Scribd
Upload
22 views20 pages

ME 231 Thermodynamics 1: Engr. Marlowe Jay V. Dignos Instructor

Uploaded by

Josh Parame
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views20 pages

ME 231 Thermodynamics 1: Engr. Marlowe Jay V. Dignos Instructor

Uploaded by

Josh Parame
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

ME 231

THERMODYNAMICS 1
Engr. Marlowe Jay V. Dignos
Instructor
Heat
Sensible Heat
- change of temperature without changing its phase
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Latent Heat
- change of phase without changing its temperature
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝐿
Did you know…
kj Btu kj Btu
𝑳𝒇 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝑳𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕 = 𝟗𝟕𝟎
kg lb kg lb

kj Btu
𝒄𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟕 =𝟏
kg−K lb−R
Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law / Mariotte’s Law
- the absolute temperature is held constant
- absolute pressure is inversely proportional to volume
- Robert Boyle in 1662
- Edme Mariotte in 1676

𝑃1 𝑉2
𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2 =
𝑃2 𝑉1
Gas Laws
Charle’s Law / Volume Law
- the absolute pressure is held constant
- volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature
- Jacques-Alexandre-César Charles in 1787

𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑇1
= =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇2
Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law / Amontons’ Law / Pressure Law
- the volume is held constant
- absolute pressure is directly proportional to absolute
temperature
- Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808
- Guillaume Amontons in late 1600s

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑇1
= =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇2
Gas Laws
Combined Gas Law
- combination of previous gas laws
- Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834

𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Gas Laws
Avogadro’s Law
- Amedeo Avogadro in 1811
- volume is directly proportional to the number of moles
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑛1
= =
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑉2 𝑛2

Avogadro’s Number (NA)


- is the proportionality factor that relates the number of
constituent particles with the amount of substance.
NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
Gas Laws
Boltzmaan Constant
- is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative
kinetic energy of particles in gas with the thermodynamic
temperature of the gas.

J
𝑘𝐵 = 1.380649 𝑥 10 − 23
K
Gas Laws
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
- in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 + … + 𝑷𝒏

- in a mixture the temperature and volume of every gases is


equal

𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = … = 𝑽𝒏
Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Law / General Equation Law
ത
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 Universal Gas Constant
𝑅ത = 𝑁𝐴𝑘𝐵
ത J ft −lbf
𝑅 = 8.3143 = 1545
mol − K mol −R
𝑚 = 𝑛𝑀
𝑅ത = 𝑅𝑀 Did you know for AIR…

kj ft −lbf
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟒
PV = mRT kg −K lbm −R
Specific Heat
Specific Heat Ratio
- is the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure and specific
heat at constant volume
𝒄𝒑
𝒌= 𝒄𝒗

Other Relations

𝑘𝑅 𝑅
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅
𝑘 −1 𝑘 −1
Properties
Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇

Change in Enthalpy
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇

Change in Entropy
𝑇2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑙𝑛 𝑇1
1. Calculate the quantity of heat to be
transferred to 2.25 kg of iron to raise its
temperature from 20 °C to 240 °C taking
the specific heat of the iron as 0.46 kJ/kg-K
Ans: 227.7 kJ
2. A 0.5 lbm glass jar (cjar = 0.20 Btu/lbm-F)
contains 5 lbm of 70 °F water. A 1/10 hp
motor drives a stirrer for 15 minutes. What
is the final water temperature neglecting
other losses?
Ans: 82.48 °F
3. A 3.0 lbm of air are contained at 25 psia
and 100°F. Given that, what is the volume
of the container?
Ans: 24.89 ft3

4. Find the change in internal energy of 5


lbm of oxygen gas when the temperature
changes from 100oF to 120oF, 𝑐𝑣 = 0.157
Btu/lbm-R.
Ans: 15.7 Btu
5. What is the mass of nitrogen contained in
a 57 m3 tank if the pressure and
temperature are 1 atm and 21oC
respectively?
Ans: 66.12 kg

6. A 0.71 m3 tank contains 4.5 kg of an ideal


gas. The gas has a molecular weight of 44
and is at 21oC. What is the pressure of the
gas?
7. A volume of 450 cm3 of air is measured at a
pressure of 740 mmHg absolute and a
temperature of 20oC. What is the volume in
cm3 at 760 mmHg absolute and 0oC?

8. A 0.064 kg of octane vapor (M = 114) is mixed


with 0.91 kg of air in the manifold of an engine.
The total pressure in the manifold is 86.1 kPa,
and the temperature is 290 K. Assume octane
behaves ideally, (a) what is the total volume of
this mixture? (b) what is the partial pressure of
the air in the mixture?
9. A closed vessel contains air at a pressure of 160
kPa gauge and temperature of 30oC. The air is
heated at constant volume to 60oC with the
atmospheric pressure of 759 mmHg. What is
the final gauge pressure?
10. An air bubble rises from the bottom of a well
where the temperature is 25oC to the surface
where the temperature is 27oC. Find the
percent increase in the volume of the bubble if
the depth of the well is 5 m. Atmospheric
pressure is 101.528 kPa.

You might also like