IV SEMESTER PBL REPORT

On
“STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTOR”
Is submitted in partial fulfilment

Of the requirement

For the award of technical education

Of

BTECH

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
N.Rahul (21641A0247)
Vallala Sravya (21641A0260)
Maharaju Tharun (22645A0228)
Prakatanoju Yahwanth (22645A0239)
Vardhelli Tagore (22645A0250

Under the guidance of

Mr .T. Rajesh
Associate Professor , EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(UGC Autonomous, Accredited by NBA, Accredited by NAAC with “A”)
Bollikunta, Khila Warangal (Mandal), Warangal Urban-506 005 (T.S)

1
 VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(UGC Autonomous, Accredited by NBA, Accredited by NAAC with “A
Bollikunta, Khila Warangal (Mandal), Warangal Urban-506 005 (T.S)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that main project entitled “STARTING METHODS OF AN

INDUCTION MOTOR” Is bonafide work carried out by N.Rahul(21641A0231),
V.Sravya(21641A0260),M.Tharun(22645A0228),Y.Yashwanth(22645A0239),V.Tagore(22
645A0250)

Under my guidance and supervision at VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING and is considered as a part of the Project Based Learning in
the 4th semester of BTech Electrical & Electronics Engineering during the
academic year 2022-2023.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE SECTION EXTERNAL

EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The development of the project though it was an arduous task, it has been made
by the help of many people. We are pleased to express our thanks to the people
whose suggestions, comments, criticisms greatly encouraged us in betterment of
the project. We would like to express our sincere gratitude and indebtedness to
our project Guide Mr.T.Rajesh, Associate Professor for his valuable suggestions
and interest throughout the course of this project.
We am also thankful to Head of the Department Dr. P. PURNACHANDER RAO,
for providing excellent infrastructure and a nice atmosphere for completing this
project successfully. We would like to express my sincere thanks and profound
gratitude to Dr. K. PRAKASH, principal of Vaagdevi College of Engineering, for
his support, guidance and encouragement in the course of our project.
We also thankful to Project Coordinators, for their valuable suggestions,
encouragement and motivations for completing this project successfully.
We are thankful to all other faculty members for their encouragement. We convey
our heartfelt thanks to the lab staff for allowing me to use the required equipment
whenever needed. We are also thankful to Guide Mr.T.Rajesh, Associate
Professor for the valuable suggestions, encouragement and motivations for
completing this project successfully.
Finally, We would like to take this opportunity to thank my family for their
support through the work. I sincerely acknowledge and thank all those who gave
their support in completion of this work.

3
 DECLARATION

We declare that the work reported in the project entitled “Starting Methods of
an Induction Motor “ is a record of work done by us in partial fulfilment for the
award for the degree Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering , Vaagdevi college of engineering affiliated by JNTUH ,Accredited
by NBA ,under the guide of Mr.T.Rajesh, Associate Professor EEE Department
.we hereby declare that the project work bears no resemblance to any other project
submitted at Vaagdevi college of engineering or any other college/university for
the award of the degree.

4
 ABSTRACT

Presently, about more than 90% of the mechanical power used in industry is
provided by three phase induction motors since its robust and simple construction
and its quite efficient energy conversion. Moreover, Three-phase induction have
low cost, reasonably good power factor, self-starting and low maintenance cost.
In this research, we start from the construction of the induction motor and its main
parts Function. Then, the principle of operating of an induction machine is
explained. Moreover, a detailed power and torque calculations considering the
equivalent circuit of the induction machine. However, a power flow diagram of
the induction motor is shown, and then the power calculations starting with the
input electrical power down to the output mechanical power. And yet, developed
torque of the induction motor is obtained using the developed mechanical power
expression. Then, induction motor circuit is solved to get the rotor current, torque
and power in terms of stator terminal voltage, slip of operation and machine
parameters. Furthermore, main performance characteristics such as torque-speed
characteristic, power factor, current and efficiency of induction motors are
included in the fifth section. In the subsequent section, different methods of
starting are mentioned. Finally, there is a conclusion for this research.

5
 INDEX

TITLE Page no
INTRODUCTION 7
CONSTRUCTION 8
COMPARISON OF SQUIRREL CAGE & SLIP RING INDUCTON 11
MOTOR
WORKING PRINCPLE 12
SLIP SPEED SND SLIP 13
EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR PARAMETERS 14
LOSSES IN INDUCTION MOTOR 17
TORQUE EQUATION&STARTING TORQUE 20
NECESSITY OF STARTERS 23
METHODS OF STARTING 3PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 24
VARIOUS TYPES OF STARTERS 25
ALGORITHM 33
SIMULATION 35
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 40
CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCES 42

6
 INTRODUCTION
Induction motors are the most widely used electric motors in industrial
applications. Almost all induction motors run at essentially constant
speed from no-load to full-load conditions. The speed of induction
motors depends on the supply frequency and hence these motors are
not easily adapted to speed control. Induction motors are simple and
rugged in construction, less expensive, easy to maintain, and can be
designed and produced with characteristics to suit most industrial
requirements.
An induction motor is an asynchronous AC electric motor which
converts alternating current electricity into mechanical energy. It is
called an induction motor because the electric current in the rotor
circuit required to produce the deriving torque is obtained through
electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic field of the stator
winding. These motors are referred to as asynchronous motors because
their rotor rotates at a speed less than the synchronous speed of the
rotating magnetic field. The induction motor is an electromechanical
energy conversion device, i.e, it converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy in the form of rotation of shaft. Like any electric
motor, an induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor.
The stator carries a set of windings called stator winding. The stator
winding may be single-phase winding or three-phase winding. The
rotor carries a short-circuited winding called rotor winding. In case an
induction motor, only the stator winding is fed from an AC supply,
while the rotor winding derives its voltage and power from the stator
winding through electromagnetic induction motor.

7
 CONSTRUCTION
An induction motor consists of many parts as shown in Figure.

A three-phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts called the Stator and
the Rotor. The stator is the stationary part of the induction motor, and the rotor is
the rotating part. The construction of the stator is similar to the three-phase
synchronous motor, and the construction of the rotor is different for the different
machines. The construction of the induction motor is explained below in detail.
STATOR
The stator of a three-phase induction motor is a stationary part, and it consists of
a cylindrical-shaped frame made up of fabricated steel. This steel frame encloses
a hollow cylindrical core made up of thin laminations of silicon steel. On the inner
periphery of the core, a number Of evenly spaced slots are provided to place the
stator winding. The silicon-steel laminations are used to reduce the hysteresis and
eddy current losses.
Three windings are placed in the stator slots and are suitably connected to form a
balanced three-phase delta or star connected circuit. As per the requirement of
motor speed, these three-phase windings are wound for a definite number of
poles. Where, greater is the number of poles, lesser is the speed of the induction
motor and vice-versa.

8
When we fed the three-phase stator winding from a balanced three-phase supply,
a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced. This rotating
magnetic induces EMF in the rotor circuit by electromagnetic induction.

ROTOR
The rotor is a rotating or moving part of the three-phase induction motor. It
consists of a rotor core made up of thin laminations of high grade silicon steel to
reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current losses. The rotor core is a hollow cylinder,
mounted on a shaft. On outer periphery of the rotor core, slots are provided to
place the rotor winding.
Based on the construction, the rotor of a three-phase induction motor can be of
the following two types −
• Squirrel-cage rotor
• Wound rotor

Squirrel Cage Rotor

The squirrel-cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel
slots on its outer periphery. In case of squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding is
made up of metal (copper or aluminium) bars. These metal bars are placed in the
rotor slots and are short-circuited at each end by metal rings called end-rings as
shown in Figure.
It can be observed that the construction of this rotor resembles a squirrel cage and
hence the name. Here, it is also to be noted that the rotor is not connected
electrically to the supply, but it derives its voltage and power by the
electromagnetic induction from the stator.

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The three-phase induction motors that employ squirrel-cage rotor are known
as squirrel-cage induction motors. Almost 70% to 80% three-induction motors
used in industrial applications are squirrel-cage induction motors because of their
simple and robust construction which enable them to operate in most adverse
circumstances. Although, the induction motors that use squirrel-cage rotor have
a low starting torque.
Wound Rotor
The wound rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core made up of silicon steel.
It carries a 3-phase rotor winding similar to the stator winding as shown in Figure

The rotor winding of the wound rotor is uniformly distributed in the slots and is
connected in star fashion. The open ends of the star-connected rotor winding are
brought out and connected to three slip rings mounted in the rotor shaft. A carbon
brush is resting on each slip ring, and through these brushes, external resistances
can be added to the rotor circuit.
At starting, suitable values of external resistances are added into phases of the
rotor winding to obtain a high starting torque. These external resistances are
gradually removed from the circuit as the motor runs up to speed. The use of
external resistances considerably reduces the starting current and increases the
starting torque of the motor. Once the motor attains normal speed, the three
carbon brushes are short-circuited so that the wound motor runs like a squirrel
cage induction motor.
10
 COMPARISON OF SQUIRREL CAGE &SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTORS: -

Parameter of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Slip-Ring Induction Motor

Comparison

Rotor Type Squirrel cage type rotor with permanently Wound type rotor with
short circuited rotor bars. 3-phase windings similar to
stator winding.

Construction Simple Complicated

External Rotor It is not possible to add external resistance External resistance is to be

Resistance because the rotor bars are permanently added during starting.
shorted with the help of end rings.

Starting Torque Low High

Brushes Not used used

Maintenance Less maintenance is required. More maintenance is

required

Copper Loss Used used

Efficiency Frequent maintenance is required. Low

Power Factor High Low

Speed Control Not possible Possible

Starting Current High Low

Cost Cheap Expensive

Application In lath machine, fans, pumps, blowers, etc. In cranes, hoists, elevators,
conveyors and loads which
require high starting
torque, etc.

11
Working principle of an induction motor
The motor which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction is known
as the induction motor. The electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in
which the electromotive force induces across the electrical conductor when it is
placed in a rotating magnetic field. when the three phase supply is given to the
stator, the rotating magnetic field produced on it. The figure below shows the
rotating magnetic field set up in the stator.

The polarities of the magnetic field vary by concerning the positive and negative
half cycle of the supply. The change in polarities makes the magnetic field rotates.
The conductors of the rotor are stationary. This stationary conductor cut the
rotating magnetic field of the stator, and because of the electromagnetic
induction, the EMF induces in the rotor. This EMF is known as the rotor induced
EMF, and it is because of the electromagnetic induction phenomenon.

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Can Rotor Speed N=Ns?
As the rotor starts rotating, the magnitude of rotor induced emf (proportional to
relative speed between stator rotating field and rotor speed) is reduced. Let us
assume that the rotor rotates at synchronous speed, so the emf induced in the rotor
conductors would become zero and consequently there is no torque on the rotor
causing the rotor to fall back in speed. Once the rotor falls back in speed, the
relative speed increases and again rotor picks up the speed. But due to inertia of
rotor, this does not happen in practice and rotor continues to rotate with a speed
slightly less than the synchronous speed of the rotating field.

The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed. The speed at which it
rotates is hence called as sub synchronous speed and motor called as
asynchronous motor.

SLIP SPEED AND SLIP

Slip speed: - The slip speed defined as the difference between the synchronous
speed (Ns) and the actual speed of the motor(N).

Slip speed =Ns-N

Slip:- The slip is defined as the difference between the synchronous Speed(Ns)
and the actual speed of the motor(N), expressed as a fraction of synchronous
speed.

Thus slip,

s=Ns-N/Ns

Percentage slip, %s=Ns-N/N*100

The actual speed of the motor can be expressed, from the above equation as

sNs=Ns-N

N=Ns-sNs

N=Ns(1-s)

From the above equations, it may be noticed that the relative speed or slip speed
(Ns-N) of the rotor and rotatinf magnetic field is directly proportional to the slip.

s=1 This is max. value of slip. Slip can not be zero because when s=0, N=Ns and
the torque is zero.

13
EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR PARAMETERS
In case of a transformer, frequency of the induced e.m.f. in the secondary is same
as the voltage applied to primary. Now in case of induction motor at start N = 0
and slip s = 1. Under this condition as long as s = 1, the frequency of induced
e.m.f. in rotor is same as the voltage applied to the stator. But as motor gathers
speed, induction motor has some slip corresponding to speed N. In such case, the
frequency of induced e.m.f. in rotor is no longer same as that of stator voltage.
Slip affects the frequency of rotor induced e.m.f. Due to this some other rotor
parameters also get affected. Let us study the effect of slip on the following rotor
parameters.

1. Rotor frequency
2. rotor induced e.m.f.
3. Rotor reactance
4. Rotor power factor
5. Rotor current

1.Effect on rotor frequency:-

In case of induction motor, the speed of rotating magnetic field is,
Ns = (120 f )/P ……….(1)
Where f = Frequency of supply in Hz

At start when N = 0, s = 1 and stationary rotor has maximum relative motion with
respect to R.M.F. Hence maximum e.m.f. gets induced in the rotor at start. The
frequency of this induced e.m.f. at start is same as that of supply frequency.
As motor actually rotates with speed N, the relative speed of rotor with respect
R.M.F. decreases and becomes equal to slip speed of N s – N. The induced e.m.f.
in rotor depends on rate of cutting flux i.e. relative speed Ns
Hence in running condition magnitude of induced e.m.f. decreases so as to its
frequency. The rotor is wound for same number of poles as that of stator i.e. P. If
fr is the frequency of rotor induced e.m.f. in running condition at slip speed N s –
N then there exists a fixed relation between (Ns – N), fr and P similar to equation
(1). So we can write for rotor in running condition,
(Ns – N) = (120 fr)/P , rotor poles = stator poles = P ……….(2)
Dividing (2) by (1) we get,

14
(Ns – N)/Ns = (120 fr / P)/(120 f / P) but (Ns – N)/Ns = slip s
S = fr/f
fr = s f

Thus frequency of rotor induced e.m.f. in running condition (fr) is slip times the
supply frequency (f).
At start we have s = 1 hence rotor frequency is same as supply frequency. As slip
of the induction motor is in the range 0.01 to 0.05, rotor frequency is very small
in the running condition.

2.Rotor induced EMF :-

We have seen that when rotor is standstill, s = 1, relative speed is maximum and
maximum e.m.f. gets induced in the rotor. Let this e.m.f. be,
E2 = Rotor induced e.m.f. per phase on standstill condition
As rotor gains speed, the relative speed between rotor and rotating magnetic
field decreases and hence induced e.m.f. in rotor also decreases as it is
proportional to the relative speed Ns - N. Let this e.m.f. be,
E2r = Rotor induced e.m.f. per phase in running condition
Now
E2r α Ns while E2r α Ns - N
Dividing the two proportionality equations,
E2r/E2= ( Ns - N)/Ns but (Ns - N)/N = slip s
E2r/E2 = s
E2r = s E2
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f in the rotor also reduces by slip times the
magnitude of induced e.m.f. at standstill condition.

3.Effect on Rotor Resistance and Reactance:-

The rotor winding has its own resistance and the inductance. In case of
squirrel cage rotor, the rotor resistance is very very small and generally neglected
but slip ring rotor has its own resistance which can be controlled by adding
external resistance through slip rings. In general let,
R2 = Rotor resistance per phase onstandstill
X2 = Rotor reactance per phase on standstill
Now at standstill, fr = f hence if L2 is the inductance of rotor per
phase,
X2 = 2πfr L2 = 2πf L2 Ω/ph
While R2 = Rotor resistance in Ω/ph

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 Now in running condition, fr = s f hence,
X2r = 2πfr L2 = 2πfs L2 = s .(2πf L2)
X2r = s X2
where
X2r = Rotor reactance in running condition
Thus resistance as independent of frequency remains same at standstill and
in running condition. While the rotor reactance decreases by slip times the rotor
reactance at standstill.
Hence we can write rotor impedance per phase as :
Z2 = Rotor impedance on standstill (N = 0) condition
= R2 + j X2 Ω/ph
Z2 = √( R22+ X2)2) Ω/ph ...... magnitude
While Z2r = Rotor impedance in running condition
= R2 + j X2r = R2 + j (s X2) Ω/ph

Z2r = √(R22+ (s X2)2) Ω/ph ...... magnitude

4.Effect on Rotor Power factor:-

From rotor impedance, we can write the expression for the power factor of rotor
at standstill and also in running condition.
The impedance triangle on standstill condition is shown in the Fig1. From it we
can write,
cos Φ2 = Rotor power factor on standstill
= R2/Z2 =R2/√(R22+ X22)
The impedance in running condition becomes Z2r and the corresponding
impedance triangle is shown in the Fig.2. From Fig. 2 we can write,
cos Φ2r = Rotor power factor in running condition
= R2/Z2r = R2/√(R22+ (s X2)2)
4.Effect on Rotor Current:-
Let
I2 = Rotor current per phase on standstill condition
The magnitude of I2 depends on magnitude of E2 and impedance Z2 per phase.
I2 = (E2 per phase)/(Z2 per phase) A
Substituting expression of Z2 we get,
I2 = E2 /√(R22+ X22) A
The equivalent rotor circuit on standstill is shown in the Fig.3. The Φ2 is the angle
between E2 and I2 which determines rotor p.f. on standstill.
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 Fig. 3
In the running condition, Z2 changes to Z2r while the induced e.m.f. changes to
E2r. Hence the magnitude of current in the running condition is also different than
on standstill. The equivalent circuit on running condition is shown in the Fig. 4.
I2r = Rotor current per phase in running condition
The value of slip depends on speed which inturn depends on load on motor hence
X2r is shown variable in the equivalent circuit. From the equivalent we can write,
I2r = E2r/Z2r = (s E2)/√(R22+ (s X2)2)
Φ2r is the angle between E2r and I2r which decides p.f. in running condition.

Fig. 4

LOSSES IN AN INDUCTION:-
There are two types of losses occur in three phase induction motor. These losses
are,
1. Constant or fixed losses,
2. Variable losses.
Constant or Fixed Losses
Constant losses are those losses which are considered to remain constant over
normal working range of induction motor. The fixed losses can be easily
obtained by performing no-load test on the three phase induction motor. These
losses are further classified as-
1. Iron or core losses,
2. Mechanical losses,
3. Brush friction losses.

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Iron or Core Losses
Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Eddy current losses are minimized by using lamination on core. Since by
laminating the core, area decreases and hence resistance increases, which results
in decrease in eddy currents. Hysteresis losses are minimized by using high grade
silicon steel. The core losses depend upon frequency of the supply voltage. The
frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the frequency of rotor is slip
times the supply frequency, (sf) which is always less than the stator frequency.
For stator frequency of 50 Hz, rotor frequency is about 1.5 Hz because under
normal running condition slip is of the order of 3 %. Hence the rotor core loss is
very small as compared to stator core loss and is usually neglected in running
conditions.
Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses
Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in wound
rotor induction motor. These losses are zero at start and with increase in speed
these losses increases. In three phase induction motor the speed usually remains
constant. Hence these losses almost remains constant.

Variable Losses
These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current
flowing in stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in
rotor and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also changes.
Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses are obtained
by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor. The main
function of induction motor is to convert an electrical power into mechanical
power. During this conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy the
power flows through different stages.

18
This power flowing through different stages is shown by power flow diagram. As
we all know the input to the three phase induction motor is three phase supply.
So, the three phase supply is given to the stator of three phase induction motor.
Let, Pin = electrical power supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
VL = line voltage supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
IL = line current,
Cosφ = power factor of the three phase induction motor.
Electrical power input to the stator, Pin = √3VLILcosφ
A part of this power input is used to supply stator losses which are stator iron loss
and stator copper loss. The remaining power i.e (input electrical power – stator
losses) are supplied to rotor as rotor input.
So, rotor input P2 = Pin – stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron loss).
Now, the rotor has to convert this rotor input into mechanical energy but this
complete input cannot be converted into mechanical output as it has to supply
rotor losses. As explained earlier the rotor losses are of two types rotor iron loss
and rotor copper loss. Since the iron loss depends upon the rotor frequency, which
is very small when the rotor rotates, so it is usually neglected. So, the rotor has
only rotor copper loss. Therefore the rotor input has to supply these rotor copper
losses. After supplying the rotor copper losses, the remaining part of Rotor input,
P2 is converted into mechanical power, Pm.
Let, Pc be the rotor copper loss,
I2 be the rotor current under running condition,
R2 is the rotor resistance,
Pm is the gross mechanical power developed.
Pc=3I22R2
Pm=P2–Pc
Now this mechanical power developed is given to the load by the shaft but there
occur some mechanical losses like friction and windage losses. So, the gross
mechanical power developed has to be supplied to these losses. Therefore the
net output power developed at the shaft, which is finally given to the load is Pout.
Pout = Pm – Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).
Pout is called the shaft power or useful power.

Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input,

Rotor efficiency of the three phase induction motor ,

rotor input=Gross mechanical power developed/rotor input

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Three phase induction motor efficiency,

Three phase induction motor efficiency

Torque Equation Of An Induction Motor

The torque produced by three phase induction motor depends upon the
following three factors:
Firstly the magnitude of rotor current, secondly the flux which interact with the
rotor of three phase induction motor and is responsible for producing emf in the
rotor part of induction motor, lastly the power factor of rotor of the three phase
induction motor.
Combining all these factors, we get the equation of torque as-

Where, T is the torque produced by the induction motor, φ is flux responsible for
producing induced emf, I2 is rotor current, cosθ2 is the power factor of rotor
circuit.
The flux φ produced by the stator is proportional to stator emf E 1.i.e φ ∝ E1
We know that transformation ratio K is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage
(rotor voltage) to that of primary voltage (stator voltage).

Rotor current I2 is defined as the ratio of rotor induced emf under running
condition,
sE2 to total impedance, Z2 of rotor side,

and total impedance Z2 on rotor side is given by ,

Putting this value in above equation we get,

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s = slip of induction motor
We know that power factor is defined as ratio of resistance to that of impedance.
The power factor of the rotor circuit is

Putting the value of flux φ, rotor current I2, power factor cosθ2 in the equation of
torque we get,

Combining similar term we get,

Removing proportionality constant we get,

Where, ns is synchronous speed in r. p. s, ns = Ns / 60. So, finally the equation of

torque becomes,

Starting Torque
The torque produced by the motor at start is called as starting torque.
At start, N=0 and hence slip, s=1
Therefore, starting torque can be obtained by substituting s=1 in the torque
equation, we get

21
Condition For Maximum Torqu
In the equation of torque,

The rotor resistance, rotor inductive reactance and synchronous speed of

induction motor remain constant. The supply voltage to the three phase induction
motor is usually rated and remains constant, so the stator emf also remains the
constant. We define the transformation ratio as the ratio of rotor emf to that of
stator emf. So if stator emf remains constant, then rotor emf also remains constant.
If we want to find the maximum value of some quantity, then we have to
differentiate that quantity concerning some variable parameter and then put it
equal to zero. In this case, we have to find the condition for maximum torque, so
we have to differentiate torque concerning some variable quantity which is the
slip, s in this case as all other parameters in the equation of torque remains
constant.
So, for torque to be maximum

Now differentiate the above equation by using division rule of differentiation. On

differentiating and after putting the terms equal to zero we get,

So, when slip s = R2 / X2, the torque will be maximum and this slip is called
maximum slip Sm and it is defined as the ratio of rotor resistance to that of rotor
reactance.
NOTE: At starting S = 1, so the maximum starting torque occur when rotor
resistance is equal to rotor reactance.

22
Expression For Maximum Torque
The equation of torque is

The torque will be maximum when slip s = R2 / X2

Substituting the value of this slip in above equation we get the maximum value
of torque as,

In order to increase the starting torque, extra resistance should be added to the
rotor circuit at start and cut out gradually as motor speeds up.

Necessity Of Starters For Induction Motors

In a 3-phase Induction motor, the magnitude of rotor induced emf depends upon
slip. The equation for Rotor current of induction motor is given by,

At starting, the magnitude of rotor induced emf and slip will be maximum. This
emf circulates a very high current through the rotor. The induction motor acts as
a transformer having short-circuited secondary at the start. Hence a rotor current
is high, consequently, the stator draws a very high current of the order of 5 to 8
times full load current.
Damage to the stator winding and large voltage drop can occur when such
huge currents are taken by the stator winding at starting. It may also affect
the working of other equipment connected to the same line. Therefore, a
starter is necessary to limit the current drawn by the motor at the start.

Starters not only limit the starting current but also provide protection to the
motor against overloading and low voltage conditions.

23
 The functions of the starter are,

1. To start and stop the motor.

2. To limit the starting (or in rush) current, when necessary.
3. To permit automatic speed control when required.
4. To protect the motor and other connected equipment from sustained
overload, low voltage, etc conditions.

Methods Of Starting A Three Phase Induction Motor

From the expression of current, it can be seen that starting current can be
limited to a safe value,

1. Applying a reduced voltage to the stator consequently reduces E2.

2. By adding resistance in the rotor circuit at the start.

The various types of starters are: -

1.Direct on line Starter
2.Auto transformer Starter
3.Star-Delta starter
4.Rotor Resistance Starter
5.Starter Resistance Starter
6.Soft Starter
Let us learn few of the above starters.
Connecting external rheostat to the stator winding :
It essentially consists of a set of various starting resistors. These resistors
are connected in series with each phase of the stator winding during starting
as illustrated in the figure. Since , some voltage is dropped across the
starting resistors, the voltage applied across the motor terminals is reduced.
This in turn, reduces the starting current. As the motor picks up the speed,
the starting resistances are gradually cut off from all the phases of the stator

24
winding. Finally, when the resistances are completely cut off, full voltage
is applied across the motor terminals and motor attains its rated speed.

This type of starters is simple in construction and cheap. It is use-ful for

both star and delta connected motors. However, because of the large
power loss involved in the starting resistors,it is used for smooth starting
of small motors only.
Auto Transformer :-
An Autotransformer Starter is suitable for both star and delta connected
motors. In this method, the starting current is limited by using a three-phase
autotransformer to reduce the initial stator applied voltage. The figure
below shows the motor with the autotransformer starter:

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It is provided with a number of tappings. The starter is connected to one
particular tapping to obtain the most suitable starting voltage. A double-
throw switch S is used to connect the autotransformer in the circuit for
starting. When the handle H of the switch S is in the START position, the
primary of the autotransformer is connected to the supply line, and the
motor is connected to the secondary of the autotransformer.

When the motor picks up the speed of about 80 percent of its rated value, the
handle H is quickly moved to the RUN position. Thus, the autotransformer is
disconnected from the circuit, and the motor is directly connected to the line and
achieves its full rated voltage. The handle is held in the RUN position by the
under voltage relay.

If the supply voltage fails or falls below a certain value, the handle is released and
returns to the OFF position. Thermal overload relays provide overload protection
whenever required.

Figure (a) shown below represents the condition when the motor is directly
switched on to lines and figure (b) shows when the motor is started with the help
of an autotransformer.

Let,

• Ze10 is the equivalent standstill impedance per phase of the motor referred to
the stator side
• V1 is the supply voltage per phase.

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When the full voltage V1 per phase is applied to the direct switching, the starting
current drawn from the supply is given by the equation shown below:

With auto transformer starting, if tapping of the transformer ratio x is used, then
the voltage per phase across the motor is xV1. Therefore, at the starting, the motor
current is given by the equation:

In a transformer, the ratio of currents is inversely proportional to the voltage ratio

provided that the no-load current is neglected. i.e.,

If I’stl is the current taken from the supply by the autotransformer. Then,

Substituting the value of Istm from the equation (2) in equation (3) we get.

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Therefore,

Since the torque developed is proportional to the square of the applied voltage,
the starting torque with the direct switching is given as:

Similarly, starting torque with autotransformer starter

Therefore,

With the autotransformer, at the starting, the motor current is given by the
equation shown below:

From the equation (3) and (9) we can conclude that,

From the above equation (5) we get,

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Here equation (5) and equation (8) show that with an autotransformer, the starting
current I’stl from the main supply and the starting torque is reduced to the x2 times
to the corresponding values with the direct online starting.

Now, comparing equation (4) and equation (11) we get,

Thus, the star delta starter is equivalent to an autotransformer starter of the ratio x
= 0.58. A Star Delta starter is much cheaper than an autotransformer starter and
is commonly used for both small and the medium size motors.

Star-Delta Starter :
The Star Delta Starter is a very common type of starter and is used
extensively as compared to the other type of starting methods of the
induction motor. A star delta is used for a cage motor designed to run
normally on the delta-connected stator winding. The connection of a three-
phase induction motor with a star-delta starter is shown in the figure below:

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When switch S is in the START position, the stator windings are connected
in the star When the motor picks up the speed, about 80 percent of its rated
speed, the switch S is immediately put into the RUN position. As a result,
a stator winding which was in star connection is changed
into DELTA connection now. The delta connection of the stator winding is
shown in the figure below:

Firstly, the stator winding is connected in star and then in Delta so that the starting
line current of the motor is reduced to one-third as compared to the starting
current with the windings connected in delta. At the starting of an induction motor
when the windings of the stator are star-connected, each stator phase gets a
voltage VL/√3. Here VL is the line voltage.

Since the developed torque is proportional to the square of the voltage applied to
an induction motor. Star delta starter reduces the starting torque to one-third that
is obtained by direct delta starting.

At the starting of the induction motor, stator windings are connected in star and,
therefore, the voltage across each phase winding is equal to 1/√3 times the line
voltage.

Let,

• VL is the line voltage,

• Istyp is the starting current per phase with the stator windings connected in
star,
• Istyl is the starting line current with the stator winding in the star.
For star connection, the line current is equal to the phase current. Therefore,

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If,

• V1 is the phase voltage,

• VL is the line voltage,
• IstΔp is the starting current per phase by direct switching with the stator
windings connected in delta,
• IstΔl is the starting line current by direct switching with the stator windings in
delta,
• IscΔp is the short circuit phase current by direct switching with the stator
windings in delta,
• Ze10 is the standstill equivalent impedance per phase of the motor, referred to
as stator.

For Delta connection, the line current is equal to the root three times the phase
current.

Therefore,

Thus, with star delta starter, the starting current from the main supply is one-third
to that of direct switching in the delta.
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Also,

Hence, with star delta starting, the starting torque is reduced to one-third of the
starting torque obtained with the direct switching in the delta.

Where,IflΔp is the full load phase current with the winding in the Delta

But

Where,

IflΔp is the full load phase current with the winding in the Delta

But

Hence, equation (4) shown above gives the starting torque of an induction
motor in the star delta starting method.

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 ALGORITHM :

Step 1: Open Virtual labs website

Step 2: Select Electrical Engineering > Electrical Machines (Simulation) > Experiments

Step 3: Starting Methods of an Induction Motor > Select the starting method

Step 4: Click on Menu

Step 5: Click on Simulation

Step 6: Connect the components as per circuit diagram

Step 7: Check the check connections

Step 8: Switch on MCB

Step 9: Observe the output

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Stator Resistance Method:-
Steps for Connection:
1.Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to L11.
2.Connect CH2 and CH3 with the motor shaft.
3.Choose the red colour cable button .
4.Connect L11 to i3.
5.Connect o1 to u1.
6.Choose the green colour cable button.
7.Connect L21 to i2.
8.Connect o2 to v1.
9.Choose the blue colour cable button.
10.Connect L31 to i1.
11.Connect o3 to w1.
12.Choose the black colour cable button.
13.Connect ammeter between u2 and v2.
14.Short v2 and w2.
15.Choose the red colour cable button .
16.Connect o1 to one of the terminal of the voltmeter .
17.Choose the green colour cable button.
18.Connect o2 to the other terminal of the voltmeter .
19.Click the check button and if the connection is correct, click OK.
20.If the connection is wrong, follow the error message displayed and correct
the connection.
21.Select 1 on the two way switch on the left hand side of the panel.
22.Switch ON the MCB and click the start button.
23.Switch ON the second MCB.
24.Now decrease the resistance in the variable resistance box and note the
current and voltage.

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SIMULATION:-

Connect the connections as per above process

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AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER
Steps for Connection:-

1. Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to L21.

2. Connect CH2 and CH3 with the motor shaft.
3.Choose the red colour cable button.
4. Connect L21 to the one of the terminal of the ammeter.
5.Connect U1 to the other terminal of the ammeter.
6.Choose the green colour cable button Connect L22 to V1.
7. Connect w1 to one of the terminal of the voltmeter.
8.Choose the blue colour cable button Connect L32 to W1.
9.Connect w2 to the other terminal of the voltmeter
10.Choose the black colour cable button.
11.Connect U2 and V2
12.Connect V2 and W2
13.Click the check button and if the connection is correct, click OK.
14.If the connection is wrong, follow the error message displayed and correct the connection.
15.Select 1 on the two way switch on the left hand side of the panel.
16.Switch ON the MCB and click the start button.
17.Switch ON the second MCB.
18.Select star or delta by clicking the three way switch in the star delta starter
19.Note the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
20.Select CH1, CH2 and CH3 button on Oscilloscope for instantaneous current ,
speed and torque reading

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SIMULATION:-

Connect the connections as per above steps

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STAR-DELTA STARTER:-

Steps for Connection:

1. Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to L11.
2. Connect CH2 and CH3 with the motor shaft.
3. Choose the red colour cable button.
4. Connect L11 to the one of the terminal of the ammeter.
5. Connect l1 to the other terminal of the ammeter.
6. Choose the green colour cable button Connect L12 to l2.
7. Choose the blue colour cable button Connect L31 to l3.
8. Choose the black colour cable button.
9. Connect w1 to one of the terminal of the voltmeter.
10. Connect w2 to the other terminal of the voltmeter.
11. Connect u1 of the star delta starter to u1 of the motor terminals.
12. Connect v1 of the star delta starter to v1 of the motor terminals.
13. Connect w1 of the star delta starter to w1 of the motor terminals.
14. Connect u2 of the star delta starter to u2 of the motor terminals.
15. Connect v2 of the star delta starter to v2 of the motor terminals.
16. Connect w2 of the star delta starter to w2 of the motor terminals.
17. Click the check button and if the connection is correct, click OK.
18. If the connection is wrong, follow the error message displayed and correct the connection.
19. Select 1 on the two way switch on the left hand side of the panel.
20. Switch ON the MCB and click the start button.
21. Switch ON the second MCB.
22. Select star or delta by clicking the three way switch in the star delta starter
23. Note the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
24. Select CH1, CH2 and CH3 button on Oscilloscope for instantaneous current , speed and
torque.

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SIMULATION: -

Connect the connections as per above steps

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ADVANTAGES OF STARTERS: -

❖ It improves the power factor of the motor.

❖ Absence of the line current harmonics.
❖ Reduced starting current.
❖ High starting torque may be obtained with the rotor resistance starter.
❖ Smooth and wide range of speed control is possible.
❖ Reduce the risk of wear and damage.
❖ Easy to understand and troubleshoot.

DISADVANTAGES: -

❖ Rotor resistance method can be applicable for only slip ring induction
motor.
❖ The Soft starter can not be control the speed of the motor.

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CONCLUSION: -
Auto-Transformer Starting This method of starting reduces the start current by
reducing the voltage at start up. It can give lower start up currents than star-
delta arrangements but with an associated loss of torque. It is not as commonl

Star-Delta Starting As we know that star delta starter is the most common form
of starter used for three phase induction motors. It has been clearly seen from
the starting current values that this starting technique not only has the effect of
reducing the motor’s start current but also the starting torque. Keeping in view
the experimental results it is obvious that after applying Y- ∆ starter the starting
current decreases approx. 60% as with ∆- connection.

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REFERENCES:
➢ Electrical Machinery – Dr.P.S. Bimbhra
➢ https://www.virtuvallabs.com
➢ https://electrical4u.com
➢ https://ieee.org
➢ https://1000projects.com

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