Mass and Volume Flow Rate
- is the mass and volume per unit time.
𝑉 𝑚
𝑉ሶ = 𝑚ሶ =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑉ሶ = 𝐴𝑣 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
Conservation of Mass
𝑚ሶ 1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
Continuity Equation
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Incompressible
𝜌1= 𝜌2
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝜌1𝐴1𝑣1 = 𝜌2𝐴2𝑣2
4. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 30
m/s. What is the mass flow rate through the nozzle if
the inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2.
Given: Solution:
kg 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
𝜌 = 2.21 3
m 𝑚ሶ = 2.21(0.008)(30)
m
𝑣 = 30
s kg
𝐴 = 80 cm2 𝑚ሶ = 0.53
s
= 0.008 m2
5. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between
two sections in the same flowline. At section 1: A1 =
0.10 m2, v1 = 6 m/s, v1 = 0.33 m3/kg. At section 2: A2
= 0.2 m2, ρ2 = 0.27 kg/m3. Calculate for the velocity
flow of section 2.
𝜌1𝐴1v1 = 𝜌2𝐴2v2 (0.10)(6)
= 0.27 0.2 v2
0.33
1
𝜌=
𝑣
m
v2 = 33.67
𝐴 1v 1 s
= 𝜌2𝐴2v2
𝑣1
Pressure
❖ Absolute Pressure
- true pressure measured above perfect vacuum
❖ Gage Pressure
- measured from the level of atmospheric pressure by instruments like
pressure gage and open-ended manometer
❖ Atmospheric Pressure
- local pressure measured by instruments like barometer
𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝒑𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆
Standard Atm Pressure & Units
Gage Pressure
𝑝𝑔 = 𝛾∆𝑧
𝑝𝑔 = 𝛾𝑓ℎ
Pressure Diagram
6. What is the depth in, meters, of the ocean (S.G. =
1.03) if the pressure at the sea bed is 2032.57 kPag?
𝑝𝑔 = 𝛾𝑓ℎ
𝛾𝑓 = 𝑆𝐺𝑓 (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝑝𝑔 = [𝑆𝐺𝑓 (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)]ℎ
2032.57 = 1.03(9.81)h
h = 201.1589 m
7. Convert a vacuum pressure of 110 mm of mercury
into absolute pressure. Atmospheric pressure is 10.5
m of H2O.
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑝𝑣𝑎𝑐 = −𝑝𝑔
760 mmHg
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 10.5 mH2O x − 110mmHg
10.33 mH2O
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 662.51 mmHg
