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MONTHLY VOCAB
1. Calamitous (adjective) 7. Vulnerable (adjective)
Meaning – causing great damage or Meaning – susceptible to physical or
distress (ladViw.kZ) emotional harm (l os
anu' khy)
Syn. – Disastrous, Catastrophic Syn. – Susceptible, Exposed
Ant. – Fortunate, Lucky Ant. – Protected, Invulnerable
E.g. – The calamitous ood destroyed E.g. – The coastal villages are
many homes in the village. particularly vulnerable to storms.
2. Precipitating (verb) 8. Compounded (verb)
Meaning – causing something to Meaning – made something worse by
happen suddenly (Rofjr djuk) adding to it (c<+
kuk)
Syn. – Triggering, Instigating Syn. – Exacerbated, Intensied
Ant. – Delaying, Hindering Ant. – Mitigated, Alleviated
E.g. – The heavy rains were E.g. – The lack of medical supplies
precipitating a series of landslides. compounded the crisis.
3. Magnitude (noun) 9. Recurrence (noun)

Meaning – The great size or extent of Meaning – The act of something

happening again (iqujko`fÙk)
something (ek=kk)
Syn. – Extent, Scale Syn. – Repetition, Reappearance
Ant. – Insignicance, Smallness Ant. – Cessation, Prevention
E.g. – The recurrence of ooding each
E.g. – The magnitude of the
year requires better infrastructure.
earthquake was far greater than
anticipated. 10. Monocropping (noun)

4. Denuded (verb) Meaning – the agricultural practice

of growing the same crop year after
Meaning – stripped of covering or
year on the same land (,dy iQly)
protection (mtkM+uk)
Syn. – Single-cropping, Sole cropping
Syn. – Bare, Exposed
Ant. – Polycropping, Diversied
Ant. – Covered, Protected farming
E.g. – The deforestation denuded E.g. – Monocropping can lead to soil
the hillside, making it more prone to depletion and increased vulnerability
erosion. to pests.
5. Ecologically (adverb) 11. Feasibility (noun)
Meaning – related to the environment Meaning – the practicality or
and its relationship with living possibility of something being achieved
organisms (i;kZoj.kh; n`f"Vdks.k ls) (laHkork)
Syn. – Environmentally, Biologically Syn. – Practicality, Viability
Ant. – Industrially, Mechanically Ant. – Impracticality, Infeasibility
E.g. – Ecologically sensitive areas E.g. – The feasibility of the new project
require special attention to preserve was evaluated before proceeding.
biodiversity. 12. Condentiality (noun)
6. Peculiarities (noun) Meaning – The state of keeping
Meaning – distinctive or unusual information secret or private (xksiuh;rk)
features or characteristics (fo'ks"krk,¡) Syn. – Secrecy, Privacy
Syn. – Traits, Features Ant. – Openness, Disclosure
Ant. – Commonalities, Norms E.g. – he condentiality of the draft
E.g. – The peculiarities of the region was crucial to prevent any leaks before
made it a unique place for research. the ofcial release.

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13. Stakeholders (noun) 19. Exclusionary (adjective)

Meaning – Individuals or groups with Meaning – Aiming to exclude others
an interest or concern in something (cfg"dkjh)
(fgr/kjd) Syn. – Excluding, Restrictive
Syn. – Participants, Shareholders Ant. – Inclusive, Welcoming
Ant. – Outsiders, Nonparticipants E.g. – The exclusionary nature of the
E.g. – The stakeholders in the consultation process worried many
broadcasting industry were keen to advocacy groups.
review the latest draft of the bill.
20. Sincerity (noun)
14. Watermark (noun)
Meaning – The quality of being
Meaning – A recognizable image or
pattern in paper that appears as various genuine or truthful (bZekunkjh)
shades of lightness/darkness (ty fpUg) Syn. – Honesty, Authenticity
Syn. – Mark, Impression Ant. – Insincerity, Deception
Ant. – Unmarked, Plain E.g. – The sincerity of the government’s
E.g. – Each copy of the document intentions was questioned due to the
had a unique watermark to identify lack of transparency.
unauthorized distribution. 21. Legislation (noun)
15. Omission (noun) Meaning – Laws considered
Meaning – The act of leaving sth out collectively (dkuwu)
or neglecting something (NwV) Syn. – Statutes, Laws
Syn. – Exclusion, Neglect Ant. – Anarchy, Lawlessness
Ant. – Inclusion, Addition E.g. – The new legislation aimed to
E.g. – The omission of public feedback regulate online content more strictly.
in the lawmaking process was a major 22. Discouraging (noun)
concern.
Meaning – Causing a loss of
16. Deliberated (verb)
condence or enthusiasm (fujk'kktud)
Meaning – Considered or discussed
Syn. – Demotivating, Dismaying
carefully (fopkj fd;k)
Syn. – Contemplated, Discussed Ant. – Encouraging, Inspiring
Ant. – Ignored, Neglected E.g. – The recent policy changes had
a discouraging impact on independent
E.g. – The committee deliberated the
content creators.
details of the Broadcasting Bill for
several hours. 23. Consultation (noun)
17. Chilling (adjective) Meaning – A meeting to discuss or
Meaning – Causing a sense of fear or seek advice on a particular matter
discouragement (Hk;kog) (ijke'kZ)
Syn. – Frightening, Dismaying Syn. – Discussion, Conference
Ant. – Encouraging, Uplifting Ant. – Ignorance, Neglect
E.g. – The chilling effect of the new E.g. – The lack of proper consultation
regulations was evident in the reduced with affected groups led to widespread
freedom of expression. criticism of the new regulations.
18. Gatekeeping (noun) 24. Jurisprudence (noun)
Meaning – Controlling access to Meaning – The theory or philosophy
something (xs
Vd hfi x)
a of law (dkuwu dk fl¼kar)
Syn. – Filtering, Controlling Syn. – Legal theory, Law
Ant. – Open Access, Unrestricted Ant. – Ignorance of law, Lawlessness
E.g. – Gatekeeping of the policy E.g. – The jurisprudence of afrmative
drafts limited the range of opinions action has been evolving over the
considered in the nal decision. years.
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25. Substantive (adjective) 31. Marginalized (adjective)

Meaning – Essential or fundamental Meaning – Treated as insignicant or
(vko';d ;k ekSfyd) unimportant (fi NM s+; k rq
PN l e>sx, )
Syn. – Essential, Fundamental Syn. – Disenfranchised, Oppressed
Ant. – Supercial, Insignicant Ant. – Prominent, Central
E.g. – The court's decision aims for E.g. – The focus should be on the
substantive equality rather than marginalized sections of Dalits
formal equality. receiving fair representation.
26. Reservation (noun) 32. Creamy layer (noun)
Meaning – Allocation or set aside of Meaning – The relatively more
resources for specic groups (fo' k"k
s l ew
gkas advanced or privileged members
d sfy, ) within a group (vf/d mUur oxZ)
Syn. – Quota, Allotment Syn. – Elite, Afuent
Ant. – Underprivileged, Disadvantaged
Ant. – Displacement, Denial
E.g. – Reservation for Scheduled E.g. – The exclusion of the creamy
Castes is intended to address historical layer among Scheduled Castes is
inequalities. debated in the court.
27. Homogenous (adjective)
33. Precedent (noun)
Meaning – An earlier event or action
Meaning – Uniform or similar in
nature (,dleku ;k leku) that is regarded as an example (iwoZorhZ
Syn. – Uniform, Alike ?kVuk ;k fu.kZ;)
Ant. – Diverse, Varied Syn. – Example, Model
E.g. – The Supreme Court rejected the Ant. – Follow-up, Subsequent
idea that SCs are a homogenous class. E.g. – The recent judgment overruled
a previous precedent set in 2005.
28. Subclassify (verb)
34. Dislodges (verb)
Meaning – To categorize into more
Meaning – To remove or force out
specic sub-groups (mi&oxhZdj.k djuk) from a position (in ls gVkuk)
Syn. – Subcategorize, Reclassify Syn. – Remove, Overturn
Ant. – Generalize, Merge Ant. – Install, Maintain
E.g. – The state has the authority to E.g. – The new ruling dislodges
subclassify Scheduled Castes to better the previous judgment on SC
address their needs. classications.
29. Unconstitutional (adjective) 35. Empirical (adjective)
Meaning – Not in accordance with the Meaning – Based on observation
or experience rather than theory
constitution (l fo/
a ku dsf[kyki Q
)
Syn. – Illegal, Invalid (vuqHkokRed ;k izk;ksfxd)
Ant. – Constitutional, Legal Syn. – Observational, Practical
E.g. – TThe 2005 judgment declared the Ant. – Theoretical, Speculative
Andhra Pradesh law unconstitutional.
E.g. – Historical and empirical
evidence indicates varying levels of
30. Empower (verb)
advancement among SCs.
Meaning – To give authority or power 36. Dampened (verb)
(vf/ d kj nsuk) Meaning – Reduced the intensity or
Syn. – Authorize, Enable strength of (?kVkuk)
Ant. – Disable, Oppress Syn. – Decreased, Weakened
E.g. – The new law empowers states Ant. – Intensied, Strengthened
to classify Scheduled Castes into sub- E.g. – The heavy rain dampened the
groups. excitement of the outdoor event.

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37. Deceleration (noun) 43. Disconcerting (adjective)

Meaning – Reduction in speed or rate Meaning – Causing one to feel unsettled
(xfr esa deh) or confused (pfd r d jusokyk)
Syn. – Slowing, Reduction Syn. – Unsettling, Disturbing
Ant. – Acceleration, Increase Ant. – Comforting, Reassuring
E.g. – The car's deceleration was E.g. – The unexpected news was
noticeable as it approached the trafc disconcerting for everyone involved.
light. 44. Ination (noun)
38. Provisional (adjective) Meaning – The rate at which the
Meaning – Temporary or subject to general level of prices for goods and

change (vLFkk;h) services is rising (egaxkbZ)

Syn. – Temporary, Tentative Syn. – Price Increase, Rise
Ant. – Deation, Decrease
Ant. – Permanent, Final
E.g. – Ination can erode the
E.g. – The provisional results of the
purchasing power of money over time.
election were released before the
ofcial count. 45. Policymakers (noun)
Meaning – Individuals or groups
39. Scorching (adjective)
Meaning – Extremely hot (Hkh"k.k xeZ) respon-sible for creating policies (uhfr
Syn. – Blazing, Searing fuekZrk)
Ant. – Cool, Chilly Syn. – Legislators, Decision-makers
E.g. – The scorching heat of the Ant. – Laypersons, Followers
desert made it difcult to stay outside E.g. – Policymakers need to consider
for long. the long-term effects of their decisions
on the economy.
40. Debilitating (adjective)
Meaning – Causing severe weakness
46. Guard (verb)
Meaning – To protect or watch over
or impairment ('kfDrghu djus okyk)
Syn. – Weakened, Impaired
(lqj{kk)
Syn. – Protect, Defend
Ant. – Strengthening, Fortifying
Ant. – Neglect, Ignore
E.g. – The disease had a debilitating E.g. – The security guard was
effect on his ability to work.
stationed at the entrance to guard
41. Traction (noun) against unauthorized access.
Meaning – The action of drawing 47. Tame (verb)
or pulling something over a surface, Meaning – To control or domesticate
especially a road or track ([khpuk
a ) (o'k esa djuk)
Syn. – Grip, Adherence Syn. – Control, Subdue
Ant. – Slippage, Loss Ant. – Release, Free
E.g. – The tires provided excellent E.g. – Training a wild animal to be
traction on the icy road. tame requires patience and effort.
42. Contemporaneous (adjective) 48. Arson (noun)
Meaning – Existing or occurring at the Meaning – The criminal act of
same time (lekudkyhu) deliberately setting re to property.
Syn. – Simultaneous, Concurrent (vkxtuh)
Ant. – Different, Successive Syn. – Incendiarism, Fire-raising
E.g. – The contemporaneous Ant. – Fire prevention, Fireghting
development of different technologies E.g. – The building was destroyed due
often drives innovation. to an act of arson.
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49. Vandalism (noun) 55. Dissent (noun)

Meaning – The intentional Meaning – The expression of opinions
destruction of property. (ccZjrk) that are at variance with those
Syn. – Destruction, Defacement commonly held. (foi{k)
Ant. – Preservation, Protection Syn. – Disagreement, Opposition
E.g. – The park suffered from severe Ant. – Agreement, Conformity
vandalism last night. E.g. – The leader's refusal to tolerate
50. Adversary (noun) dissent led to widespread unrest.
Meaning – An opponent or enemy. 56. Tarnished (verb)
(fojk/s h) Meaning – To damage or destroy the
Syn. – Opponent, Foe good quality of something. (/Cck yxkuk)
Ant. – Ally, Friend Syn. – Stained, Blighted
E.g. – The political leader faced a Ant. – Cleaned, Polished
strong adversary in the election. E.g. – The scandal tarnished the
51. Radicalisation (noun) politician's reputation.
Meaning – The process of adopting 57. Sectarian (adjective)
extreme political or religious views. Meaning – Relating to religious or
(dêðjiaFkhdj.k) political sects and the differences
Syn. – Extremism, Fanaticism
between them. (laiznkf;d)
Ant. – Moderation, Tolerance Syn. – Divisive, Factional
E.g. – The government is concerned Ant. – Unifying, Inclusive
about the radicalisation of youth in
E.g. – The sectarian violence led to
certain regions.
deep divisions within the community.
52. Suppression (noun)
58. Complicit (adjective)
Meaning – The act of stopping
something from being expressed or Meaning – Involved with others in an
known. (neu) illegal activity or wrongdoing. (lkaBxkaB)
Syn. – Repression, Stiing Syn. – Involved, Conspiratorial
Ant. – Encouragement, Release Ant. – Innocent, Uninvolved
E.g. – The suppression of free speech E.g. – The ofcial was accused of being
led to widespread protests. complicit in the corruption scandal.
53. Trumped-up (adjective) 59. Engage (verb)
Meaning – Fabricated or exaggerated, Meaning – To participate or become
especially for malicious purposes. (>w
Bk) involved in. ('kkfey gksuk)
Syn. – False, Contrived Syn. – Participate, Involve
Ant. – Genuine, Authentic Ant. – Withdraw, Abstain
E.g. – The charges against him were E.g. – The company needs to engage
clearly trumped-up to discredit his more with the local community to build
campaign. trust.
54. Interim (adjective) 60. Verdict (noun)
Meaning – Temporary or provisional. Meaning – A decision or judgment
(vLFkk;h) made by a court (iSQlyk)
Syn. – Temporary, Provisional Syn. – Judgment, Ruling
Ant. – Permanent, Established Ant. – Uncertainty, Indecision
E.g. – An interim government was set E.g. – The verdict was announced
up until new elections could be held. after a lengthy trial.
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61. Overlordship (noun) 67. Enact (verb)

Meaning – The state of having Meaning – To make a law or regulation
supreme authority or control (iz/kurk) (d kuw
u cukuk)
Syn. – Domination, Sovereignty Syn. – Legislate, Pass
Ant. – Subordination, Inferiority Ant. – Repeal, Abrogate
E.g. – The central government’s E.g. – The government decided to enact
overlordship over the territory was a new regulations for environmental
matter of contention. protection.
62. Alderman (noun) 68. Supersede (verb)
Meaning – A member of a municipal Meaning – To replace or take the
legislative body (uxj ifj"kn lnL;) place of something (LFkkukiUu djuk)
Syn. – Councilor, Legislator Syn. – Replace, Override
Ant. – Citizen, Elector Ant. – Retain, Maintain
E.g. – The mayor appointed new E.g. – The new guidelines will
aldermen to the city council. supersede the old ones starting next
63. Statutory (adjective) month.
Meaning – Pertaining to laws or 69. Jurisdiction (noun)
statutes (oS/kfud) Meaning – The ofcial power to make
Syn. – Legal, Formal legal decisions (vf/dkj {ks=k)
Ant. – Informal, Unofcial Syn. – Authority, Control
E.g. – The statutory requirements Ant. – Limitation, Subordination
must be met for the license to be E.g. – The court has jurisdiction over
approved. cases involving federal laws.
64. Provision (noun) 70. Constitution (noun)
Meaning – A condition or requirement Meaning – A system of fundamental
in a legal document (izko/ku) principles according to which a nation
Syn. – Clause, Term is governed (lafo/ku)
Ant. – Omission, Exclusion Syn. – Charter, Code
E.g. – The provision in the contract Ant. – Lawlessness, Anarchy
requires both parties to meet certain E.g. – The Constitution of India
deadlines. outlines the framework for the
65. Acrimony (noun) country’s government.
Meaning – Bitter and sharp hostility or 71. Ascertain (verb)
criticism (dVrk
q) Meaning – To nd out or discover
Syn. – Hostility, Bitterness with certainty (lqfuf'pr djuk)
Ant. – Amity, Friendliness Syn. – Determine, Verify
E.g. – The acrimony between the two Ant. – Guess, Uncertain
political leaders was evident in their E.g. – The investigator sought to
debates. ascertain the facts surrounding the case
66. Tussle (noun) 72. Tumultuous (adjective)
Meaning – A vigorous struggle or Meaning – Characterized by disorder
dispute (>xM k+) and confusion (vO;ofLFkr)
Syn. – Struggle, Conict Syn. – Chaotic, Turbulent
Ant. – Harmony, Agreement Ant. – Orderly, Calm
E.g. – The tussle over the new policy E.g. – The tumultuous protests made
led to prolonged negotiations. the city streets unsafe.
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73. Bureaucracy (noun) 78. Machinery (noun)

Meaning – A system of government Meaning – A set of tools or apparatus
where decisions are made by needed for a particular function.
state ofcials rather than elected
(lk/u)
representatives (ukSdj'kkgh) Syn. – Equipment, Apparatus
Syn. – Administration, Management
Ant. – Disorganization, Chaos
Ant. – Anarchy, Chaos
E.g. – The machinery of the
E.g. – The inefciency of the
organization was complex but
bureaucracy was evident in the
essential for its operations.
delayed public services.
79. Vendetta (noun)
74. Extremist (noun/adjective)
Meaning – A prolonged bitter quarrel
Meaning – A person who holds
with or campaign against someone
extreme political or religious views
(i fr'
z kk/s )
(pjeiaFkh)
Syn. – Grudge, Revenge
Syn. – Radical, Fanatic
Ant. – Moderate, Conservative Ant. – Forgiveness, Reconciliation
E.g. – Extremist groups often E.g. – The political vendetta
disrupt peace with their radical between the leaders led to a series
agendas. of retaliatory actions.
75. Sect (noun) 80. Facilitate (verb)
Meaning – A group with Meaning – To make a process
distinct religious, political, or easier or more achievable (foHkkftr
philosophical beliefs (laiznk;) djuk)
Syn. – Faction, Denomination Syn. – Ease, Assist
Ant. – Whole, Consensus Ant. – Hinder, Obstruct
E.g. – The sect had distinct E.g. – The new policies were
practices that set it apart from designed to facilitate trade between
mainstream religions. the two countries.
76. Reconciliation (noun) 81. Legitimacy (noun)
Meaning – The process of restoring Meaning – The quality of being
friendly relations (lqyg) valid or acceptable (oS/rk)
Syn. – Accord, Settlement
Syn. – Validity, Authenticity
Ant. – Conict, Estrangement
Ant. – Illegitimacy, Unauthenticity
E.g. – The reconciliation between
E.g. – The legitimacy of the new
the rival factions was crucial for
government was questioned by
national stability.
many.
77. Pragmatic (adjective)
82. Chaos (noun)
Meaning – Dealing with things
Meaning – Complete disorder and
sensibly and realistically (okLrfodoknh)
confusion (vO;oLFkk)
Syn. – Practical, Sensible
Ant. – Idealistic, Impractical Syn. – Disorder, Mayhem
E.g. – His pragmatic approach to Ant. – Order, Harmony
problem-solving helped resolve E.g. – The sudden power outage
many issues quickly. created chaos in the city.

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83. Interim (adjective) 88. Dynastic (adjective)

Meaning – Temporary or Meaning – Relating to a line of
hereditary rulers of a country
provisional (vLFkk;h)
Syn. – Provisional, Temporary
(oa'koknh)
Syn. – hereditary, lineage-based
Ant. – Permanent, Final
Ant. – elected, non-hereditary
E.g. – An interim manager was E.g. – Many people criticized the
appointed until a permanent dynastic politics prevalent in the
replacement could be found. region.
84. Coalition (noun) 89. Consensus (noun)
Meaning – A temporary alliance Meaning – General agreement (lgefr)
for combined action, especially of Syn. – accord, concurrence
political parties forming a government Ant. – disagreement, discord
E.g. – The committee reached a
(xBca/u) consensus on the new policy.
Syn. – alliance, partnership 90. Opportunistic (adjective)
Ant. – division, separation Meaning – Exploiting chances
E.g. – The coalition government faced offered by immediate circumstances
numerous challenges in its early days. without reference to a general plan
85. Uniform (adjective) or moral principle (voljoknh)
Meaning – Not changing in form or Syn. – calculating, strategic
Ant. – principled, ethical
character; remaining the same in all
E.g. – The politician was criticized
cases and at all times (leku) for his opportunistic behavior.
Syn. – consistent, homogeneous 91. Precedent (noun)
E.g. – The company maintained Meaning – An earlier event or action
a uniform policy across all its regarded as an example or guide to
branches. be considered in subsequent similar
86. Secular (adjective) circumstances (uthj)
Syn. – example, model
Meaning – Not connected with
Ant. – subsequent, following
religious or spiritual matters (/ E.g. – The court's decision set a
eZfujis{k) precedent for future cases.
Syn. – non-religious, worldly 92. Consultative (adjective)

Ant. – religious, sacred Meaning – Intended to give advice

E.g. – The constitution of India is (lykgdkjh)
secular in nature. Syn. – advisory, counseling
Ant. – directive, commanding
87. Destabilise (verb)
E.g. – The consultative committee
Meaning – Upset the stability of; was formed to provide guidance on
cause unrest or instability (vfLFkj the project.
djuk) 93. Strides (noun)
Meaning – A long, decisive step
Syn. – undermine, weaken
Ant. – stabilize, strengthen
(izxfr)
Syn. – progress, advancement
E.g. – The economic crisis had the
Ant. – stagnation, regression
potential to destabilise the entire E.g. – The country has made
region. signicant strides in technology.
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94. Partisan (adjective) 99. Declaration (noun)

Meaning – Strongly supporting a Meaning – a formal or explicit
particular political party, plan, or statement or announcement (?kk"k
s.kk)
leader, usually without considering Syn. – Proclamation, Announcement
the other choices carefully (i{kikrh) Ant. – Denial, Refusal
Syn. – biased, prejudiced E.g. – The ofcial declaration of
Ant. – impartial, unbiased the pandemic came after extensive
E.g. – The media's partisan deliberation.
coverage of the election was 100. Lethal (adjective)
evident. Meaning – sufcient to cause
95. Appealing (adjective) death (?kkrd)
Meaning – Attractive or interesting Syn. – Deadly, Fatal
(vkd"kZd) Ant. – Harmless, Safe
Syn. – enticing, engaging E.g. – The new virus strain proved to
be highly lethal, causing numerous
Ant. – unappealing, unattractive
fatalities.
E.g. – The idea of a long holiday
101. Transmission (noun)
was appealing to everyone.
Meaning – the act or process by
96. Declared (verb)
which something is spread or passed
Meaning – to announce something from one person or place to another.
formally or ofcially (?kksf"kr fd;k) (lapj.k)
Syn. – Announced, Proclaimed Syn. – Spread, Transfer
Ant. – Concealed, Withheld Ant. – Containment, Blockage
E.g. – The government declared a E.g. – The transmission of the virus
state of emergency after the natural occurred through direct contact.
disaster. 102. Endemic (adjective)
97. Outbreak (noun) Meaning – regularly found among
Meaning – a sudden occurrence of particular people or in a certain area
something unwelcome, such as war (LFkkfud)
or disease (izdksi) Syn. – Native, Local
Syn. – Eruption, Surge Ant. – Epidemic, Pandemic
Ant. – Decline, End E.g. – Malaria is endemic in many
tropical regions.
E.g. – The outbreak of the disease
led to widespread panic.
103. Regulatory (adjective)
Meaning – relating to or concerned
98. Continental (adjective)
with making ofcial rules about
Meaning – relating to or characteristic
what is acceptable in a particular
of a continent (egk}hih;) business, activity, etc. (fu;ked)
Syn. – Global, Pan-Continental Syn. – Supervisory, Administrative
Ant. – Regional, Local Ant. – Non-regulatory, Unregulated
E.g. – The continental spread E.g. – The regulatory authorities
of the disease requires urgent imposed strict guidelines to control
attention. the spread of the disease.
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104. Authorisation (noun) Syn. – reduction, decline

Meaning – ofcial permission or Ant. – increase, growth
approval (izkf/dj.k) E.g. – The diminution of resources
Syn. – Approval, Sanction led to budget cuts across
Ant. – Disapproval, Prohibition departments.
E.g. – The new vaccine received 110. Despondency (noun)
authorisation from the health Meaning – A state of low spirits
department. due to loss of hope (fujk'kk)
105. Vaccines (noun) Syn. – despair, hopelessness
Meaning – substances used Ant. – hope, optimism
to stimulate the production of E.g. – After the defeat, there was a
antibodies and provide immunity sense of despondency among the
against diseases (Vhds) team members.
Syn. – Immunizations, Inoculations 111. Muzzling (verb)
Ant. – Infections, Pathogens Meaning – Prevent someone from
E.g. – The widespread distribution expressing their opinions (jksduk)
of vaccines helped to curb the Syn. – suppress, silence
epidemic. Ant. – encourage, promote
106. Supply (noun)
E.g. – The government was accused
Meaning – the amount of something of muzzling the press to hide the
that is available to be used (vkiwfrZ) scandal..
Syn. – Provision, Stock 112. Alienation (noun)
Ant. – Shortage, Scarcity Meaning – The feeling of being
E.g. – There was an urgent need isolated or estranged (fofPNUurk)
to increase the supply of medical Syn. – isolation, estrangement
resources
Ant. – inclusion, connection
107. Lacuna (noun)
E.g. – The lack of communication
Meaning – A gap or missing part resulted in alienation between the
(deh) two friends.
Syn. – gap, void 113. Mandate (noun)
Ant. – abundance, completeness Meaning – An ofcial order or
E.g. – There was a lacuna in the commission to do something (vkns' k)
report regarding the safety measures.
Syn. – directive, decree
108. Abrogation (noun)
Ant. – suggestion, appeal
Meaning – The formal ending or
E.g. – The committee was given
repeal of a law (lekiu) a mandate to improve school
Syn. – repeal, annulment infrastructure.
Ant. – enactment, conrmation 114. Unnatural (adjective)
E.g. – The abrogation of the old Meaning – Not normal or expected
treaty changed the dynamics (vi kzÑfrd )
between the countries. Syn. – abnormal, articial
109. Diminution (noun) Ant. – natural, genuine
Meaning – A reduction in the size or E.g. – Their friendship felt
importance of something (deh) unnatural after the argument.
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115. Discourse (noun) 120. Polarisation (noun)

Meaning – Written or spoken Meaning – The division of a group
communication or debate into two opposing factions. (/zqohdj.k)
(fopkj&foe'kZ) Syn. – division, segregation
Syn. – discussion, dialogue Ant. – unity, agreement
Ant. – silence, quiet E.g. – Sharp political polarisation
E.g. – The discourse during is expected between the BJP
the meeting was focused on and Congress in the upcoming
environmental issues. elections.
116. Communalised (verb) 121. Pacify (adjective)

Meaning – To turn something into Meaning – To bring peace to or to

a religious or community-based calm someone. ('kkar djuk)
issue (lkaiznkf;d cukuk) Syn. – appease, soothe
Syn. – segregate, polarize Ant. – provoke, aggravate
Ant. – unify, integrate E.g. – The new Chief Minister
tried to pacify disgruntled
E.g. – The politician's remarks
interest groups by reversing his
communalised what was originally
a civic debate. predecessor's policies.
122. Grievances (noun)
117. Secular (adjective)
Meaning – Complaints or reasons
Meaning – Not connected with
for being unhappy or dissatised.
religious or spiritual matters (/
(f'kdk;r)
eZfujis{k)
Syn. – complaints, discontent
Syn. – non-religious, worldly
Ant. – contentment, satisfaction
Ant. – religious, sacred E.g. – The government organised
E.g. – The country’s constitution special camps to address people’s
is based on secular principles. grievances.
118. Imperative (adjective) 123. Superannuation (noun)
Meaning – Of vital importance; Meaning – The process of retiring
crucial (vfuok;Z) and receiving a pension. (lsokfuo`fÙk)
Syn. – essential, urgent Syn. – retirement, pension
Ant. – optional, trivial Ant. – employment, recruitment
E.g. – It is imperative to act quickly E.g. – Contractual employees
to save the environment from further were promised job security until
damage. superannuation.
119. Incumbency (verb) 124. Cleft (noun)

Meaning – The period during which Meaning – A split or division,

someone holds a particular ofce or especially in a social context. (foHkktu)
position. (dk;Zdky) Syn. – divide, gap
Syn. – tenure, term Ant. – connection, union
Ant. – non-incumbency, vacancy E.g. – Haryana's fundamental
E.g. – The BJP faces challenges due social cleft between Jats and
to double anti-incumbency after 10 non-Jats has affected electoral
years in power. dynamics.
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125. Alliance (noun) 131. Diminution (noun)

Meaning – A formal agreement or Meaning – A reduction in the size or
partnership between parties. (xBca
/ u) importance of something (deh)
Syn. – coalition, partnership Syn. – reduction, decline
Ant. – opposition, rivalry Ant. – increase, growth
E.g. – The multi-caste alliance E.g. – The diminution of resources
behind the BJP has started to led to budget cuts across
weaken in recent years. departments.
126. Rivalry (noun) 132. Despondency (noun)
Meaning – Competition or conict Meaning – A state of low spirits
between two or more parties. (iz
fr}af}rk) due to loss of hope (fujk'kk)
Syn. – competition, contention Syn. – despair, hopelessness
Ant. – cooperation, friendship Ant. – hope, optimism
E.g. – The BJP faces numerous E.g. – After the defeat, there was a
rivalries within its own ranks, sense of despondency among the
which could affect its chances in team members.
the election. 133. Muzzling (verb)
127. Consolidate (verb) Meaning – Prevent someone from
Meaning – To make something expressing their opinions (jksduk)
stronger or more solid. (etcwr djuk) Syn. – suppress, silence
Syn. – strengthen, solidify Ant. – encourage, promote
Ant. – weaken, dissolve E.g. – The government was accused
E.g. – Bhupinder Singh Hooda has of muzzling the press to hide the
consolidated the Congress party scandal..
behind him ahead of the election.
134. Alienation (noun)
128. Factional (adjective)
Meaning – The feeling of being
Meaning – Relating to small,
isolated or estranged (fofPNUurk)
dissenting groups within a larger
Syn. – isolation, estrangement
group. (xqVckth)
Ant. – inclusion, connection
Syn. – sectarian, divisive
E.g. – The lack of communication
Ant. – unied, collective
resulted in alienation between the
E.g. – The Congress must ensure two friends.
that its factional leaders remain
135. Mandate (noun)
united until the election.
Meaning – An ofcial order or
129. Lacuna (noun)
commission to do something (vkns' k)
Meaning – A gap or missing part (deh)
Syn. – directive, decree
Syn. – gap, void
Ant. – suggestion, appeal
Ant. – abundance, completeness
E.g. – There was a lacuna in the report E.g. – The committee was given
regarding the safety measures. a mandate to improve school
infrastructure.
130. Abrogation (noun)
Meaning – The formal ending or 136. Unnatural (adjective)
Meaning – Not normal or expected
repeal of a law (lekiu)
Syn. – repeal, annulment (vi kzÑfrd )
Ant. – enactment, conrmation Syn. – abnormal, articial
E.g. – The abrogation of the old Ant. – natural, genuine
treaty changed the dynamics E.g. – Their friendship felt
between the countries. unnatural after the argument.
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137. Discourse (noun) Syn. – Embargoes, Penalties

Meaning – Written or spoken Ant. – Approvals, Endorsements
communication or debate E.g. – The international community
(fopkj&foe'kZ) imposed sanctions on the nation
Syn. – discussion, dialogue for its actions.
Ant. – silence, quiet 143. Disapproval (noun)

E.g. – The discourse during Meaning – A feeling of not agreeing

the meeting was focused on or approving (vlgefr ;k vLohÑfr)
environmental issues. Syn. – Condemnation, Criticism
138. Communalised (verb) Ant. – Approval, Support
Meaning – To turn something into E.g. – The disapproval of the policy
a religious or community-based was evident in public reactions.
issue (lkaiznkf;d cukuk) 144. Couched (noun)
Syn. – segregate, polarize Meaning – Expressed in a
Ant. – unify, integrate particular way (fo'ks"k rjhds ls O;Dr
E.g. – The politician's remarks djuk)
communalised what was originally Syn. – Framed, Phrased
a civic debate. Ant. – Blurted, Spoke directly
139. Secular (adjective) E.g. – His criticism was couched in
Meaning – Not connected with diplomatic language.
religious or spiritual matters (/ 145. Casualties (verb)
eZfujis{k) Meaning – People killed or injured
Syn. – non-religious, worldly in a conict or accident (;q¼ ;k nq?kZVuk
Ant. – religious, sacred esa ekjs x, ;k ?kk;y yksx)
E.g. – The country’s constitution is Syn. – Victims, Losses
based on secular principles. Ant. – Survivors, Unharmed
140. Imperative (adjective) E.g. – The war resulted in many
Meaning – Of vital importance; casualties on both sides.
crucial (vfuok;Z) 146. Infrastructure (noun)

Syn. – essential, urgent Meaning – The basic physical

Ant. – optional, trivial systems of a nation (jk"Vª dh cqfu;knh
E.g. – It is imperative to act quickly HkkSfrd lajpuk,¡)
to save the environment from further Syn. – Framework, Foundation
damage. Ant. – Ruin, Breakdown
141. Abstaining (verb) E.g. – The country needs to improve
Meaning – Refraining from doing its infrastructure to support its
growing population.
something (dqN u djus ls cpuk)
Syn. – Avoiding, Withholding 147. Broader (adjective)

Ant. – Engaging, Participating Meaning – More comprehensive or

E.g. – The country was abstaining far-reaching (vfèkd O;kid)
from voting on the resolution. Syn. – Extensive, Wide
142. Sanctions (noun) Ant. – Narrow, Limited
Meaning – Penalties or restrictions E.g. – The debate addressed the
imposed by one country on another broader issues surrounding the
(naM ;k izfrcaèk) conict.
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148. Propounded (verb) 154. Abrogation (noun)

Meaning – Put forward an idea or Meaning – The formal ending or
theory for consideration (fopkj ;k fl¼kar repeal of a law (lekiu)
izLrkfor djuk) Syn. – repeal, annulment
Syn. – Propose, Suggest Ant. – enactment, conrmation
Ant. – Reject, Oppose E.g. – The abrogation of the old
treaty changed the dynamics
E.g. – The scientist propounded a
between the countries.
new theory on climate change.
155. Diminution (noun)
149. Imperil (verb)
Meaning – A reduction in the size or
Meaning – Put in danger ([ krjs esa importance of something (de h)
Mkyuk) Syn. – reduction, decline
Syn. – Endanger, Threaten Ant. – increase, growth
Ant. – Protect, Safeguard E.g. – The diminution of resources
E.g. – The policy changes might led to budget cuts across
peril the country's economy. departments.
150. Impel (verb) 156. Despondency (noun)
Meaning – Drive or force to do Meaning – A state of low spirits
something (dqNdjus ds fy, etcwj djuk) due to loss of hope (fujk'kk)
Syn. – Compel, Urge Syn. – despair, hopelessness
Ant. – Dissuade, Discourage Ant. – hope, optimism
E.g. – After the defeat, there was a
E.g. – His sense of duty impelled
sense of despondency among the
him to take action.
team members.
151. Fundamentally (adverb)
157. Muzzling (verb)
Meaning – In a basic or essential Meaning – Prevent someone from
way (ewy :i ls ;k vko';d :i ls) expressing their opinions ( jksduk)
Syn. – Essentially, Primarily Syn. – suppress, silence
Ant. – Supercially, Partially Ant. – encourage, promote
E.g. – The two ideas are E.g. – The government was accused
fundamentally different from each of muzzling the press to hide the
other. scandal..
152. Symbolism (noun) 158. Alienation (noun)
Meaning – The use of symbols to Meaning – The feeling of being isolated
represent ideas(fopkjksa dk çfrfufèkRo or estranged (fofPNUurk)
djus ds fy, izrhdksa dk mi;ksx) Syn. – isolation, estrangement
Syn. – Representation, Metaphor Ant. – inclusion, connection
Ant. – Literalness, Reality E.g. – The lack of communication
resulted in alienation between the
E.g. – The peace dove is a strong
two friends.
symbolism of hope.
159. Mandate (noun)
153. Lacuna (noun)
Meaning – An ofcial order or
Meaning – A gap or missing part
commission to do something (vkns'k)
(de h) Syn. – directive, decree
Syn. – gap, void Ant. – suggestion, appeal
Ant. – abundance, completeness E.g. – The committee was given
E.g. – There was a lacuna in the a mandate to improve school
report regarding the safety measures. infrastructure.
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160. Unnatural (adjective) 166. Strident (adjective)

Meaning – Not normal or expected Meaning – TLoud and harsh, often
(vizkÑfrd) expressing opinions forcefully (dd Z'k)
Syn. – abnormal, articial Syn. – Harsh, Forceful
Ant. – natural, genuine Ant. – Soft, Subtle
E.g. – Their friendship felt E.g. – The politician's strident
unnatural after the argument. demands attracted attention.
161. Discourse (noun)
167. Unwieldy (adjective)
Meaning – Written or spoken
Meaning – Difcult to handle or
communication or debate
manage due to size or complexity
(fopkj&foe'kZ) (vlE Hkkyuh;)
Syn. – discussion, dialogue
Syn. – Clumsy, Cumbersome
Ant. – silence, quiet
E.g. – The discourse during Ant. – Manageable, Convenient
the meeting was focused on E.g. – The report was so unwieldy
environmental issues. that it was impossible to read in
162. Communalised (verb)
one sitting.
Meaning – To turn something into 168. Ostensible (adjective)
a religious or community-based Meaning – Appearing to be true
issue (lkaiznkf;d cukuk) but not necessarily so (fn[kkoVh)
Syn. – segregate, polarize Syn. – Apparent, Seeming
Ant. – unify, integrate Ant. – Real, Genuine
E.g. – The politician's remarks E.g. – His ostensible reason for
communalised what was originally visiting was to see old friends, but
a civic debate. he had another agenda.
163. Secular (adjective) 169. Dubious (adjective)
Meaning – Not connected with Meaning – Doubtful or suspicious
religious or spiritual matters (/ (lafnX/)
jis{k)
eZfu Syn. – Uncertain, Questionable
Syn. – non-religious, worldly Ant. – Certain, Denite
Ant. – religious, sacred
E.g. – The company’s dubious
E.g. – The country’s constitution is practices raised concerns among
based on secular principles. investors.
164. Imperative (adjective)
170. Prerequisite (noun)
Meaning – Of vital importance;
Meaning – Something required as a
crucial (vfuok;Z)
condition for something else (iw
okZis{kk)
Syn. – essential, urgent
Syn. – Requirement, Condition
Ant. – optional, trivial
E.g. – It is imperative to act quickly Ant. – Optional, Unnecessary
to save the environment from further E.g. – Completing the basic course
damage. is a prerequisite for the advanced
165. Muddying (verb)
program.
Meaning – Making something less 171. Delimitation (noun)

clear or more confusing (xank djuk) Meaning – The action of xing

Syn. – Confusing, Obscuring boundaries or limits (lhekadu)
Ant. – Clarifying, Simplifying Syn. – Boundary-setting,
E.g. – The new rules only served in Demarcation
muddying the situation further. Ant. – Expansion, Unlimitedness
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172. Suburbanisation (noun)

Meaning – The process of becoming
suburban or moving to suburban
areas (miuxjhdj.k)
Syn. – Urban sprawl, Expansion
Ant. – Centralization, Urbanization
E.g. – The suburbanisation of
cities has resulted in signicant
demographic changes.
173. Decennial (adjective)
Meaning – Occurring every ten
years (n'kdokj)
Syn. – Ten-yearly, Periodic
Ant. – Annual, Continuous
E.g. – The decennial census provides
critical data for government
planning.
174. Derelict (adjective)
Meaning – Neglecting duty or
responsibility (ykijokg)
Syn. – Negligent, Abandoning
Ant. – Responsible, Diligent
E.g. – The government was derelict
in its duty to conduct the census
on time.
175. Turmoil (noun)
Meaning – A state of great
disturbance or confusion (mFky&iqFky)
Syn. – Chaos, Disorder
Ant. – Order, Calm
E.g. – The country was in turmoil
after the sudden political change.
176. Cherry-picking (verb)
Meaning – Selectively choosing
only the most benecial items from
what is available (pqfuank)
Syn. – Selecting, Favoring
Ant. – Rejecting, Disregarding
E.g. – The politician was accused of
cherry-picking data to support his
argument.
177. Surge

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189. Peacemaking

e state of being steady

and unchanging (fLFkjrk)
Syn. – steadiness, balance
Ant. – instability, chaos
E.g. – Political stability is crucial for
the nation's economic development.
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201. Misleading (adjective)

Meaning – causing someone to
believe something that is not true
(Hkz
ked)
Syn. – deceptive, false
Ant. – truthful, honest
E.g. – The advertisement was
misleading as it exaggerated the
benets of the product.
202. Deance (noun)
Meaning – open resistance; bold
disobedience (voKk)
Syn. – rebellion, disobedience
Ant. – obedience, compliance
E.g. – The company's deance of
the court order led to further legal
actions.
203. Regulatory (adjective)
Meaning – relating to rules or laws
that control a business or activity
(fu;ked)
Syn. – supervisory, governing
Ant. – unregulated, uncontrolled
E.g. – Regulatory bodies play a
crucial role in maintaining the
quality of medicines.
204. Evolving (verb)
Meaning – developing gradually
(fodflr gks jgk gS)
Syn. – progressing, advancing
Ant. – regressing, declining
E.g. – The policies are still evolving
to meet the needs of the changing
market.
205. Ire (noun)
Meaning – anger or wrath ( Øksèk)
Syn. – rage, fury
Ant. – calmness, serenity
E.g. – The court’s ire was evident in
its harsh criticism of the ministry's
actions.
200. Withdraw (verb) 206. Embodied (verb)
Meaning – to give a tangible or visible
(okil ysuk) form to an idea or quality (lkd kj)
Syn. – retreat, retract Syn. – represented, personied
Ant. – advance, deploy Ant. – excluded, concealed
E.g. – The army decided to withdraw E.g. – The law embodied the spirit
its troops from the conict zone. of justice and equality.
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207. Sated (verb) 212. Gauge (noun)

Meaning – fully satised or pleased Meaning – an instrument or tool for
(r`Ir) measuring or testing (ekius dk ;a=k)
Syn. – measure, indicator
Syn. – satised, gratied
Ant. – guess, estimate
Ant. – dissatised, hungry
E.g. – The gauge of the economy's
E.g. – The court seemed sated with performance showed a decline in
the public apologies issued by the growth.
company. 213. Projection (noun)
208. Disuniform (adjective) Meaning – an estimate or forecast of
Meaning – lacking uniformity or a future situation (vu qeku)
consistency (vleku) Syn. – prediction, forecast
Ant. – hindsight, reality
Syn. – inconsistent, uneven
E.g. – The RBI's projection for the
Ant. – uniform, consistent
economy's growth was slightly
E.g. – The inspections were higher than the actual numbers.
disuniform, leading to varying 214. Surge (noun)
levels of product quality.
Meaning – a sudden increase (rsth
209. Concessionary (adjective)
ls c<+uk)
Meaning – involving a reduction in Syn. – rise, escalation
something, often in a negotiation Ant. – decline, decrease
(fj;k;rh) E.g. – There was a surge in private
Syn. – reduced, discount consumption spending last quarter.
Ant. – rigid, uncompromising 215. Momentum (noun)
Meaning – The force gained by
E.g. – The company offered
concessionary prices to attract the development of a process (xfr)
more customers. Syn. – impetus, drive
Ant. – slowdown, inertia
210. Purview (noun)
E.g. – The economic momentum
Meaning – the scope of the cooled signicantly over the last ve
inuence or concerns of something
quarters.
(nk;jk) 216. Divergence (noun)
Syn. – scope, range Meaning – The act of moving in
Ant. – limitation, boundary different directions ( varj)
E.g. – The matter falls within Syn. – difference, variation
the purview of the regulatory Ant. – convergence, agreement
authorities. E.g. – The divergence between GDP
211. Cynical (adjective) and GVA has been noticeable for the
past year.
Meaning – distrustful of human
217. Bolster (verb)
sincereity or integrity (nwljksa dh
Meaning – to support or strengthen
bZekunkjh ij lansg djus okyk)
(etc wr djuk)
Syn. – skeptical, distrustful Syn. – reinforce, boost
Ant. – optimistic, trusting Ant. – undermine, weaken
E.g. – "His cynical view of politics E.g. – Higher rural demand could
made him lose interest in voting." bolster private sector investments.
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218. Capex (noun) 221. Monitorable (adjective)

Meaning – Short for capital Meaning – capable of being
expenditure, money spent by a observed or tracked (fuxjkuh ;ksX;)
business on acquiring or maintaining Syn. – observable, trackable
xed assets (i tawhxr [kpZ
) Ant. – untrackable, invisible
Syn. – investment, outlay E.g. – Food ination is a key
Ant. – savings, income monitorable for the RBI as it affects
E.g. – The government planned monetary policies.
a capex increase of 17% to boost 222. Flag (verb)
growth. Meaning – to mark or signal
219. Erratic (adjective) something for attention (psrkouh nsuk)
Meaning – irregular or unpredictable Syn. – highlight, indicate
(vfLFkj) Ant. – ignore, overlook
Syn. – unpredictable, inconsistent E.g. – RBI members agged the
risk of GDP growth loss if interest
Ant. – steady, reliable
rate cuts are delayed.
E.g. – The erratic monsoon
223. Dividend (noun)
patterns have raised concerns
Meaning – a benet gained from an
about crop yields.
investment (ykHkka'k)
220. Rebound (verb)
Syn. – return, prot
Meaning – To recover after a
Ant. – loss, debt
decline (iqu#RFkku gksuk) E.g. – The government's reforms aim
Syn. – recover, bounce back to turn India’s demographics into a
Ant. – deteriorate, collapse dividend.
E.g. – The farm sector is expected E.g. – The rights of citizens are
to rebound if monsoon conditions protected under the country's
improve. constitution.

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