparation activity will be completed, this
gasometer will represent an object of potential reuse, following
For the structural rehabilitation of the gasometer, the atten- the more and more successful examples already made in
tion was mainly focused to the joints of the surrounding retaining Europe.
steel structure, which represent the most damaged parts (Fig. 21).
For their rehabilitation, the design consists of: (a) the complete
replacement of all existing bolts and rivets with new class 8.8 Credits
galvanized bolts with appropriate diameters; (b) the complete
replacement of the joint plates with new elements in steel grade Project: Reliabilitation of the 80,000 m3 Napoletanagas
S235; (c) the repair or, if not achievable, the replacement of the gasometer.
profiles which are missing or affected by ruptures and/or Location: via Benedetto Brin, Naples, Italy.
advanced corrosion, with new steel grade S235elements; (d) the Client: Compagnia Napoletana di Illuminazione e Scaldamento
replacing of too slender members (type G: 2L60  6 battened col Gas SpA.
members) with new battened members made of 2UPN140 in Designers team leader: prof. eng. Federico M. Mazzolani.
steel grade S235. Designers: Prof. Eng. Federico M. Mazzolani, eng. Luigi Fiorino.
The restoration design also includes the repair of the chequer Construction supervision: arch. Laura C. Mazzolani.
plates of the level 1 catwalk and the replacement of chequer plates Proof engineer: prof. eng. Raffaele Landolfo.
 L. Fiorino et al. / Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 252–265 265

TYPE D RIVETS/BOLTS TYPE E TYPE F

RIVETS/BOLTS
UPN140 2Ø16-18 UPN220 UPN160
2Ø16-18

RIVETS/BOLTS
BATTEN PLATE FLAT MEMBER Ø16-18/305
BATTEN PLATE
125X270X6/630 119X8
125X270X6/564

IPN280
ACTUAL CONFIGURATION = DESIGN

TYPE G UPN140 BOLTS

RIVETS/BOLTS 2Ø16-18 CL.8.8
2Ø16-18

BATTEN PLATE
L60X6 125X270X6/565

BATTEN PLATE
ACTUAL CONFIGURATION 120X330X6/2261 DESIGN

TYPE I RIVETS/BOLTS TYPE H RIVETS/BOLTS

1Ø16-18 1Ø16-18
L80X8
L60X6
RIVETS/BOLTS
1Ø16-18 L70X7

L90X9 BATTEN PLATE

L50X5/497.5 L90X9 40X430X4/325

RIVETS/BOLTS
1Ø16-18 L50X5/470 L50X5/497.5

L65X6/497.5

RIVETS/BOLTS
1Ø16-18
RIVETS/BOLTS L60X6
1Ø16-18
L80X8
ACTUAL CONFIGURATION = DESIGN

Fig. 21. Members: typologies and structural rehabilitation.

Acknowledgements [6] Fiorino L, Landolfo R, Mazzolani FM. Il gasometro Napoletanagas da 80.000 m3:
evoluzione del degrado e progetto di riabilitazione. In Proceedings of the XXIV
Congresso C.T.A., Collegio dei Tecnici dell’Acciaio, 1079–1086. Torino, Italy;
The authors respectfully acknowledge the society Compagnia 2013. [in Italian].
Napoletana di Illuminazione e Scaldamento col Gas SpA, or simply [7] Fiorino L, Landolfo R, Mazzolani FM. The reuse of gasometers as a relevant
example of industrial archeology. In: Mazzolani FM, Altay G, editors.
Napoletanagas, represented by its Chairman and Chief Executive
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on protection of historical
Officer Engineer Angelo Facchini, in the role of client of the design buildings (PROHITECH 2014). Antalya, Turkey: Boğaziçi University Publishing;
rehabilitation of the 80,000 m3 Napoletanagas gasometer pre- 2014. p. 751–7.
[8] Frame RM, editor. Troy II – the second time around. Soc Ind Archeol Newsl
sented in this paper. Also they extend acknowledgments to the
1987;16(2).
Engineer Giuseppe Carzaniga and Surveyors Alberto Di Salvo, [9] Guillery P, Thom C. Germans, guns and gas in south London. Res News–A
Alberto Brancaccio, Carmine Lubrano and Angelo Neola, which Newsl Historic Environ Res 2012;17(18):14–6.
have provided valuable support to the design activity. [10] Harshbarger P, editor. IA in the Ruhr, Germany-2001, Study Tour Review. Soc
Ind Archeol Newsl 2001;30(2).
[11] Harshbarger P, editor. Panometers in Leipzig and Dresden. Soc Ind Archeol
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