UNIT – III

Zigbee is a wireless communication technology widely used in IoT (Internet of Things) for connecting and
controlling devices. Here’s its role in IoT:

1. Low Power Consumption: Zigbee is designed for devices that need to operate for long periods with
minimal battery power. This makes it ideal for IoT devices like sensors, smart lights, and thermostats,
which require long battery life.

2. Mesh Networking: Zigbee uses a mesh network, allowing devices to communicate with each other
through intermediate devices. This boosts the range and reliability of the network because if one device
fails, data can still be sent through other devices.

3. Short-Range Wireless Communication: Zigbee operates within a short range (usually 10-100
meters), making it perfect for home automation, smart buildings, and personal IoT ecosystems like
smart homes or offices.

4. Supports Many Devices: Zigbee networks can support thousands of devices, making it a scalable
solution for IoT systems with multiple interconnected gadgets.

5. Cost-Effective: Since Zigbee uses simple protocols and hardware, it is a low-cost solution for building
IoT networks, which is essential for cost-conscious industries.

6. Low Latency: Zigbee allows real-time data transfer with low latency, enabling faster communication
between IoT devices.

UNIT – II
3. The Cortex-A class processors, developed by ARM, are high-performance processors primarily used in
smartphones, tablets, and other high-end consumer devices. The Cortex-A processors are designed around the
ARMv7 and ARMv8 architectures, providing efficient multi-core processing and support for 32-bit and 64-bit
operations. Here are the key parts of a Cortex-A class processor:

1. CPU Cores

 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

 FPU (Floating Point Unit): Executes floating-point calculations.

 NEON Unit: Executes SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) operations, accelerating multimedia
and signal processing tasks.

 Branch Predictor: Enhances efficiency by predicting branches in code execution, reducing pipeline
stalls.

2. Memory System

 L1 Cache: Split into instruction and data caches, the L1 cache provides low-latency memory access.

 L2 Cache: A unified cache that stores both instruction and data, shared among multiple cores.

 MMU (Memory Management Unit): Manages virtual memory and translates virtual addresses into
physical addresses.

3. Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

 AXI (Advanced eXtensible Interface): Provides high-bandwidth communication between the

processor and memory or other devices.

4. Interconnect
  The internal interconnect links multiple CPU cores and connects them with the memory and peripheral
interfaces.

5. Interrupt Controller

 Handles interrupts from external devices or software, distributing them to the appropriate CPU core.

6. Debug and Trace Units

 CoreSight: Provides hardware debug and trace features, essential for software development and
debugging.

7. Power Management

 Provides dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to optimize power usage based on workload
requirements.

4. Here are some simple applications of Raspberry Pi:

1. Learning to Code: Great for teaching programming (Python, Scratch, etc.).

2. Smart Home: Control lights, appliances, and security systems.

3. Media Player: Stream movies, music, or set up a home theater.

4. Retro Gaming: Turn it into a classic gaming console.

5. Robotics: Build and control robots.

6. Weather Station: Track temperature, humidity, and other weather data.

7. Personal Cloud: Store and share files with your own cloud system.

8. Ad Blocker: Block ads across your entire home network.

9. AI Assistant: Build a voice assistant like Alexa or Google.

10. Environmental Monitoring: Monitor air quality, water, or wildlife

5.

S
No. Arduino Raspberry Pi

In the year 2005, the classrooms of the

In the year 2012, Eben Upton first introduced the
1. Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy,
Raspberry Pi device in February.
first introduced the Arduino board.

Control unit of the Arduino is from the At The control unit of Raspberry Pi is from the ARM
2.
mega family. family.

3. Arduino is based on a microcontroller. While Raspberry Pi is based on a microprocessor.

S
No. Arduino Raspberry Pi

It is designed to control the electrical While Raspberry Pi computes data and produces
4. components connected to the circuit board in valuable outputs, and controls components in a
a system. system based on the outcome of its computation.

Arduino boards have a simple hardware and While Raspberry Pi boards have a complex
5.
software structure. architecture of hardware and software.

6. CPU architecture: 8 bit. CPU architecture: 64 bit.

7. It uses very little RAM, 2 kB. While Raspberry Pi requires more RAM, 1 GB.

While Raspberry Pi clocks a processing speed of 1.4

8. It clocks a processing speed of 16 MHz.
GHz.

9. It is cheaper in cost. While Raspberry Pi is expensive.

While Raspberry Pi has a lower I/O current drive

10. It has a higher I/O current drive strength.
strength.

11. It consumes about 200 MW of power. While it consumes about 700 MW of power.

12. Its logic level is 5V. Its logic level is 3V.

13. It does not have internet support. It has inbuilt Ethernet port and WiFi support.

14. It has higher current drive strength. It has lower current drive strength.

Some of the applications of Arduino are

Some of the applications of Raspberry Pi are Stop
15. traffic light countdown timer , Weighing
motion cameras , Robot Controllers , Game Servers.
machines , etc.

16. Operating systems are required in Arduino. Operating System is required in Raspberry Pi.
S
No. Arduino Raspberry Pi

17. Two tiny cores Arduino with 32 MHz Single core and 700 MHz

6..

1. Set Up Raspberry Pi

 Install the Operating System: Download and install Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) on a
microSD card using tools like Raspberry Pi Imager.

 Boot the Pi: Insert the microSD card into the Pi, connect a monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power it on.

 Initial Setup: Complete the basic setup like selecting language, connecting to Wi-Fi, and updating the
OS.

2. Connect Sensors and Devices

 Select Sensors: Choose sensors that suit your project (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion, etc.).

 Connect Sensors to GPIO Pins: Use the General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins on the Raspberry
Pi to connect your sensors or other hardware. Make sure the wiring is correct using jumper cables.

3. Install Required Libraries

 Install Python: Most IoT projects on Raspberry Pi use Python, which comes pre-installed on
Raspberry Pi OS.

 Install Sensor Libraries: If using sensors like DHT11 or BMP180, install Python libraries that allow
you to interface with these components (e.g., Adafruit_DHT for temperature sensors).

4. Write Code for Sensor Data Collection

 Create Python Script: Write a Python program to read data from the sensors. Example for a
temperature sensor (DHT11):

python

5. Connect to the Internet

 Set Up Wi-Fi: Ensure your Raspberry Pi is connected to the internet via Wi-Fi or Ethernet.

 Send Data to Cloud: Use platforms like Thingspeak, Azure IoT, or AWS IoT to send sensor data to
the cloud. You can use libraries like MQTT or HTTP to send data over the internet.

6. Install MQTT for IoT Communication

 Install MQTT: MQTT is a lightweight communication protocol used in IoT projects.

 Publish and Subscribe: Write Python scripts to send (publish) sensor data and receive (subscribe)
messages from other devices or the cloud.

7. Process and Analyze Data

 Store Data: Store collected data in a local file, database, or cloud service.

 Visualize Data: Use web dashboards or platforms like Thingspeak, Grafana, or Google Sheets to
visualize the data.
8. Automation and Control

 Set Up Triggers: Program your Raspberry Pi to take actions (e.g., turn on a fan or light) when certain
conditions are met (e.g., temperature exceeds a threshold).

 Control Devices Remotely: Use web apps or mobile apps to control devices connected to your
Raspberry Pi over the internet.

9. Test and Deploy

 Test the Setup: Ensure that your sensors, data collection, and cloud communication are working
properly.

 Deploy: Place the Raspberry Pi and connected devices in their intended location and let it run
continuously for real-time IoT operations.

Example Workflow:

 Temperature Sensor: Reads temperature data every 10 seconds.

 Data Transmission: Sends the data to a cloud platform like Thingspeak using MQTT.

 Automation: Turns on a fan if the temperature exceeds a certain limit.